Romanian Journal of Aquatic Ecology 1.1 (2011) 123 CONSPECT OF THE CLADOCERAN SPECIES (CRUSTACEA, BRANCHIOPODA) IDENTIFIED IN THE POORLY KNOWN URBAN TINERETULUI LAKE (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA) Ştefan NEGREA 1 and Oriana HURDUGAN-IRIMIA 2 Keywords: urban limnic ecosystem, cladocerans, taxonomy, ecology, zoogeography. Abstract The paper presents the cladoceran species (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) found in the Tineretului Lake of Bucharest, an urban lake founded 40 years ago from a rheocrene swamp and underestimated by specialists, no limnology studies being carried yet on this water body. During two years (October 2007 - October 2009) zooplankton samples were taken every month, in which 12 species of cladocerans were identified, belonging to two orders, Anomopoda (11 species) and Ctenopoda (1 species). Each species is briefly presented with an up to date taxonomical status, with chorological references and ecological data resulting from the analysis of the physical and chemical parameters measured in the Tineretului Lake. The quality of bioindicator species was mentioned were necessary. For many species the pH tolerance limits are higher than those mentioned in the literature. Three of the species and subspecies were found for the first time in the Romanian Plain region (Camptocercus uncinatus, Chydorus sphaericus caelatus and Alona costata). The paper closes with some considerations regarding the species indicating the good water quality of the lake and a possible explanation of the relatively small number of species from this lake rich in submerged vegetation compared with other Romanian eutrophic plain lake. Résumé: Les espèces de Cladocères (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) identifiées dans un lac urbain méconnu, le lac Tineretului (Bucarest, Roumanie). Dans cet article sont présentées les espèces de cladocères (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) trouvées dans le Lac Tineretului de Bucarest, un lac intra urbain aménagé il y a 40 ans à partir d’un marécage d’origine rhéocrène et pas encore étudié par les limnologistes, malgré sa richesse faunistique. Pendant deux and (d’Octobre 2007 en Octobre 2009) des échantillons mensuels de zooplancton ont été prélevés,
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Romanian Journal of Aquatic Ecology 1.1 (2011)
123
CONSPECT OF THE CLADOCERAN SPECIES
(CRUSTACEA, BRANCHIOPODA)
IDENTIFIED IN THE POORLY KNOWN URBAN TINERETULUI LAKE
(BUCHAREST, ROMANIA)Ştefan NEGREA 1 and Oriana HURDUGAN-IRIMIA 2
Rare species, never dominant, as the other representatives of its genus. The
species is considered by Smirnov (1998) as benthic, present in Europe, the eastern and
the southern limits of its areal being yet to be discovered. Negrea (1983) identified the
species only from pools and shallows from the flooded plain of the Danube and the
Delta. The species is generally connected to macrophytic habitats and found in the
aquatic vegetation, emerged, submerged or floating, on the silt bottoms and in
filamentous algae patches. Found by Negrea (1975) at a pH = 7.1 - 7.4, it was collected
in the Tineretului Lake at pH = 8.
First mention for the Romanian Plain: this is the first citing of the species for the
Romanian Plain region, with one specimen found in a Myriophyllum sample from May
2008 in the Tineretului Lake, Bucharest. The specimen was accidentally deteriorated
after identification. The first mention for Romania was made by Negrea (1983), who
identified the species in a temporary pool from Ieşelniţa, in the Crapina-Jijila lake
complex, in the Împuţita fleet of the Danube Delta and in the Northern Bay of Sulina (the
mixing zone), so it was to be expected in the Tineretului Lake as well.
a) b)Fig. 4 - Camptocercus uncinatus, a) female with one embrio; b) postabdomen (Negrea,
1983, fig. 126-I) and the distal end of the postabdomen (idem, fig. 126-J).
B. Subfamily CHYDORINAE Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey,
1967
1.2.4. Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1776) s. str. emend. Frey, 1980 (Figs.
5a-b)
Rom. J. Aquat. Ecol. 1.1 (2011); Ş. Negrea & O. Irimia – Tineretului Lake Cladocerans, pp. 121-138
126
a) b)Fig. 5 - Chydorus sphaericus s. str., female collected in Tineretului Lake
in 20.04.2008.
a) habitus; b) postabdomen.
Chydorus sphaericus s. str. has a clear preference for the submerged vegetationand the bottom detritus of eutrophic waters, being the most frequent cladoceran speciesin Romania (Negrea, 1983). Frey (1980) considers that C. sphaericus s. lat. is a speciescomplex for now containing as valid species C. sphaericus s. str. and C. brevilabris) andhe states that it is certainly not a true cosmopolitan species (with an universalgeographical distribution).
In the Tineretului Lake, the species did not manifested a particular preference tothe vegetation, either macrophytic or algal and it was the dominant species during the 2years of study (October 2007 - October 2009), being present in all collected samplescontaining cladocerans, with densities comprised between 5 and 135 individuals/cubicmeter.
First mention for the inferior Danube River sector was in the Greaca Lake(Dumitriu, 1934, cited by Negrea, 1962, p. 457, 486). First mention for the RomanianPlain was at Brăneşti pond (Murgoci & Vasiliu 1943, cited by Negrea, 1962, p. 458,485).
Smirnov (1976) considers the fact that as a first description acceptable of the
species, accompanied by figures, the one made by Fisher in 1848, under Daphnia
curvirostris, even if the name of laticornis was given later by Desmarest in 1825, as
Lynceus laticornis.
Rom. J. Aquat. Ecol. 1.1 (2011); Ş. Negrea & O. Irimia – Tineretului Lake Cladocerans, pp. 121-138
132
This is the European species of the Macrothrix laticornis complex according
to Silva-Briano et al. (1999), possibly western palearctic (Smirnov, 1992), present
all over the Europe except Iceland and northern Sweden. The species is stenothermic,
found even under ice (according to Negrea, 1983). It is relatively frequent in all size
hill and plain rivers in Romania, including in the ponds and pools of their flood plains;
in the Danube River, including the stagnant water bodies of the Delta and the Danube
Plain. It is less frequent in reservoirs and rare in large plain lakes. The main biotope:
silty, shallow bottoms, devoided of macrophytic vegetation and rich in organic
substances of eutrophic, vegetated lakes. Other biotopes: sandy, rocky bottoms
with accumulations of organic detritus or epiphytal algae; emerged, submerged or
floating vegetation near the bottom.
In Romania is cited up to 1250 m altitude. Perennial species, relatively
frequent but always in small numbers, a density peak being reached in September
(Negrea, 1983).
a) b)Fig. 9 - Macrothrix laticornis, colected in the Tineretului Lake in 07.03.2008,
female with empty incubator chamber. a) general appearance; b)
detail of the postabdomen.
Romanian Journal of Aquatic Ecology 1.1 (2011)
133
In Tineretului Lake, only one specimen of the species was found so far, in atransect sample from March 2008.
First mention for the Romanian Plain: numerous samples from the rivers Vedea,Dâmbovnic, Neajlov, Argeş, the Podişor pond, a temporary pool from Pantelimon (nearBucharest) and Greaca Lake (for the inferior Danube River sector) (Negrea, 1983, p.208).
2. Order CTENOPODA2.1. Family SIDIDAE2.1.1. Sida crystallina crystallina (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Figs. 10a-b)Macrophytophilic subspecies, specific to stagnant waters from the Palearctic
region. Acording to Korovchinsky (1992) the areal includes Europe, Iceland, Siberia andMongolia and excepting the Iberic Peninsula and the far eastern part of Siberia.According to Negrea (1983), in Romania it is found up to 910 m of altitude (in PoianaStampei). Here it prefers the vegetated area of the plain eutrophic lakes; it reachesmaximum densities during the summer (June to July) in compact Potamogeton thicket; itprefers the deep, clear water bodies, with a good oxygen content, where it attaches itselfon plants with its nucal organ and filters small particles of nutrient. It is a thermophyliccladoceran with an optimum development at 16-26˚C; it survives at different pH values(ranging from 5 to 8.4) with a preference for neutral pH. It is an indicator species forclean waters.
In the Tineretului Lake, the species was present from April to May as well as in
October, in small numbers, in vegetation thickets.
a) b)Fig. 10 - Sida crystallina crystallina. a) the head with the nucal organ and the eye;
b) the postabdomen and the terminal claws.
First mention for the inferior Danube River sector: Greaca Lake (Dumitriu, 1934,
cited by Negrea, 1962, p. 413). First mention for the Romanian Plain: samples from
Cernica reservoir (near Bucharest), Ciolpani Lake and Snagov Lake and Ialomiţa River
at Micşuneştii Mari (Negrea, 1983, p. 77).
Rom. J. Aquat. Ecol. 1.1 (2011); Ş. Negrea & O. Irimia – Tineretului Lake Cladocerans, pp. 121-138
134
Conclusions
Twelve cladoceran species and subspecies have been identified, belonging to the
Ctenopoda order, Sida crystallina crystallina, and Anomopoda order: Bosmina
s. str., Chydorus sphaericus caelatus, Pleuroxus aduncus aduncus, Simocephalus
exspinosus, Simocephalus vetulus, Ilyocryptus agilis and Macrothrix laticornis.
Looking into the ecological significance of the identified cladoceran species, we
can assess that the presence of relatively important densities of the Sida crystallina,
Chydorus sphaericus (oxyphylic species) as well as the presence of the species
Pleuroxus aduncus, Alona affinis, Alona costata and Simocephalus vetulus are indicating
a good or a very good water quality for the Tineretului Lake during the months of
October 2007 - May 2008, which is also corroborated with the physical and chemical
parameter analysis of the lake water during the same period (e.g. dissolved oxygen
content over 7 mg/l). The situation was repeated in the winter and spring of 2009. The
saprobity indicators were not analyzed due to the lack of financial means.
Instead, the euplanktonic species of daphniids from the Daphnia and
Ceriodaphnia genera are missing entirely from this lake.
Dumont & Negrea (2002) are indicating an average of 50 cladoceran species for
an average size eutrophic lake of the plain region in the Holarctic region, which signifies,
at a present rate, that the Tineretului Lake has a low cladoceran diversity.
The comparison with the available data provided by other authors on Romanian
lakes of the same or larger size as those sampled in the area of Iaşi by Calistru et al.
(2000) have a smaller average of species, going from 1 to 15 species which indicates a
high species richness factor for the Tineretului Lake, despite its position in the center of
Bucharest. Some of the species and subspecies were never indicated previously in this
area: Camptocercus uncinatus, Alona costata and Chydorus sphaericus caelatus.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mrs. Marinela Năzăreanu for the China ink
copies of the contours in Figs. 2-10.
Romanian Journal of Aquatic Ecology 1.1 (2011)
135
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