Conservation of Plants And Animals

AKASH.R

VIIIth B

C.K.S English School

HASSAN

The clearing of forests and using the land for other purposes is called deforestation.

The causes for deforestation are :-

i) Procuring land for cultivation.

ii) Building houses and factories.

iii) Using wood as fuel or making furniture etc.

The natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and draught.

The consequences of deforestation are :-i) Increase in the temperature and pollution level on the

earth.ii) Increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere leading to global warming.iii) Lowering of ground water level.iv) Disturbs the balance in nature.v) Decrease in rainfall leading to draught.vi) Soil erosion and decrease in soil fertility leading to

desertification.vii) Decrease in the water holding capacity of soil leading to

floods.

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life.[1] This can refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem variation[1] within an area,biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator,[2] which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity.[3] Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in mid-latitudinal band in all oceans.[4] Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots,[5] and has been increasing through time[6][7] but will be likely to slow in the future.[8]

Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.[9][10][11] One estimate is that <1%–3% of the species that have existed onEarth are extant.[12]

Forest and wildlife can be conserved by setting up areas like Biosphere reserves Wildlife sanctuaries, National parks, etc.

i) Biosphere reserves :- are large areas of protected land for conservation of biodiversity and the traditional life of the tribals living there.

ii) National parks :- are areas reserved for wildlife where they can freely use the habitats and natural resources.

iii) Wildlife sanctuaries :- are areas where animals are protected from any disturbance to them or their habitat.

A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its residents, ratified by a national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) program, which demonstrates innovative approaches to living and working in harmony with nature. One of the primary objectives of MAB is to achieve a sustainable balance between the goals of conservingbiological diversity, promoting economic development, and maintaining associated cultural values.The term ‘biosphere’ refers to all of the land, water and atmosphere that supply life on earth. The word ‘reserve’ means that it is a special area recognized for balancing conservation with sustainable use. The term ‘reserve’ does not mean that these places are set aside from human use and development. In fact, the study of human use is an important part of the biosphere reserve program.Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approaches to balancing conservation and human use of an area. They are excellent examples of community-based initiatives that protect the natural environment while ensuring the continued healthy growth of the local economy.

A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.[1] Furthermore, an international organization, theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined "National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one, Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park.[2]

A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally occurring sanctuary, such as an island, that provides protection for species from hunting, predation or competition, it is a protected area, a geographic territory within which wildlife is protected. Such wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories. It is created by government legislation, In the 3rd century BC,a King DevanampiyaTissa declared the area around Mihintale, Sri Lanka as a sanctuary for wildlife,[1] probably the first of its kind in the ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within theThe first American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge at Lake Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.[2] The first federally owned refuge in America is Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of his Square Deal campaign to improve America. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president. More recently, a bi-partisan group of US House of Representatives members established the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus to further the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the US Congress.

A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological garden, and also called a menagerie) is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they mayThe term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term deriving from the Greek zōon (ζῷον, "animal") and lógos(λóγος, "study"). The abbreviation "zoo" was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1847.[1] The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds 1,000, around 80 percent of them in cities.[2]

i) Flora :- are the plants found in a particular area.

ii) Fauna :- are the animals found in a particular area.

Eg:- The flora of Pachmarhi consists of sal, teak, wild mango, jamun, silver ferns etc.

The fauna of Pachmarhi consists of wild dog, cheetal, wolf, leopard, blue bull, barking deer etc.

Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animal life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. Bacterial organisms, algae, and other organisms are sometimes referred to as flora,[1][2][3] so that for example the terms bacterial floraand plant flora are used separately. Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:

Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora. Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "SonoranDesert fauna" or the "Burgess Shale fauna".Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of faunal stages, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils.

RED DATA BOOK

Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (RDBRF), also known as Red Book (Russian: Красная книга) or Russian Red Data Book is a state document established for documenting rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as some local subspecies (such as the Ladoga seal) that exist within the territory of the Russian Federation and its continental shelf and marine economic zone. The book has been adopted by Russia and all CIS states to enact a common agreement on rare and endangered species protection.

RED DATA BOOK

Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old telephone directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP).[1] Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce molded pulp packaging. The industrial process of removing printing ink from paperfibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.

Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted, usually throughdeforestation.[1] Reforestation can be used to improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild naturalhabitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources, particularly timber.The term reforestation is similar to afforestation, the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in the past. Sometimes the term re-afforestation is used to distinguish between the original forest cover and the later re-growth of forest to an area. Special tools, e.g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster.

Add

ax

African Wild

Dog

Asian

Elephant

Baird’s

Tapir

Black Rhino

Critically

Endangered

Blue Duck

Bono

bo

Crested Ibis

Critically

Endangered

Florida

Panther

Critically

Giant

Panda

Green Sea

Turtle

Critically

Endangered

Grizzly

Bear

Iberian Lynx

Critically

Endangered

Island Fox

Critically

Endangered

Javan Rhino

Critically

Endangered

Kakapo Parrott

Critically

Endangered

Lemur

Leaf Frog

Hyacinth

Macaw

Malaysian Sun

Bear

Critically

Endangered

Markh

or

Monk Seal

Critically

Endangered

Mountain

Gorilla

Critically

Orang

utan

Philippine

Eagle

Critically

Pygmy Hippo

Critically

Endangered

Red

Panda

Sea

Otter

Snow Leopard

Critically

Endangered

Sumatran Tiger

Critically

Endangered

Amur

Leopard

Critically

Tibetan

Antelope

GREEN SNAKE

An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that region and nowhere else in the world. As such they are of conservation concern because they are not widespread and may be confined to only one or two protected areas. The Albertine Rift has more endemic species of vertebrate than any other region of mainland Africa. Until 2003 complete lists of endemic species had not been completed and WCS worked with other scientists and conservation organizations to complete these lists. Since that time they have been updated over time as more species have been added to the endemic or threatened lists. These are presented here for each taxon(Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Butterflies and Dragonflies) for which we have compiled data.

Bali TigerExtinct 1937 due to hunting and destruction

of habitat

Island TortoiseExtinct 2012 due to hunting and introduction

of competing species.

Blue BuckExtinct 1800 due to Hunting and

Destruction of Habitat

Hawaiian CrowExtinct 2002 due to hunting,

destruction of Habitat and Disease

QuaggaExtinct 1883 due to hunting

Socorro DoveExtinct 1972 due to hunting &

destruction of Habitat

ThylacineExtinct 1986 due to Hunting and Competition with other animals

WarrahExtinct 1876 due to Hunting and

Poisoning

Dodo

Extinct since mid to

late 17th century

Lived on one tiny

island

Passenger Pigeon

Once most common

bird in North America

Flocks with more than

a billion birds took

several days to pass

by

Last one died 1914 in

a zoo

Tasmanian Tiger

Last known specimen died in captivity in

1936

Dinosaurs

T-RexBrachiosaurus

Trilobites17 000 known species!

Meganeura

Giant dragonfly with a 2.5ft wingspan

Armored FishDunkleosteus

20ft long, 2000lbs

Mosasaurus

49ft long ocean lizard

Pterosaurs

Some had a

33ft wingspan

Wooly Mammoth About the size of an elephant, but with fur 3ft long

Sabre-toothed Tiger

Weighed up to 880 lbs (Lions weigh 550lbs)

Giant Ground Sloth

20ft tall standing on its hind legs

Baluchitherium

Largest land mammal ever known

25ft tall

“Terror Birds”

Flightless birds 10ft tall

Countless more….

One day do a google search for extinct animals

and see what you can find

There are so many…and those are just the

ones that we know about!