CONSERVING BIRDS IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE · CIJV Update to the Prospectus and Biological Foundation 2016 . WHO WE ARE. The Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture (CIJV) is a cooperative

CANADIAN INTERMOUNTAIN JOINT VENTURE:

Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands

www.cijv.ca

Chilcotin Grasslands/Chris Harris

CONSERVING BIRDS IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE

B CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape

TABLE OF CONTENTSWho We Are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1What We Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1The Canadian Intermountain Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Threats to Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Riparian Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Threats to Riparian Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Grasslands and Shrub-steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Threats to Grasslands and Shrub-steppe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Partner Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Partner Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Priority Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Why Partner with the CIJV? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

For additional technical information on the bird groups, see the companion technical document Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands: Update on the Prospectus and Biological Foundation (November 2016). For information on wetlands, see the Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Implementation Plan: Wetlands and Associated Species (2010).

CONSERVING BIRDS IN A WORKING LANDSCAPECompendium to the CIJV Update to the Prospectus and Biological Foundation 2016

1CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape

Compendium to the CIJV Update to the Prospectus and Biological Foundation 2016

WHO WE AREThe Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture (CIJV) is a cooperative partnership of government agencies, non-governmentconservation organizations, universities, industry and landowners, who share a common goal to conserve habitat for the benefit of birds, wildlife and people.

WHAT WE DOThe CIJV was formally established in 2003 to sustain healthy bird populations by providing regional implementation of national and continental conservation plans for waterfowl1, shorebirds2, landbirds3 and waterbirds4. The CIJV is one of a network of 21 habitat-based and 3 species-based Joint Ventures created to implement the North American Waterfowl Management Plan in Canada, the United States and Mexico, with the common goal to conserve bird populations.

CONSERVING BIRDS IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE

Wilson’s Phalarope/Ian Routley

CIJV VISION TheCanadianIntermountainregionisalandscapethatsupportshealthypopulationsofbirds,

maintainsbiodiversityandfosterssustainableresourceuse.

CIJV MISSION Workingtogethertomaintain,enhance,restoreandmanagehabitatforthebenefitofwildlife

andpeopleintheCanadianIntermountainregion.

1 North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP 2012)2 The Canadian Shorebird Plan (Donaldson et al 2000)3 Partners in Flight: Framework for Landbird Conservation in Canada (Rich et al 2004)4 Wings Over Water: Canada’s Conservation Program for Seabirds and Waterbirds (Milko et al 2003)

2 CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape

Activities in the CIJV focus on wetlands, lakes and rivers, riparian areas and grasslands. Although these habitats cover only a small portion of the landscape, they support a high diversity of birds, including over one dozen species that are considered at risk under the federal Species at Risk Act. These habitats are also under some of the most intense threats and are at greatest risk of loss.

Together, CIJV partners work to secure, restore and manage habitat for birds and wildlife. This collaboration is built on a foundation of many years of cooperative conservation activities among the CIJV’s major partners (see Table 4).

THE CANADIAN INTERMOUNTAIN REGION

The CIJV operates in the Interior of British Columbia (BC) and the Rocky Mountain portion of Alberta. Adjacent Joint Ventures include the Pacific Birds Habitat Joint Venture to the west, the Prairie Habitat Joint Venture to the northeast and the Intermountain West Joint Venture to the south.

The Canadian Intermountain region is one of the most ecologically diverse in Canada, with a tremendous variety of habitat types, including desert, grasslands, shrub-steppe, riparian, wetlands, dry and moist coniferous forests and alpine tundra. These habitats support a rich diversity of plants and wildlife.

Map of CIJV area (yellow outline), showing two of the North American Bird Conservation Initiative’s Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) within its boundaries.

CIJV FACTS • Home to 373 bird species, 19 of which are Endangered, Threatened or Special Concern under

Canada’s Species at Risk Act (as of 2016) • Contains the highest diversity of owls, woodpeckers, swifts and hummingbirds in Canada • Supports over 1.45 million breeding waterfowl during spring and summer • Contains over 1,500 species of native vascular plants, 43 species of fish, 29 species of

amphibians and reptiles and 94 species of mammals

Alberta

British Columbia


WETLANDS, LAKES AND RIVERS Not only are wetlands some of the most productive areas on the landscape, particularly in dry areas, they are also relatively rare, covering only about 5 per cent of the Canadian Intermountain region. Most wetlands are found at low and middle elevations in the central Interior of BC; they are even more uncommon in the southern Interior and in mountainous terrain.

Wetlands, lakes and rivers in the region continue to face significant pressures. Human developments are often clustered around lakes or along major rivers since these are attractive and productive areas for people to live. Over the past several decades, large tracts of wetland habitat have been lost, particularly due to agricultural development in valley bottoms. Growing human populations continue to encroach on remaining habitats, reducing their availability and often significantly compromising their quality for birds and wildlife.

Threats to Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers• Draining or infilling for human development (urban or industrial areas, roadways, agriculture).

• Damage or loss from poor livestock grazing practices.

• Flooding and altered hydrological cycles due to the creation of large reservoirs for hydroelectric projects, dams, flood control and other water management measures.

• Increasing water extraction demands.

• Climate change impacts resulting in shallower and less permanent wetlands.

• Disturbances to breeding sites.

Homestead Marsh/©DUC

a Priority species have been adapted from those identified in Environment Canada’s Bird Conservation Strategies for the region (Environment Canada 2013a,b). Species assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as Special Concern, Threatened or Endangered are in bold.

Table 1: Priority birds in wetlands, lakes and riversHabitat Priority Species (in alphabetical order)a

Wetlands, lakes and rivers

American Avocet, American Bittern, American Dipper, American White Pelican, American Wigeon, Bank Swallow, Barrow’s Goldeneye, Black Swift, Black Tern, Bufflehead, California Gull, Caspian Tern, Cinnamon Teal, Clark’s Grebe, Common Loon, Common Tern, Double-crested Cormorant, Forster’s Tern, Franklin’s Gull, Gadwall, Great Blue Heron, Green-winged Teal, Gyrfalcon, Hooded Merganser, Horned Grebe, Lesser Scaup, Mallard, Northern Harrier, Peregrine Falcon, Redhead, Red-necked Phalarope, Ring-necked Duck, Rough-legged Hawk, Ruddy Duckb, Rusty Blackbird, Sanderling, Short-eared Owl, Thayer’s Gull, Trumpeter Swan, Virginia Rail, Western Grebe, White-winged Scoter, Wilson’s Phalarope


RIPARIAN HABITAT Riparian areas occur in places where water influences vegetation, making it distinct from upland vegetation. They are typically located around lakes and wetlands and along streams and rivers. Riparian areas occur in all parts of the Canadian Intermountain region, from low-elevation floodplains to high mountain streams, through grasslands and dry forest landscapes, to moist coniferous and cold subalpine forests.

Although riparian areas account for a small proportion of the CIJV’s landmass, they support a disproportionately high number of birds, particularly in arid regions. A number of species are highly dependent on these habitats and many more use them for nesting, foraging and as migratory corridors.

Historically, riparian areas have suffered significant losses due to various forms of development. For example in the Okanagan Valley, 50 to 90 per cent of some riparian communities have been permanently lost6 – many of the causes of these

losses continue today. Riparian areas are generally located in accessible valley bottoms and their proximity to water makes them particularly vulnerable to fragmentation and development. In mountainous areas, roads and railways are often restricted to valley bottoms and follow watercourses; these transportation corridors then open up the area to agriculture, housing and industrial development.

OtherClimate change

Environmental contaminantsDisturbance

Dams and water management

DevelopmentTransportation corridorsMining, oil and gasCrop AgricultureRanching (e.g., overgrazing)Hunting and trappingTimber harvestMountain pine beetleInvasive and problematic species

Relative impact of threats facing priority wetland birds in the CIJV5. The top three greatest threats are climate change, crop agriculture and ranching activities, such as overgrazing.

5 Threat data adapted from Environment Canada 2013a,b.6 Lea 2008

Creston Pelicans/©DUC


Threats to Riparian Habitat• Alteration and loss due to fragmentation and development (housing, industrial, agricultural, transportation corridors).

• Degradation from livestock grazing and trampling; riparian areas in drier zones, such as grasslands and dry woodlands, are particularly at risk.

• Loss due to timber harvesting (commercial forestry, firewood cutting, etc.) threaten a number of species, especially cavity-nesting riparian species.

• Climate change, human water management and increasing water demands alter natural hydrology and can cause loss and/or degradation of riparian habitats.


Table 2: Priority birds in riparian habitatsHabitat Priority Species (in alphabetical order)a

Riparian Barrow’s Goldeneye, Black-billed Magpie, Bufflehead, Calliope Hummingbird, Hooded Merganser, Lazuli Bunting, Lewis’ Woodpecker, Long-eared Owl, MacGillivray’s Warbler, Rufous Hummingbird, Vaux’s Swift, Western Screech-Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yellow Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat

Relative impact of threats facing priority riparian birds in the CIJV7. The three greatest threats are development, timber harvesting and crop agriculture.

7 Threat data adapted from Environment Canada 2013a,b.

OtherClimate change


Dams and water managementInvasive and problematic species

Mountain pine beetleTimber harvest

Hunting and trapping

DevelopmentTransportation corridorsCrop AgricultureRanching


GRASSLANDS AND SHRUB-STEPPE The Canadian Intermountain region contains almost 90 per cent of British Columbia’s grasslands8. Grasslands have an extremely restricted distribution, covering less than one per cent of the CIJV landscape. Typically found along valley bottoms, most grasslands in the CIJV are hot and dry and are characterized by widely spaced shrubs, such as big sagebrush and common rabbit-brush, as well as a variety of bunchgrasses.

Grassland birds are one of the fastest and most consistently declining bird groups in North America9, and grassland habitat is critically important for several species at risk in the

Canadian Intermountain region. For example, Sage Thrasher, Burrowing Owl and Long-billed Curlew are listed under the federal Species at Risk Act; these species are grassland or shrub-steppe obligates, meaning that they do not use any other habitat type.

Threats to Grasslands and Shrub-steppe• Habitat loss to agriculture and/or development is the greatest threat to grassland and shrub-steppe habitats. BC’s

grasslands and shrub-steppe are limited in extent, and a significant portion of their area has already been lost to crop agriculture and urban/suburban development. Losses are ongoing as more grassland continues to be subdivided and developed or converted to intensive agriculture.

• Poorly managed cattle grazing degrades grassland and shrub-steppe habitat by reducing ground cover, removing litter and altering vegetative structure and species composition; however, well-managed grazing can help maintain healthy grasslands.

• Fire suppression has led to local grassland losses due to increasing forest encroachment.

• Pesticides may impact some grassland birds, either through toxic exposure such as the consumption of poisoned prey or by a reduction in food sources.


Table 3: Priority birds in grassland and shrub-steppe habitatsHabitat Priority Species (in alphabetical order)a

Grassland and shrub-steppe

American Golden-Plover, American Kestrel, Bank Swallow, Barn Owl, Barn Swallow, Black-billed Magpie, Bobolink, Brewer’s Sparrow (breweri), Burrowing Owl, Canyon Wren, Common Nighthawk, Common Poorwill, Dusky Grouse, Ferruginous Hawk, Golden Eagle, Grasshopper Sparrow, Gyrfalcon, Horned Lark, Lark Sparrow, Long-billed Curlew, Long-eared Owl, Northern Harrier, Prairie Falcon, Rock Wren, Rough-legged Hawk, Sage Thrasher, Sharp-tailed Grouse, Short-eared Owl, Swainson’s Hawk, Upland Sandpiper, Western Meadowlark, White-throated Swift

8 Wikeem and Wikeem 20049 North American Bird Conservation Initiative, U.S. Committee 2009

Lac du Bois Grasslands/Tasha Sargent


PARTNER ACTIVITIESThe CIJV conserves and promotes healthy bird populations by ensuring the sufficient quantity and quality of habitat through securement, restoration and management techniques. Habitat conservation is a partnership effort that is strongly supported by sound science, policy and outreach activities.

Securement: CIJV partners work to secure key natural breeding habitats that are at high risk of loss or degradation. Habitat may be secured through purchase or donation, permanent conservation covenants or long-term landowner agreements. Secured properties are managed for the benefit of wildlife. Compatible commercial and recreational uses (e.g., ecologically sensitive grazing) may be permitted where they do not conflict with wildlife values.

Restoration: Partners engage in restoration activities on high-value sites that have been degraded. For example, partners may work to restore natural water flows and flooding cycles (e.g., wetlands and riparian areas), remove invasive species or install fencing to control livestock access to sensitive areas.

Stewardship: Stewardship programs focus on changing broad land use for the benefit of birds and bird habitat. Examples include promoting the voluntary adoption of agricultural practices that are better for wetlands, or implementing grazing systems that maintain healthier grasslands and benefit grassland birds.

Science: Monitoring programs enable partners to track local, regional and national bird populations. Joint Venture partners engage in targeted research to gather key information and answer specific questions around CIJV conservation issues.

Policy: Policy activities are collaborative and informed by science. CIJV partners encourage governments at all levels to support conservation and protect sensitive ecosystems.

Outreach: CIJV partners raise awareness of birds and their conservation needs through public outreach and education, including citizen science programs, publications and educational and interpretive signage at project sites.

10 Threat data adapted from Environment Canada 2013a,b.

Relative impact of threats facing priority grassland birds in the CIJV10. The three greatest threats result from crop agriculture, development, and ranching activities that result in poor condition grasslands.

OtherClimate change


Fire and fire suppressionInvasive and problematic species

Hunting and trappingRanching (e.g., overgrazing)

DevelopmentTransportation corridorsMining, oil and gasCrop Agriculture


PARTNER ACCOMPLISHMENTSMany organizations have invested significant resources and energies in conservation efforts in the CIJV region. Conservation achievements include numerous habitat acquisitions, promotion of protection and stewardship programs and development and implementation of strategies and tools to guide conservation efforts and successful outreach programs.

Between 2003 and 2015, CIJV partners invested over $54 million (cash and in-kind contributions) in CIJV habitat projects. This has resulted in the securement of 142,507 hectares (ha) or 352,142 acres of valuable habitat that is now managed for birds and other wildlife. Over 67,000 ha or 165,560 acres of these lands have subsequently been restored to improve their ecological values. An additional 20,600 ha or 50,904 acres have been positively influenced by stewardship activities11.

PRIORITY ACTIONSThe CIJV focuses efforts where they will have the greatest benefit to habitats and the birds that rely on them. In the past, securing and restoring

habitat has been a mainstay of this work; such efforts have yielded great successes and will always be a major part of CIJV activities. However, to provide the greatest benefit to birds, CIJV actions must influence land-use practices at a much greater scale than individual properties. Going forward, the CIJV must take an active role in promoting land stewardship; establishing partnerships with industry and local governments will be critical to achieve this broader influence.

Priority actions for CIJV partners include:

Securement and Restoration• Continue to work with partners to secure, and where necessary, restore high-value habitats throughout the CIJV region.

Stewardship• Increase voluntary uptake and use of existing guidance tools such as the Develop With Care12 suite of best management

practices and the Wetland Stewardship Partnership’s Wetland Ways guidelines13 in agriculture, ranching, development, forestry, mining and energy industries, to enable contractors, property owners and operators to minimize impacts on wetlands, lakes and rivers and riparian areas.

• Encourage forestry operators to adopt third-party certification standards that include additional protection for riparian habitats (e.g., Forest Stewardship Council Certification).

• Work with farmers’ institutes and associations to encourage agricultural producers to develop and implement Environmental Farm Plans14.

• Work with the ranching industry to increase awareness and uptake of tools, such as the Grassland Conservation Council’s Grasslands Monitoring Manual, to enable ranchers to manage their rangelands in an environmentally sensitive and sustainable manner.

Partnerships are key to CIJV success./Grasslands Conservation Council

11 Canadian Habitat Matters 201512 http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/bmp/devwithcare/13 http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/bmp/wetlandways2009/wetlandways_docintro.html14 https://www.bcac.bc.ca/ardcorp/program/environmental-farm-plan-program


Science• Identify priority grassland areas for securement, restoration and

stewardship activities.

• Continue to update the Grassland Conservation Council’s maps of BC grasslands (completed in 2004 and updated in 2015) to enable partners to track changes in grassland habitats over time.

• Investigate potential sources of land cover information to enable fine-scale mapping of riparian habitats across the CIJV region.

Policy• Connect with municipal and regional governments to increase awareness of

the value of grasslands, riparian areas, wetlands, lakes and rivers and their conservation needs.

• Increase awareness and uptake of the Wetland Stewardship Partnership’s Green Bylaws Toolkit15 (and the companion Grasslands Primer16 and Wetlands Primer17), which provide examples and case studies of bylaws and tools that enable local governments to effectively conserve sensitive habitats within their boundaries.

For additional objectives specific to wetlands, see the Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Implementation Plan: Wetlands and Associated Species (2010)18.

WHY PARTNER WITH THE CIJV?Partnerships are the backbone of the Joint Venture. The CIJV partnership facilitates access to and sharing of scientific, technical and industry expertise and guidance. Partners can share or leverage financial and human resources, and use those resources more efficiently to plan and deliver the most effective on-the-ground bird and habitat conservaton projects according to their resources and mandates. This approach helps address future CIJV challenges and celebrate collective successes. By bringing together diverse partners, the CIJV can accomplish together what would be difficult or impossible for any single group to achieve alone.

The CIJV has one of the most diverse partnerships among the Canadian Joint Ventures. Partners include representatives from industries which have large impacts on the working landscape. Consequently, there are many opportunities to work cooperatively with industry to develop creative solutions to conservation challenges. Partnerships with industry, landowners and other land users also create opportunities to work on lands which partners may not otherwise be able to access or influence at a meaningful geographic scale.

Many organizations have invested significant resources and energy in conservation efforts in the CIJV, but realizing the long-term vision will require ongoing and new commitments. To continue to deliver effective habitat conservation and meet emerging challenges, the CIJV needs to expand existing partnerships and develop new ones.

15 http://bcwetlands.ca/tools/green-bylaws-toolkit/16 http://bcwetlands.ca/tools/grasslands-primer/17 http://bcwetlands.ca/tools/wetlands-primer/18 CIJV Technical Committee 2010

The CIJV’s conservation efforts are based on sound science at the landscape level./©DUC


Key communities to partner with include:

• Industry: Partnering with industry allows the development of creative solutions where industry and conservation interests work together to maintain the ecological and economic health of the Canadian Intermountain region. Key steps include continued involvement of the ranching industry, and new/expanded involvement with the forestry, agricultural, mining and energy sectors.

• Local Governments and First Nations: Involving local governments and First Nations will enable the CIJV to gather and make use of local knowledge and expertise, and help guide the local conservation, restoration and management activities.

• Academia: Building new partnerships with universities and technical institutes will foster CIJV research to fill significant knowledge gaps.

• General public: Engaging naturalist groups, fish and game clubs and other local associations with an interest in conservation will help enable the CIJV to deliver clear and coordinated conservation messaging to the public while raising public awareness and support for conservation efforts.

The success of the CIJV is attributed to sound science and strong partnerships delivering habitat conservation projects at the landscape level. To learn more about the CIJV, visit www.cijv.ca. To find out about partnership opportunities, contact the CIJV Coordinator at [email protected].

For additional technical information on the bird groups, see the companion technical document Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands: Update on the Prospectus and Biological Foundation (November 2016)19. For information on wetlands, see the Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Implementation Plan: Wetlands and Associated Species (2010)20.

Quintal Restoration Site/©DUC

Table 4: CIJV partnersCanadian Intermountain Joint Venture PartnersBird Studies CanadaBC Cattlemen’s AssociationBC Field Ornithologists/BC NatureBC HydroBC Ministry of EnvironmentBC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resources OperationsFederation of BC NaturalistsDucks Unlimited CanadaEnvironment and Climate Change Canada – Canadian Wildlife ServiceKootenay Conservation ProgramGrasslands Conservation Council of BCThe Nature Conservancy of CanadaThe Nature Trust of BCUBC Faculty of Forestry

19 CIJV Technical Committee 201420 CIJV Technical Committee 2010


REFERENCESCIJV Technical Committee. 2010. Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Implementation Plan: Wetlands and associated

species. viii+ 64pp.

CIJV Technical Committee. 2014. Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands: Update on the Prospectus and Biological Foundation.

Cannings, R. J. 1998. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone in Smith, I. M. and G. G. E. Scudder. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecologic Assessment Network, 1998.

Donaldson, G. M., C. Hyslop, R. I. G. Morrison, H. L. Dickson, and I. Davidson. 2000. Canadian shorebird conservation plan. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 27pp.

Dyer, O. 1998. Mammals in Smith, I.M. and G.G. E. Scudder. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecologic Assessment Network, 1998.

Environment Canada. 2013a. Bird Conservation Strategy for Bird Conservaton Region 9 in Pacific and Yukon Region: Great Basin. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. Delta, BC. 105pp + appendices.

Environment Canada. 2013b. Bird Conservation Strategy for Bird Conservaton Region 10 in Pacific and Yukon Region: Northern Rockies. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. Delta, BC. 109pp + appendices.

Gregory, P. T. and L. A. Gregory. 1998. Amphibians and Reptiles in Smith, I. M. and G. G. E. Scudder. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecologic Assessment Network, 1998.

Lea, T. 2008. Historical (pre-settlement) ecosystems of the Okanagan Valley and Lower Similkameen Valley of British Columbia – pre-European contact to the present. Davidsonia 19(1): 3-36.

McPhail, J. D. 1998. Fishes in Smith, I. M. and G. G. E. Scudder. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecologic Assessment Network, 1998.

Milko, R., L. Dickson, R. Elliot and G. Donaldson. 2003. Wings over water: Canada’s waterbird conservation plan. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, ON.

North American Bird Conservation Initiative, U.S. Committee, 2009. The State of the Birds, United States of America, 2009. U.S. Department of Interior: Washington, DC. 36pp.

North American Waterfowl Management Plan. 2004. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Implementation Framework: Strengthening the Biological Foundation. 105pp.

Ogilvie, R. T. 1998. Vascular Plants in Smith, I. M. and G. G. E. Scudder. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecologic Assessment Network, 1998.

Rich, T. D., C. J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P. J. Blancher, M. S. W. Bradstreet, G. S. Butcher, D. W. Demarest, E. H. Dunn, W. C. Hunter, E. E. Iñigo-Elias, J. A. Kennedy, A. M. Martell, A. O. Panjabi, D. N. Pashley, K. V. Rosenberg, C. M. Rustay, J. S. Wendt, and T. C. Will. 2004. Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY.

Wikeem, B., and S. Wikeem. 2004. The Grasslands of British Columbia. Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia. 479 pp.

CONSERVING BIRDS IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE · CIJV Update to the Prospectus and Biological Foundation 2016 . WHO WE ARE. The Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture (CIJV) is a cooperative

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