Conservation of energy - he total amount of energyConservation of energy (including potential energy) in a closed system remains constant. In other words,
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Slide 1
Slide 2
Conservation of energy - he total amount of energyConservation
of energy (including potential energy) in a closed system remains
constant. In other words, energy can be converted from one form to
another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. input energy = +
output energy Energy input / output - the kind of energy that goes
intoEnergy input / output a system and the resultant energy that
comes out of a system; excess energy input deals with how much
energy remains in a system that is not output; (ex. incoming solar
radiation minus the infrared radiation back into space) 18. Energy
Conservation Page 1 of 2 remaining system energy system
Slide 3
Entropy - the measure of unavailable energy in a closedEntropy
system / most common reference to entropy is found in thermodynamic
systems Energy loss - energy that is not used to complete the
intended processes of a system (ex. waste heat from an incandescent
bulb or motor) 18. Energy Conservation Page 2 of 2
Slide 4
19. Atomic Change (Page 1 of 2) Alpha decay - A form of
radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus ejects an alpha
particle through the electromagnetic force And transforms into a
nucleus with mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. Beta
decay - A form of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an
electron or a positron) is emitted.
Slide 5
19. Atomic Change (Page 2 of 2) Fission - A process in nuclear
physics in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more
smaller nuclei as fission products, and usually some by-product
particles. Fusion - A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to
form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of
energy.
Slide 6
20. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Slide 7
21. Reflecting Light (Page 1 of 2) Convex: curved outward like
the outer surface of a sphere Concave: curved inward like the inner
surface of a sphere
Slide 8
21. Reflecting Light (Page 2 of 2) Flat: no curved surface
giving no curved image reflection Parabolic: a reflective device,
formed in the shape of a parabolic dish; parabolic reflectors can
either collect or distribute energy such as light, sound, or radio
waves.
Slide 9
22. Efficiency Efficiency: A measure of how much more work must
be put into a machine than you get out of the machine. (Work Out)
(Work In) (Work Out) (8.0N x 1.0m) 8 (Work In) (5.0N x 3.0m) 15 %
Efficiency = ===.53 (x 100) = 53% Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)
Theoretical (Ideal) Mechanical Advantage (TMA) (Another way to
calculate the same thing) (Work = Force x Distance) X 100
Slide 10
23. Power, Voltage, & Current Power - the rate at which
work is done expressed in watts Voltage - electromotive force
expressed in volts Current - the flow of electric charge expressed
in amps Power = Voltage x Current Power = 120 volts x 15 amps Power
= 1800 watts
Slide 11
24. Plate Tectonics Mantle convection occurs because the
density of a fluid is related to its temperature. Hot rocks lower
in the mantle are less dense than their cooler counterparts above.
The hot rock rises and the cooler rock sinks due to gravity. This
process is the origin of crustal plate movement.
Slide 12
25. Geologic Eras Precambrian (Beginning of earth - 543 million
years ago) Cenozoic (65 million years ago - Present) "Age of Recent
Life" Mesozoic (248 - 65 million years ago) "Age of Medieval Life *
The Age of Dinosaurs occurred in the Mesozoic Era during the
Cretaceous Period (144-65 million years ago). Paleozoic (543 - 248
million years ago) "Age of Ancient Life * The Coal Age occurred
during in Paleozoic Era during the Pennsylvanian Period (323-290
million years ago).
Slide 13
26. Geological Age Crystal analysis: Determines the
arrangements of atoms in solids; crystal formation, like mineral
content, does not help accurately determine the age of a rock since
crystals can sit for long periods with little change after
formation Radioactive Dating: Measurement of the amount of
radioactive material (usually carbon 14) that an object contains;
can be used to estimate the age of the object based on a measure of
radioactive decay / also called radiometric or carbon dating
Mineral content: The mineral formations contained in a rock;
examination of mineral content does not make it possible to
accurately determine the age of a rock since minerals can sit for
long periods with little change after formation Law of
Superposition: Layers of rock are arranged in a time sequence, with
the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top; later
processes can disturb the arrangement thus making it difficult to
determine age of a single rock sample
Slide 14
27. Weather Prediction Most likely the Midwest area in red will
feel colder temperatures and receive rainfall as warm, moist air is
pushed up in the atmosphere by cooler, more dense air.
Slide 15
27. Weather Prediction The movement of weather across the
United States is controlled, in large part, by global atmospheric
circulation.
Slide 16
28. Ocean Currents 3. The California Current is slow and cool.
10. The Canary Current is cool due to upwelling. 5. The West Wind
Drift is cool, encircling Antarctica. 7. The Gulf Stream is warm,
fast and narrow.
Slide 17
29. Oceanic Ridges & Trenches An oceanic ridge is an
underwater mountain range, formed when convection currents rise in
the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two
plates meet at a divergent boundary. An oceanic trench is a
hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depression of the sea
floor caused by plates moving together along convergent
boundaries.
Slide 18
30. Salinity Level of Seawater The salinity level of seawater
is fairly constant, at about 35 parts per thousand (35000
mg/L).
Slide 19
31. Types of Rock Precipitated Rock: rocks (or minerals) that
are formed during a chemical reaction often within pores or other
openings in existing rocks Igneous Rock: formed when molten rock
(magma) cools and solidifies Sedimentary Rock: formed when layers
of eroded earth are deposited on top of each other and pressed down
through time until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock
Metamorphic Rock: formed when other kinds of rocks are changed by
great heat and pressure inside the earth
Slide 20
32. Mohs Hardness Scale The Mohs scale was devised by Friedrich
Mohs in 1812 and has been a valuable aid to identifying minerals
ever since. Here are the ten standard minerals in the Mohs scale:
1. Talc 2. Gypsium 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 6. Feldspar 7.
Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum 10. Diamond Softest Hardest Softest
Hardest
Slide 21
33. Layers of the Atmosphere The upper limit of our atmosphere
is the Exosphere. The Thermosphere is very thin. It's where the
space shuttle orbits. Rock fragments from space burn up in the
Mesosphere. Many airplanes fly in the Stratosphere because it is
very stable. Also, the ozone layer is there. Temperature increase
The Troposphere is closest to the Earth where weather occurs.
Slide 22
34. Clouds (Page 1 of 4) Clouds with Vertical Growth Cumulus
clouds are puffy white or light gray clouds that look like floating
cotton balls. Cumulus clouds have sharp outlines and a flat base.
Cumulonimbus clouds are generally known as thunderstorm clouds.
They form when warm, moist air rises quickly in the
atmosphere.
Slide 23
34. Clouds (Page 2 of 4) Low Clouds Stratus clouds are uniform
gray in color and almost cover the entire sky. Light mist or
drizzle is sometimes associated with them. Stratocumulus clouds are
low, lumpy, gray, and but bring little or no precipitation.
Nimbostratus clouds are dark gray with a ragged base and are
associated with continuous light rain or snow.
Slide 24
34. Clouds (Page 3 of 4) Middle Clouds Altostratus clouds cover
the whole sky and have a gray or blue-gray appearance. They usually
form ahead of storms. Sometimes rain will fall from altostratus
clouds. Altocumulus clouds are grayish- white with one part of the
cloud darker than the other. They usually form in groups. If you
see Altocumulus clouds on a warm humid morning, then expect
thunderstorms by late afternoon.
Slide 25
34. Clouds (Page 4 of 4) High Clouds Cirrus clouds are composed
entirely of ice and consist of long, thin, wispy streamers. They
are white and predict fair weather. Cirrostratus clouds are thin
clouds that usually cover the entire sky. They often come 12-24
hours before a rain or snow storm. Cirrocumulus clouds are small
rounded puffs that appear in long rows. They are usually white, but
can appear gray and are usually seen in the winter time and
indicate fair, but cold weather.
Slide 26
35. Weathering Crevasse: crack or fissure in a glacier or snow
field Karst topography: a three-dimensional landscape shaped by the
dissolution of soluble layers of carbonate rock such as limestone
or dolomite Dunes: hills of sand built by wind- related processes
Loess deposit: silty soil that has been deposited by
windstorms
Slide 27
36. Global Change Dumping toxic waste: pollutes the natural
environment and contaminates groundwater Chloroflurocarbons:
deplete ozone, allowing harmful UV rays into the atmosphere
Overcultivating land: soil is disturbed by ploughing too often and
to too great a depth, thus leaving it exposed for long periods of
time and susceptible to erosion by wind and water; land becomes
unusable for agriculture Burning fossil fuels: releases excess
carbon dioxide resulting in global warming as well as other
chemicals that contribute to acid rain and smog
Slide 28
37. Seasonal Changes The Earth remains tilted on its axis as it
revolves around (orbits) the Sun. This tilt causes opposite seasons
in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.