12/11/2012 1 Conservation Agriculture Implications for Weed Management Dan Munk Cooperative Extension Fresno County University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Jeff Mitchell Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Steve Wright Cooperative Extension Tulare County University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Anil Shrestha Dino Giacomazzi Department of Plant Science Hanford, CA California State University, Fresno Tom Turini Cooperative Extension Fresno County University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Scott Schmidt Farming ‘D’ Five Points, CA John Diener Red Rock Ranch Five Points, CA Monte Bottens CalAgSolutions Madera, CA 11th Annual Sustainable Agriculture PEST MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE San Luis Obispo, CA December 7, 2012 CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE • … has developed to be a technically viable, sustainable, and economic alternative to current crop production practices, • … is gaining acceptance in many parts of the world as an alternative to both conventional agriculture and organic agriculture • … is the integration of ecological management with modern, scientific, agricultural production Dumanski et al., 2006
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12/11/2012
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Conservation Agriculture Implications for Weed Management
Dan MunkCooperative Extension Fresno CountyUniversity of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Jeff MitchellDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Davis
Steve WrightCooperative Extension Tulare CountyUniversity of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Anil Shrestha Dino GiacomazziDepartment of Plant Science Hanford, CACalifornia State University, Fresno
Tom TuriniCooperative Extension Fresno CountyUniversity of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Scott SchmidtFarming ‘D’Five Points, CA
John DienerRed Rock RanchFive Points, CA
Monte BottensCalAgSolutionsMadera, CA
11th Annual Sustainable Agriculture PEST MANAGEMENT CONFERENCESan Luis Obispo, CA December 7, 2012
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• … has developed to be a technically viable, sustainable, and economic alternative to current crop production practices,
• … is gaining acceptance in many parts of the world as an alternative to both conventional agriculture and organic agriculture
• … is the integration of ecological management with modern, scientific, agricultural production
Dumanski et al., 2006
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• … is not ‘business as usual,’ based primarily or solely on maximizing yields,
• … rather, it is based on optimizing yields and profits to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits,
• …it advocates that the combined economic and social benefits gained from combining production and protecting the environment, including reduced input and labor costs, are greater than those from production
alone. Dumanski et al., 2006
Intensity of soil disturbance
Crop rotation
Co
nve
nti
on
al a
gri
cult
ure
Conventional MinimumTillage
Direct seeding
Sustainable agriculture
Surface crop retention
Sayre et al., 2012
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• Minimal soil disturbance
• Preservation of residues that provide permanent soil cover
• Diverse crop rotations
• Reliance on precision, highly efficient irrigation
• Use of cover crops
• Integrated pest management
• Controlled or limited mechanical traffic over agricultural soils
High residue no‐till systems in Pierre, SD$10 herbicide inputs in two years
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Crop Diversity
Residue Management
SoilStructure
NutrientCycling
Plant Diseases
Weed Management
EcologicalProcesses
Spiral
IntegratedSystems
Dwayne Beck and Randy Anderson, 2008
Stubble Over the SoilCrovetto,2006
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”More with Less”
… agriculture in the future will have to sustainably produce more food, feed, fiber and energy on less land
through more efficient use of natural resources and with minimal impact on the environment in order to meet
growing population demands.
This will become a global imperative.
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
…links production with sustainability.
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USA 26.5USA 26.5
Canada 13.5Canada 13.5
Australia 17Australia 17
Europe 1Europe 1
Kazakhstan 1Kazakhstan 1
Africa 0.5Africa 0.5
Brazil 26Brazil 26
Conservation Agriculture worldwide 117 Million ha Conservation Agriculture worldwide 117 Million ha
Argentina 26Argentina 26
Paraguay 2.5Paraguay 2.5
China 1China 1
tropical savannahtropical savannah
continental, drycontinental, dry
temperate, moisttemperate, moist
temperate, moisttemperate, moist
continental, dry continental, dry
irrigatedirrigated
smallholdersmallholder
smallholdersmallholder
smallholdersmallholder
aridarid
aridaridlarge scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
subtropical, dry
tropical savannahtropical savannah
other LA 2other LA 2
>50%
>25%>25%
>70%>70%
up to 90%up to 90%Friedrich, 2012
Brazil
Harvest
Planting
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CA Adoption in percent by region worldwideCA Adoption in percent by region worldwide
South AmericaSouth America
North America
Australia,New ZealandAustralia,New Zealand
AsiaAsiaEuropeEurope
AfricaAfrica
Friedrich, 2012
It is estimated that in less than a decade > 85% of the cultivated area will be under No-till.It is estimated that in less than a decade > 85% of the cultivated area will be under No-till.
Pennsylvania No-Till AllianceColonial Soil and Water Conservation DistrictSaskatchewan Soil Conservation Association
Southern Plains Agricultural Resources CoalitionPacific Northwest Direct Seed Association
Ohio No-Till CouncilUSDA ARS National Soil Dynamics Lab
Mississippi State UniversityAuburn University
Pennsylvania State UniversityUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
California Conservation Tillage Workgroup
No-till cottonRobert and Ron Rayner
Goodyear, AZ2005
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No-tillElfrida, AZ
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Collaborators
Anil Shrestha Andy Zylstra John Beyer (retired)Kurt Hembree Mike Crowell Rob RoyBob Hutmacher John Diener Bob FrySteve Wright Tom Willey Johnnie SiliznoffSteve Temple Ryan Camara Mike McElhineyRandy Southard Scott Schmidt Rita BickelNick Madden Jim Couto Tom GohlkeDan Munk Alan SanoSteve Temple Jesse Sanchez Ron HarbenKaren Klonsky Tom BarcellosJulie Baker Darrell Cordova Alan WilcoxGene Miyao Bob Prys Ralph Cesena, Sr.Howard Ferris Dino Giacomazzi Monte BottensTom Lanini Andy Rollin John BlissLee Jackson Larry BecksteadWes Wallender Bill McCloskeyWilli Horwath Steve Husman Allen DuSaultJaime Solorio Kristen HughesEd Scott Mike Buser Ladi Asgill
Lyle Carter
Cotton and tomato crop residuesPrior to no-till crop establishment
Five Points, CA 2008
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NRI Cotton Yields 2004 - 2007
CTNO
CTNO
CTNO
CTNO
CTCC CTCC
CTCC
CTCC
STNO
STNO
STNO
STNOSTCC
STCC
STCC
STCC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2004 2005 2006 2007
CTNO CTCC STNO STCC
bc
c
a
ab
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Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003
Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003
Cover crop was sprayed or sprayed and choppedCover crop was sprayed or sprayed and chopped
Ridge-till plantingRidge-till planting
Strip-tilling ahead of planting
Strip-tilling ahead of planting
Pounds of cotton lint / acre for cotton tillage systems evaluation at
Borba Farms, Riverdale, CA, 2001 - 2003
Standard tillage
No-till chopped cover crop
No-till sprayed cover crop
Ridge-till chopped cover crop
Ridge-till sprayed cover crop
Strip-till chopped cover crop
Strip-till sprayed cover crop
1183 abc
1081 bc
1292 ab
1229 abc
993 c
1352 a
1262 ab
1258 a
1215 a
709 b
809 b
1311 a
1278 a
1223 a
1156 ns
1283 ns
1291 ns
1258 ns
1303 ns
1365 ns
1340 ns
2001 2002 2003
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Comparison of cover crop and tillage system tractor operations, estimated fuel use and production costs per acre
Standard tillage
No-till chopped cover crop
No-till sprayed cover crop
Ridge-till chopped cover crop
Ridge-till sprayed cover crop
Strip-till chopped cover crop
Strip-till sprayed cover crop
17
9
8
9
9
10
9
19.5
8.5
7.5
8.5
7.5
10.2
9.2
$237
$199
$195
$199
$195
$204
$200
Times over field
Gallons of fuel
Total operating costsFarming System
Mitchell, Klonsky, Prys, DeMoura, Munk and Wroble, In press
California Waste Discharge Permit RequirementGeneral Order 55-2007-0035 for Milk Cow Dairies
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Dairy forage triple-croppingas a means to increase forage
production and nutrient uptake
Strip-tilling into wheat residue ahead of forage corn planting
Hanford, CA 2006
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Weed populations in strip-till• Weed populations were evaluated in 8
of the 10 sites• Except at one location, weed
populations were similar to or lower in strip till than in the conventional till plots
• Most of the weeds in the strip till plots were volunteer cereals from the previous crop in the rotation
Dwayne BeckDakota Lakes Research FarmSouth Dakota State University
94
40
7
0
25
50
75
100
W-CP W-C-CP Pea-W-C-SB
Weeds (plts/m2)
Rotation Design - Weeds
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Cool –Warm Cool-Cool-Warm-Warm
2 vs 4 Contrast
Tilled Site 225 44 5
No-Till Site
94 7 13
Rotation – Tillage Interaction
(No Herbicides – Weeds / m2)
75
93
100
60
70
80
90
100
C-M W-C-F W-C-M-F
Yield (%)
Crop Frequency - Corn
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60
25
5
0
20
40
60
W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea
Weeds (plts/m2)
Rotation Design - > Weeds
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Weed-free Weed-infested
Conventional system
N banding
a aa
b
c
d
a
cd
N + highercrop density
N + density+ narrow rows
Cultural practice combinations
Corn grain yield in weed-free and weed-infested conditions as affected by production practice combinations. Standard system was 37,000 plants/ha at a row spacing of 76 cm, with N fertilizer broadcast at planting. Enhanced-competition practices were banding N near the seed, increasing crop density to 47,000 plants/ha, and reducing row spacing to 38 cm. Weed-free plots with acetamide + atrazine pre-plant, plus hand-weeding on a weekly basis. Data averaged across three years; bars with the same letter are not significantly different based on Fisher’s LSD (0.05). (Adapted from Anderson, 2000.)
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Se
ed
yie
ld (
kg
/ha
)
1200
1500
1800
2100
Weed-FreeWeed-Infested
Conv. Cultural
Early planting Late planting
Conv. Cultural
a
a
a
b
b
b
a a
Grain yield of sunflower grown in two production systems; the competition-enhancing system eliminated yield loss due to weed interference. The standard system was comprised of 76 cm row spacing, crop population of 39,000 plants/ha, and N fertilizer applied broadcast. The competition-enhancing system included row spacing of 50 cm, crop population of 47,000 plants/ha, and N fertilizer applied in a band near the seed at planting. Planting dates differed by two weeks. No in-crop herbicides. Data averaged across 2 years; bars with the same letter are not significantly different based on Fisher’s LSD (0.05). (Adapted from Anderson, 1999b; Tanaka & Anderson, 2000.)
Wheat under overhead irrigationFive Points, CA 2008
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Average weeds/m2 2011
Study Hypotheses
Drip irrigation can control weeds by precise spatial delivery of water to
plant.
Management of soil water height during drip irrigations can limit weed seed germination in the top 8cm of soil.
Restricted wetting zones under normal drip irrigation will limit weed growth, especially in the furrows.
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Drip System July 14th (~1 mo. >transplant)
Furrow system July 14th (~I mo. > transplant
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Weed Results
• Drip showed significant control over weed germination and growth.
• Most furrow irrigation weeds were located in the furrow, where the wettest zones are.
• The only weeds in the drip were established perennials i.e.. field bindweed.
Weed Populations Under Different Irrigation
0.50 0.58
17.92
44.67
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Bed Furrow
Row Location
we
ed
s/m
2
Drip Irrigation
Furrow Irrigation
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Weed shifts and
Weed resistance to glyphosate have been observed…
Changes In the Production System
Palmer Amaranth
• 1.67 million acres infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in CT cotton
• Reduction in yield and harvest efficiency
• No over-the-top solution for glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in RR cotton
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RR Corn in RR Cotton in Sacramento Valley Tulare County
Rdup Res. Weeds have spread throughout California after relying on one approach
After Planting• Accent, Prowl, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Banvel, Clarity, Distinct, Buctril, Gramoxone Inteon, Sencor, Aatrex, Atrazine, Sandea, Shark, Yukon, Option, Outlook
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Palmer Ameranth in Tulare Co. Cotton
Summary
• Residual herbicides are a must• Residual herbicides break at different times• Herbicide resistance & weed shifts are spreading• Use every tool to control weeds• Never let weeds escapes go to seed
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“…No-till systems have changed cropping practices in the Central Great Plains because of beneficial impacts on water relations and soil health. Some scientists have suggested that no-till systems have initiated a spiral of soil regeneration in this region, where interactions among more favorable water relations, residue production, and crop yield are continually improving soil health and, consequently, future