Consitutional Law Cases, Materials, And Problems

8/3/2019 Consitutional Law Cases, Materials, And Problems

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ASPEN CASEBOOK SERIES

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW:

CASES, MATERIALS, & PROBLEMS

SECOND EDITION

RUSSELL L. WEAVER

PROFESSOR OF LAw & DISTINGmSHED UNWERSITY SCHOLAR

UNWERSITY OF LomsVILLE

Loms D. BRANDEIS SCHOOL OF LAw

STEVEN I. FRIEDLAND

PROFESSOR OF LAw AND SENIOR SCHOLAR

ELON UNWERSITY SCHOOL OFLAw

CATHERINE HANCOC K

GEOFFREY C. BIBLE & MURRAYH. BRING

PROFESSOR OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAwThLANE UNWERSITY SCHOOL OF LAw

BRYAN FAIR

THOMAS E. SKINNER PROFESSOR OF LAw &

UNWERSITY OFAlABAMA SCHOOL OF LAw

JOHN KNECHTLE

PROFESSOR OF LAwFLORIDA COASTAL SCHOOL OF LAw

RICHARD D. ROSEN

PROFESSOR OF LAwIEXAS IECH UNWERSITY SCHOOL OFLAw

Wolters KluwerLaw & Business

AUST IN BOSTO N CHICAGO NEW YORK TH E NETHE RLA NDS



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

The Constitution of he United States

A.B.

C.

A.B.

C.

D.E.

I.JUDICIAL REVIEW

Marbury and "The Power to SayWhat the Law Is"

Restraints on Judicial Authority

1. Practical Limitations on Judicial Authority

2. Congressional Control over Federal Court Jurisdiction

3. The Political Question Doctrine

The Case or Controversy Requirement

1. The Prohibi tion Against Advisory Opinions

2. Ripeness

3. Mootness

4. Standing

II.

NATIONAL

LEGISLATIVE POWER

The Necessary and Proper Clause

The Commerce Clause

1. Early Cases

2. Early Twentieth-Century Cases

3. The Constitutional Crisis

4. Post-Switch Expansion of Federal Power: A Half Century of

Deference

5. Revolution and Retreat?

The Taxing Power

Power to Spend for the GeneralWelfare

TheWar Power and Treaty Power

1. TheWar Power2. The Treaty Power

xvu

xzx

1

214

15

16

22

28

28

30

36

40

105

108

123

123

130

140

150

162

185

190

199

200203

Xl



xii

F.

Contents

Congressional Power to Enforce Civil Rights

1. Early Developments

2. Modern Civil Rights Cases

3. Congressional Enforcement of the Right to Vote

4. Religious Freedom and Congressional Fourteenth Amendment

Enforcement Power

III.

THE FEDERAL

E XECUTIVE PoWERS

209

213

215

218

222

233

A. Implied Presidentia l Powers 236

B. The Volatile Boundary Between Executive and Legislative Powers 238

C. Additional Separation of Powers Issues Between the Executive and

the Legislature: Nondelegation, Veto, and Appointment and Removal 249

1. The "Nondelegation" of Powers Doctrine 250

2. The Veto Power 253

D. The President ' s Appointment and Removal Powers 266

1. The President's Recess Appointment Power 277

E. Foreign Affairs, War, and Treaty Powers 283

1. Foreign Affairs Powers 283

2. War and the Commander-in-Chief Power- An Illustration of

Formalism Versus Functionali sm 286

F. The President's Power to Fight Terrorism 2881. The President's Powers to Detain Alleged Terrorists 288

2. Detention of U.S . Citizens as Alleged Terrorists 290

3. The War on Terror's Impact on Privacy 313

G. The Treaty Power 314

H . Executive Agreements 317

I. Executive Privilege and Immunity from Suit 322

1. Executive Privilege 322

2. Immunity from Suit 327

J. The Pardon Power 331

A.

B.C.

D.

1. Commutation of Sentences 331

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATES

AND TH E FEDERAL GoVERNMENT

State Power to Tax the Federal Government

Federal Power to Tax the States

State Immunity from Federal Regulation

Federal Commandeering of State Resources

333

334

337

343

358



A.B.

C.

D.

E.F.

A.B.

C.

A.B.

Contents

v.STATE POWER TO

REGULATE COMMERCE

Early Cases

Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce

1. Facial Discrimination

2. Facially Neutral Statutes with Discriminatory Purposes or Effects

Nondiscriminatory Burdens on Interstate Commerce

1. The Scope of Judicial Review

2. Modern Applications of the S. Pacific Test

The State as a Market Participant

Interstate Privileges and Immunities Clause

Preemption

Requir ing State Action

Government Function

1. Company Towns

2. Party Primaries

3. Utility Service

VI.

STATE ACTION

4. Schools and School Associations

State Involvement or Encouragement

1. Government Regulation

2. Judicial Involvement

3. Government Funding

4. Quasi-Government Corporations

Legislative Determinations

Adjudicative Determinations

1. Foundational Principles

2. Procedural Requirements

VII.

PROCEDURAL

DUE PROCESS

xiii

379

382388388403

411

411

420431

439448

465

466470470474

477

480490491

500516520

527

528531

532

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xiv

A.B.C.

A.B.

A.B.

c.

D.

E.

Contents

VIII.

SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION

OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS

Substantive Due Process: From Allgeyer to Lochner to Nebbia

The Takings Clause

The Contract Clause

IX.

SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS:

MODERN fuNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Incorporation

The Right of Privacy

1. Seminal Developments

2. Abortion

3. Family Liberty

4. The Right to Marry

5. Parental Rights

6. Sexual Orientation

7. Right to Die

X.

EQUAL PROTECTION

State Economic Regulations

Racial Classifications

1. Separate but Equal

2. Desegregation

3. Diversity

Gender

1. Early Gender Jurisprudence

2. Doctrinal Turmoil and Evolution

3. Recognition of Differences

4. Discrimination Against Men

5. Gender Classification in Context

The Rights of Aliens

1. The Right to Receive Social Welfare Benefits, to Practice Law, and

to Seek Employment in the Civil Service

2. Restrictions Based on the "Political Function" Doctrine

3. Federal Regulation of Aliens

The Rights of Unmarried Parents and Their Children1. Inheritance Rights

2. Rights to Sue and to Receive Government Benefits

563

566579630

643

645654654668705710

715

720732

757

760766771

778

818833

833

836841

852861

870

871

874879881

882884



Contents

3. Rights of Unmarried Parents to Retain Custody of Their

Children

4. Immigration Preferences

F. The Rights of Persons with Mental Disabilities

G. Sexual Orientation/Sexual PreferenceH. The Fundamental Rights Strand of Equal Protection

1. Freedom of Speech

2. Access to the Justice System: The Right to Counsel

3. The Right to Travel

4. Voting

5. Education

XI.

FREEDOM OF SPEECH

A Historical Intentions and Underlying Values

1. Framers' Intent

2. Underlying Values

B. Categories of Speech

1. Advocacy of Illegal Action

2. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences

3. Offensive Speech

4. Defamatory Statements

5. Privacy6. Emotional Distress

7. Obscenity

8. Child Pornography

9. Pornography That Degrades Women

10. Near Obscene

11 . "Hate" Speech

12. Crush Videos

13. Commercial Speech

C. Symbolic Speech

D. Overbreadth and Vagueness

E. Prior Restraints

1. Licensing

2. Injunctions

F. The Press

1. Does the Constitution Grant the Press a Privileged

Position?

2. Does the Press Have Special Immunities?

3. Access to Judicial Proceedings

4. Access to Prisons

5. The Press and Due Process

6. Due Process and Prior RestraintsG. Access to Government Property

H . First Amendment Rights of Public Employees

1. Prohibiting Electioneering

xv

893

893

894

901905

906

906

911

921

960

983

984

984

985

992

992

1022

1036

1043

10691075

1079

1100

1119

1126

1142

1166

1172

1185

1217

1236

1236

1243

1264

1264

1265

1271

1275

1278

12851290

1322

1322



xvi Contents

2. Other Employee Speech

3. Associated Rights

I. Government Support of Speech

J. Broadcast Regulation

K.Advancing TechnologyL. Freedom of Association

1. The Right to Associate

2. The Right "Not to Speak"

M. Campaign Finance Laws

XII.

THE RELIGION CLAUSES

A. The Establishment Clause1. Financial Aid to Religion

2. School Prayer

3. Curricular Issues

4. Official Acknowledgment

B. The Free Exercise Clause

1. Burdens on Religion

2. Discrimination Against Religion

C. Establishment: Free Exercise and Free Speech Tension

XIII.

THE RIGHT TO KEEP

AND BEAR ARMs

1326

1346

1353

1368

13811404

1404

1424

1441

1495

1496

1496

1527

1540

1549

1583

1583

1607

1617

1639

A. Introduction 1640

B. Early Cases 1641

C. The Meaning of the Second Amendment Between 1939 an d 2008 1642

D. The Heller Revolution 1649

E. What Is the Scope of the Right? 1664

F. What Is the Standard of Review? 1664

1. Heller 's Limited Guidance 1664

2. Application of the Right to Arms in the Lower Courts 1665

3. Heller's Effect on Gun Regulations 1668

4. The Second Amendment's Reach 1668

G. Does the Right Apply to the States? 1670

Table ofCases

Index

16871705

Consitutional Law Cases, Materials, And Problems

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