Consciousness Chapter 5. Can consciousness be studied? John Watson (Behaviorism) and William James (Functionalism) said no John Watson (Behaviorism)

ConsciousnessConsciousness

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Can consciousness be Can consciousness be studied?studied?

John Watson (Behaviorism) and John Watson (Behaviorism) and William James (Functionalism) said William James (Functionalism) said nono

Not observable Not observable

Consciousness as a Consciousness as a ConstructConstruct

A construct is something we cannot A construct is something we cannot see, touch, or measure directlysee, touch, or measure directly i.e. intelligence, emotioni.e. intelligence, emotion

Constructs effect behaviorConstructs effect behavior

Meanings of ConsciousnessMeanings of Consciousness

““Awareness”Awareness” Sensory awarenessSensory awareness Inner awarenessInner awareness A sense of selfA sense of self

Consciousness as Sensory Consciousness as Sensory AwarenessAwareness

Using your senses to be awareUsing your senses to be aware Can be unaware of sensory stimulationCan be unaware of sensory stimulation

Is that stimulation a part of your conscious self?Is that stimulation a part of your conscious self? Unusual stimuli and sudden changesUnusual stimuli and sudden changes Selective AttentionSelective Attention

Focusing on a particular Stimulus and tuning out Focusing on a particular Stimulus and tuning out other stimuli other stimuli

Ex: to pay attention in class you must screen out Ex: to pay attention in class you must screen out the rustling of papers, scraping of chairs, side the rustling of papers, scraping of chairs, side conversations of classmates, people walking conversations of classmates, people walking around outside, etc. around outside, etc.

Consciousness as Direct Inner Consciousness as Direct Inner AwarenessAwareness

Imagine jumping in a lake…Imagine jumping in a lake… Imagine jumping off a building…Imagine jumping off a building…

To figure out complex thoughts one must be To figure out complex thoughts one must be aware of the things happening inside of themaware of the things happening inside of them

Ethical or abstract conceptsEthical or abstract concepts Ex: Being aware that you are angry, remembering a Ex: Being aware that you are angry, remembering a

best friend from when you were younger, thinking best friend from when you were younger, thinking about love, etc. You are not actually hearing seeing or about love, etc. You are not actually hearing seeing or smelling these things, yet you can be conscious of smelling these things, yet you can be conscious of them. “Being aware of things inside yourself”. them. “Being aware of things inside yourself”.

Consciousness as a Sense of Consciousness as a Sense of SelfSelf

Being aware that you are an individual.Being aware that you are an individual. No matter how much the world may No matter how much the world may

change, you are aware that you are an change, you are aware that you are an individual, you have a sense of self and individual, you have a sense of self and your own existence. your own existence.

3 levels of sense of self3 levels of sense of self Awareness is more limited in these 3 levelsAwareness is more limited in these 3 levels

Preconscious LevelPreconscious Level

Taking ideas not in your direct Taking ideas not in your direct awareness and giving them priorityawareness and giving them priority Store information - recallStore information - recall

Unconscious LevelUnconscious Level

Unavailable to awareness in most Unavailable to awareness in most circumstancescircumstances Hidden information – party example p. Hidden information – party example p.

105105 Freud – unconscious desiresFreud – unconscious desires

Mental strategies – defense mechanisms Mental strategies – defense mechanisms

Non-conscious LevelNon-conscious Level

Blinking, breathing, etc.Blinking, breathing, etc. If we had to concentrate on all of If we had to concentrate on all of

these things…these things…

Altered StatesAltered States

DrugsDrugs MeditationMeditation HypnosisHypnosis Dozing offDozing off

Section 2: Sleep and Section 2: Sleep and DreamsDreams

We spend 33% of our lives sleepingWe spend 33% of our lives sleeping Circadian Rhythms – biological clocksCircadian Rhythms – biological clocks

Sleepiness / wakefulness Sleepiness / wakefulness Blood pressureBlood pressure TemperatureTemperature

Can be harmful if disrupted continuouslyCan be harmful if disrupted continuously

Sleep-Wake CycleSleep-Wake Cycle

A full sleep-wake cycle is 24 hoursA full sleep-wake cycle is 24 hours Removal of certain stimuli can Removal of certain stimuli can

extend this cycle or vice versaextend this cycle or vice versa

© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN

ACTION, 7EACTION, 7E

Myths of SleepMyths of Sleep Everyone needs 8 hrs of sleep per night Everyone needs 8 hrs of sleep per night

to maintain good health.to maintain good health. Learning of complicated subjects such Learning of complicated subjects such

as calculus can be done during sleep.as calculus can be done during sleep. Some people never dream.Some people never dream. Dreams last only a few seconds.Dreams last only a few seconds. Genital arousal during sleep reflects Genital arousal during sleep reflects

dream content.dream content.• May be a useful index of physical versus May be a useful index of physical versus

psychological causes of impotence in malespsychological causes of impotence in males



EEG Changes During SleepEEG Changes During Sleep Electrophysiological Electrophysiological

instruments can be used instruments can be used in the sleep laboratory to in the sleep laboratory to assess the physiological assess the physiological changes that occur during changes that occur during an episode of sleep.an episode of sleep.

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep

Stages are defined by brain wave Stages are defined by brain wave patternspatterns Measured by electroencephalograph (EEG)Measured by electroencephalograph (EEG) Brain waves are cyclical –Brain waves are cyclical –

Beta, alpha, theta, delta – 4 patterns of brain Beta, alpha, theta, delta – 4 patterns of brain waveswaves

Falling asleepFalling asleep Gradual change from beta to alphaGradual change from beta to alpha

Sensations of falling asleepSensations of falling asleep

StagesStages

Stage 1 – lightest sleep stageStage 1 – lightest sleep stage

Slowing of brain wavesSlowing of brain waves

Brief dreamlike imagesBrief dreamlike images

Easily awakenedEasily awakened

StagesStages

Stage 1 lasts 30-40 minsStage 1 lasts 30-40 mins After stage 1 we pass through 2,3, and 4After stage 1 we pass through 2,3, and 4 3 and 4 are the deepest sleep – delta 3 and 4 are the deepest sleep – delta

waveswaves

Stage TransitionStage Transition

30 minutes in stage 430 minutes in stage 4 Transition back to stage 1 – the trip Transition back to stage 1 – the trip

through all 4 cycles takes a total of 90 through all 4 cycles takes a total of 90 minutesminutes

When we enter back towards stage 1 When we enter back towards stage 1 some funny things happen:some funny things happen:



Sleep Stages During a Sleep Stages During a NightNight

REM REM

Breathing becomes irregularBreathing becomes irregular Blood pressure risesBlood pressure rises Heart beats fasterHeart beats faster

Similar to stage one this is REM sleepSimilar to stage one this is REM sleep Other stages are called NREM (non-REM)Other stages are called NREM (non-REM)

8 hour sleep – 5 rotations up and 8 hour sleep – 5 rotations up and down stagesdown stages Final REM sleep may last 30 mins or Final REM sleep may last 30 mins or

longerlonger

Why do we sleep?Why do we sleep?

Body resetBody reset Resistance to infectionResistance to infection Life happeningsLife happenings What happens if we refused to sleep?What happens if we refused to sleep?



Effects of Sleep Effects of Sleep DeprivationDeprivation

Reduced immunityReduced immunity Mood alterationMood alteration Reduced concentration and Reduced concentration and

motivationmotivation Increased irritabilityIncreased irritability Lapses in attentionLapses in attention Reduced motor skillsReduced motor skills

Purposes of REM SleepPurposes of REM Sleep

Brain cell exercise in adultsBrain cell exercise in adults Brain development in babiesBrain development in babies Better learning capabilities Better learning capabilities

Comprehension Comprehension

Dreams and REM SleepDreams and REM Sleep

Some people dream in black and Some people dream in black and white, some in colorwhite, some in color

Every time we are in REM sleep we Every time we are in REM sleep we dreamdream Some are more realistic than othersSome are more realistic than others

Some people remember dreams, Some people remember dreams, while others have a hard timewhile others have a hard time States of consciousness may affect thisStates of consciousness may affect this

Freudian ViewFreudian View

Freud said that dreams are wishes Freud said that dreams are wishes your heart makesyour heart makes

People dream in symbolsPeople dream in symbols This allows people to deal with issues This allows people to deal with issues

that may be too painful to deal with that may be too painful to deal with consciouslyconsciously

Biopsychological View Biopsychological View

Some psychologists believe that Some psychologists believe that dreams are more biologicaldreams are more biological Neurons fire at random in the brain that Neurons fire at random in the brain that

control vision and movementcontrol vision and movement This could explain why we often This could explain why we often

dream of things that happened dream of things that happened during the day or people we during the day or people we interacted withinteracted with

No Set of RulesNo Set of Rules

Psychologists agree that there is no Psychologists agree that there is no set of rules that defines how to set of rules that defines how to interpret dreamsinterpret dreams

Sleep ProblemsSleep Problems

Insomnia – the inability to sleepInsomnia – the inability to sleep ““racing mind” syndromeracing mind” syndrome Forcing sleep makes it worseForcing sleep makes it worse

Occasional insomnia is commonOccasional insomnia is common

SleepwalkingSleepwalking Sleepwalking is often associated with childrenSleepwalking is often associated with children Urban legend says that waking them may cause irrational Urban legend says that waking them may cause irrational

behaviorbehavior Should be supervised if possible because they could hurt Should be supervised if possible because they could hurt

themselves themselves Besides depression and anxiety, scientists found that Besides depression and anxiety, scientists found that

some other health issues make people walk in their sleep: some other health issues make people walk in their sleep: obstructive sleep apnea, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, insomnia, alcohol abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, insomnia, alcohol abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, over-the-counter sleeping pills, selective serotonin over-the-counter sleeping pills, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or antidepressants. Some people reuptake inhibitors, or antidepressants. Some people simply have family history of sleepwalkingsimply have family history of sleepwalking

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

Breathing interruption that happens Breathing interruption that happens at nightat night Usually do not wake up completelyUsually do not wake up completely Once they start to breathe normally Once they start to breathe normally

they go back to sleepthey go back to sleep Occur when nasal passages are blockedOccur when nasal passages are blocked

May cause snoringMay cause snoring May be related to SIDSMay be related to SIDS

NarcolepsyNarcolepsy

People fall asleep no matter what People fall asleep no matter what time or where they aretime or where they are Several short naps and certain drugs Several short naps and certain drugs

have been known to treat this disorderhave been known to treat this disorder Can be dangerousCan be dangerous

Nightmares and Night Nightmares and Night TerrorsTerrors

Many reasons for nightmares:Many reasons for nightmares: Traumatic eventsTraumatic events Anxious / DepressedAnxious / Depressed Profession or ActivityProfession or Activity

Why do nightmares occur?Why do nightmares occur?

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

Night terrors are turned up Night terrors are turned up nightmaresnightmares May cause physical effects while May cause physical effects while

sleepingsleeping Vague after occurrenceVague after occurrence Night terrors occur in stage 3 or 4 Night terrors occur in stage 3 or 4 Happen in first couple of sleep cyclesHappen in first couple of sleep cycles



DrugsDrugs DrugsDrugs are chemicals that have are chemicals that have

biological effects within the body.biological effects within the body. Psychoactive drugsPsychoactive drugs are chemicals are chemicals

that change conscious awareness or that change conscious awareness or perception.perception. Depressants slow down the nervous Depressants slow down the nervous

system.system. Stimulants speed up the nervous system.Stimulants speed up the nervous system. Opiates relieve pain.Opiates relieve pain. Hallucinogens alter sensory perception .Hallucinogens alter sensory perception .



Drug Use and AbuseDrug Use and Abuse Drug abuseDrug abuse: Drug use that causes : Drug use that causes

emotional or physical harm to the user.emotional or physical harm to the user. AddictionAddiction results from repeated drug use. results from repeated drug use.

ToleranceTolerance: more drug is required.: more drug is required. Drug abstinence leads to Drug abstinence leads to withdrawalwithdrawal

symptoms.symptoms. Drug dependence can be:Drug dependence can be:

Physical:Physical: withdrawal reactions are noted when withdrawal reactions are noted when drug use is terminated.drug use is terminated.

Psychological:Psychological: associated with a craving for associated with a craving for the drugthe drug

Examples of Drug TypesExamples of Drug Types Depressants:Depressants: alcohol, barbituratesalcohol, barbiturates

Stimulants:Stimulants: caffeine, amphetaminecaffeine, amphetamine

cocaine, nicotinecocaine, nicotine

OpiatesOpiates heroin, morphineheroin, morphine

HallucinogensHallucinogens LSD, mescaline, marijuanaLSD, mescaline, marijuana

StimulantsStimulants

NicotineNicotine is considered the single is considered the single most preventable cause of death and most preventable cause of death and disease in the United Sates.disease in the United Sates.

CocaineCocaine causes physical damage, causes physical damage, severe addiction and psychological severe addiction and psychological dependence.dependence. Cocaine can interfere with the electrical Cocaine can interfere with the electrical

activity of the heart.activity of the heart.

Dangers of Cocaine Dangers of Cocaine

What Are the Effects of Cocaine?What Are the Effects of Cocaine? The drug creates a strong sense of exhilaration. The drug creates a strong sense of exhilaration.

Users generally feel invincible, carefree, alert, Users generally feel invincible, carefree, alert, euphoric and have a lot of energy. This is usually euphoric and have a lot of energy. This is usually followed by agitation, depression, anxiety, followed by agitation, depression, anxiety, paranoia and decreased appetite. The effects of paranoia and decreased appetite. The effects of cocaine generally last about two hours. cocaine generally last about two hours.

What Are the Hazards of Cocaine?What Are the Hazards of Cocaine? Cocaine is a potent and dangerous. The short-term and long-term effects of Cocaine is a potent and dangerous. The short-term and long-term effects of

cocaine are equally dangerous. The dangers of experiencing cardiac arrest or cocaine are equally dangerous. The dangers of experiencing cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory failure is equal in both short and long term abuse. seizures followed by respiratory failure is equal in both short and long term abuse.

Insomnia Insomnia Loss of appetite Loss of appetite Blurred vision Blurred vision Vomiting Vomiting High anxiety High anxiety Irritability Irritability Constricted blood vessels Constricted blood vessels Dilated pupils Dilated pupils Nasal infections Nasal infections Nose bleeds Nose bleeds Rapid breathing Rapid breathing Sweating Sweating Violent behavior Violent behavior Twitching Twitching Hallucinations Hallucinations Chest pain Chest pain The long-term effects of using cocaine can include extreme agitation, violent mood swings and depression. Prolonged use of snorting The long-term effects of using cocaine can include extreme agitation, violent mood swings and depression. Prolonged use of snorting

cocaine cause ulcerations in the mucous membrane of the nose and holes and in the barrier separating the nostrils. cocaine cause ulcerations in the mucous membrane of the nose and holes and in the barrier separating the nostrils. It can also result in a loss of appetite, extreme insomnia and sexual problems. Heart disease, It can also result in a loss of appetite, extreme insomnia and sexual problems. Heart disease, heart attacks, respiratory failure, , respiratory failure, strokes, ,

seizures, and gastrointestinal problems are not uncommon among long-term users of cocaine and crack. seizures, and gastrointestinal problems are not uncommon among long-term users of cocaine and crack.

http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/coke/a/blnida030524.htm

http://alcoholism.about.com/b/2007/07/05/strokes-linked-to-cocaine-amphetamine-abuse.htm

Crack CocaineCrack Cocaine

Crack is Crack is nearly always smoked, delivering a , delivering a large quantity of the drug to the lungs, large quantity of the drug to the lungs, producing an immediate and intense producing an immediate and intense euphoric effect. Because of its availability euphoric effect. Because of its availability and intense effects, crack has grown in and intense effects, crack has grown in popularity. Health risks and problems popularity. Health risks and problems resulting from crack use are the same as resulting from crack use are the same as those listed for cocaine, however because of those listed for cocaine, however because of the intensity of the drug it is a higher risk.the intensity of the drug it is a higher risk.

http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/coke/f/coke_faq04.htm

Addictive? Addictive?

Is Cocaine Addictive?Is Cocaine Addictive? Cocaine is highly addictive, leaving users Cocaine is highly addictive, leaving users

with an with an overwhelming craving for the for the drug. The addiction to crack develops drug. The addiction to crack develops quickly, sometimes after just a few times quickly, sometimes after just a few times of smoking it. Those addicted to cocaine or of smoking it. Those addicted to cocaine or crack can find help with behavioral crack can find help with behavioral treatments including both treatments including both residential and outpatient approaches..

http://alcoholism.about.com/od/sa/a/blnida041129.htm

http://alcoholism.about.com/od/pro/Alcohol_and_Drug_Treatment_and_Rehab_Centers.htm

slice of the brain of a cocaine addict who died from an overdose. The large dark lesion is a massive brain hemorrhage associated to the use of cocaine(Credits)

Tobacco Tobacco

Tobacco (nicotine) Tobacco (nicotine)

Smoking causes death.Smoking causes death. The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account

for an estimated 443,000 deaths, or nearly one of every for an estimated 443,000 deaths, or nearly one of every five deaths, each year in the United States.five deaths, each year in the United States.2,32,3

More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined.murders combined.2,42,4

Smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths Smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women.in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women.11

An estimated 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive An estimated 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease are caused by smoking.lung disease are caused by smoking.11

Compared with nonsmokers, smoking is Compared with nonsmokers, smoking is estimated to increase the risk of—estimated to increase the risk of—

coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times,coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times,1,51,5 stroke by 2 to 4 times,stroke by 2 to 4 times,1,61,6 men developing lung cancer by 23 times,men developing lung cancer by 23 times,11 women developing lung cancer by 13 times,women developing lung cancer by 13 times,11 and and dying from chronic obstructive lung diseases dying from chronic obstructive lung diseases

(such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema) by (such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema) by 12 to 13 times.12 to 13 times.11

Smoking and Cardiovascular DiseaseSmoking and Cardiovascular Disease Smoking causes coronary heart disease, the leading cause Smoking causes coronary heart disease, the leading cause

of death in the United States.of death in the United States.11 Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing

the blood vessels (arteries) and puts smokers at risk of the blood vessels (arteries) and puts smokers at risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (i.e., obstruction of developing peripheral vascular disease (i.e., obstruction of the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene).range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene).1,71,7

Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm (i.e., a swelling Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm (i.e., a swelling or weakening of the main artery of the body—the aorta—or weakening of the main artery of the body—the aorta—where it runs through the abdomen).where it runs through the abdomen).11

Smoking and CancerSmoking and Cancer Smoking causes the following cancers:Smoking causes the following cancers:11

Acute myeloid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Bladder cancer Bladder cancer Cancer of the cervix Cancer of the cervix Cancer of the esophagus Cancer of the esophagus Kidney cancer Kidney cancer Cancer of the larynx (voice box) Cancer of the larynx (voice box) Lung cancer Lung cancer Cancer of the oral cavity (mouth) Cancer of the oral cavity (mouth) Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer Cancer of the pharynx (throat) Cancer of the pharynx (throat) Stomach cancer Stomach cancer

Smoking has many adverse reproductive and Smoking has many adverse reproductive and early childhood effects, including increased early childhood effects, including increased risk for—risk for—

infertility, infertility, preterm delivery, preterm delivery, stillbirth, stillbirth, low birth weight, and low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).1,81,8

OpiatesOpiates

NarcoticsNarcotics, such as morphine and , such as morphine and heroin, produce their effects by heroin, produce their effects by mimicking endorphins.mimicking endorphins.

Narcotic DangersNarcotic Dangers

Narcotics have a high abuse potential and are Narcotics have a high abuse potential and are closely regulated in a majority of the world. closely regulated in a majority of the world. Narcotics are one of the many wonders of Narcotics are one of the many wonders of modern-day medicine, but unfortunately due modern-day medicine, but unfortunately due to their misuse the dangers are ever more to their misuse the dangers are ever more evident. Some of the most common side evident. Some of the most common side effects include constipation, vomiting/nausea, effects include constipation, vomiting/nausea, and drowsiness. The most serious and drowsiness. The most serious complication is respiratory depression (usually complication is respiratory depression (usually due to overdose) that can lead to death.due to overdose) that can lead to death.

More effects…More effects… Usually brings about a rush of pleasure, which can be more intense if injected. There

may be a general numbness, lack of pain, and a sense of euphoria. After-effects can include anxiety, depression, nausea, and constipation. Breathing is depressed. Users can experience drowsiness or disorganized thinking.

Tolerance develops quickly, resulting in a physical withdrawal and a strong craving for the drug. Withdrawal can bring about sweating, heart palpitations, running nose, tearing eyes, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The withdrawal can be very unpleasant but is not lethal. Withdrawal usually last 5-7 days for short-acting opioids such as heroin and morphine, or may last 10-21 days with longer-acting opioids such as methadone.

Dangers relating to the use of narcotics include the impurity of street drugs, the dangers and possible infections of needle use, withdrawal, seizures, heart and breathing problems, and toxic psychosis. There is also the possibility of death due to overdose or malnutrition, or from combining narcotics with other drugs such as sedative/hypnotics or alcohol.

Heroin DangersHeroin DangersShort-Term EffectsShort-Term Effects Shortly after using, a feeling of euphoria will come over users, in which they have a warm flushing of Shortly after using, a feeling of euphoria will come over users, in which they have a warm flushing of

the skin, a dry mouth and the feeling of having "heavy" arms and legs. After the initial rush, users will the skin, a dry mouth and the feeling of having "heavy" arms and legs. After the initial rush, users will go into an alternately wakeful and drowsy state sometimes called "on the nod." Because heroin go into an alternately wakeful and drowsy state sometimes called "on the nod." Because heroin suppresses the central nervous system, the user experiences "cloudy" mental function. Users will begin suppresses the central nervous system, the user experiences "cloudy" mental function. Users will begin to breathe at a slower rate and their breathing can reach a point of respiratory failure.to breathe at a slower rate and their breathing can reach a point of respiratory failure.

Long-Term EffectsLong-Term Effects Repeated and chronic heroin users who fail to use sterile technique or share equipment will begin to Repeated and chronic heroin users who fail to use sterile technique or share equipment will begin to

experience the long-term effects of such practices: experience the long-term effects of such practices: Infection of the heart lining and valves, normally due to lack of sterile technique. Infection of the heart lining and valves, normally due to lack of sterile technique. Liver disease - approximately 70-80% of new hepatitis C infections in the U.S. each year are the result Liver disease - approximately 70-80% of new hepatitis C infections in the U.S. each year are the result

of injection drug use, and even sharing snorting straws has been linked to hepatitis transmission. of injection drug use, and even sharing snorting straws has been linked to hepatitis transmission. Kidney disease. Kidney disease. Pulmonary complications, which are often infection related Pulmonary complications, which are often infection related Skin infections and abscesses, especially among chronic injectors who suffer scarred or collapsed veinsSkin infections and abscesses, especially among chronic injectors who suffer scarred or collapsed veins In addition to the risk of contracting the hepatitis virus, heroin users also have an increased risk of In addition to the risk of contracting the hepatitis virus, heroin users also have an increased risk of

catching human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other blood-borne viruses. catching human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other blood-borne viruses.

HallucinogensHallucinogens

LSD- associated with “bad trips”LSD- associated with “bad trips” Marijuana has some properties of Marijuana has some properties of

depressants, narcotics and depressants, narcotics and hallucinogens at higher doses.hallucinogens at higher doses.

Marijuana Marijuana

Marijuana is a dry, shredded green and Marijuana is a dry, shredded green and brown mix of leaves, flowers, stems, and brown mix of leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis Cannabis sativasativa. In a more concentrated, resinous . In a more concentrated, resinous form, it is called hashish, and as a sticky form, it is called hashish, and as a sticky black liquid, hash oil. The main black liquid, hash oil. The main psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical in psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical in marijuana is delta-9-marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC.tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC.

Marijuana users generally report lower life Marijuana users generally report lower life satisfaction, poorer mental and physical health, satisfaction, poorer mental and physical health, relationship problems, and less academic and relationship problems, and less academic and career success compared to their peers who career success compared to their peers who came from similar backgrounds. For example, came from similar backgrounds. For example, marijuana use is associated with a higher marijuana use is associated with a higher likelihood of dropping out from school. Several likelihood of dropping out from school. Several studies also associate workers' marijuana studies also associate workers' marijuana smoking with increased absences, tardiness, smoking with increased absences, tardiness, accidents, workers' compensation claims, and job accidents, workers' compensation claims, and job turnover.turnover.

Research has shown that, in chronic users, Research has shown that, in chronic users, marijuana's adverse impact on learning and marijuana's adverse impact on learning and memory persists after the acute effects of the memory persists after the acute effects of the drug wear off; when marijuana use begins in drug wear off; when marijuana use begins in adolescence, the effects may persist for many adolescence, the effects may persist for many years. Research from different areas is years. Research from different areas is converging on the fact that regular marijuana use converging on the fact that regular marijuana use by young people can have long-lasting negative by young people can have long-lasting negative impact on the structure and function of their impact on the structure and function of their brains.brains.

Recent study of marijuana users who began using in Recent study of marijuana users who began using in adolescence revealed a profound deficit in adolescence revealed a profound deficit in connections between brain areas responsible for connections between brain areas responsible for learning and memory. And a large prospective study learning and memory. And a large prospective study (following individuals across time) showed that (following individuals across time) showed that people who began smoking marijuana heavily in their people who began smoking marijuana heavily in their teens lost as much as 8 points in IQ between age 13 teens lost as much as 8 points in IQ between age 13 and age 38; importantly, the lost cognitive abilities and age 38; importantly, the lost cognitive abilities were not restored in those who quit smoking were not restored in those who quit smoking marijuana as adults. (Individuals who started marijuana as adults. (Individuals who started smoking marijuana in adulthood did not show smoking marijuana in adulthood did not show significant IQ declines.)significant IQ declines.)

Marijuana and DrivingMarijuana and Driving

Because it seriously impairs judgment and Because it seriously impairs judgment and motor coordination, marijuana also motor coordination, marijuana also contributes to accidents while driving. A contributes to accidents while driving. A recent analysis of data from several studies recent analysis of data from several studies found that marijuana use more than found that marijuana use more than doubles a driver’s risk of being in an doubles a driver’s risk of being in an accident. Further, the combination of accident. Further, the combination of marijuana and alcohol is worse than either marijuana and alcohol is worse than either substance alone with respect to driving substance alone with respect to driving impairment.impairment.

Marijuana smoke is an irritant to the Marijuana smoke is an irritant to the lungs, and frequent marijuana lungs, and frequent marijuana smokers can have many of the same smokers can have many of the same respiratory problems experienced by respiratory problems experienced by tobacco smokers, such as daily tobacco smokers, such as daily cough and phlegm production, more cough and phlegm production, more frequent acute chest illness, and a frequent acute chest illness, and a heightened risk of lung infections. heightened risk of lung infections.

A number of studies have shown an association between A number of studies have shown an association between chronic marijuana use and mental illness.chronic marijuana use and mental illness.

High doses of marijuana can produce a temporary High doses of marijuana can produce a temporary psychotic reaction (involving hallucinations and paranoia) in psychotic reaction (involving hallucinations and paranoia) in some users, and using marijuana can worsen the course of some users, and using marijuana can worsen the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. illness in patients with schizophrenia.

A series of large prospective studies also showed a link A series of large prospective studies also showed a link between marijuana use and later development of psychosis. between marijuana use and later development of psychosis.

This relationship was influenced by genetic variables as well This relationship was influenced by genetic variables as well as the amount of drug used and the age at which it was first as the amount of drug used and the age at which it was first taken—those who start young are at increased risk for later taken—those who start young are at increased risk for later problems.problems.

Marijuana as a medicineMarijuana as a medicine

Marijuana has been shown to be effective in Marijuana has been shown to be effective in reducing the nausea induced by cancer reducing the nausea induced by cancer chemotherapy, stimulating appetite in AIDS chemotherapy, stimulating appetite in AIDS patients, and reducing intraocular pressure in patients, and reducing intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma. There is also people with glaucoma. There is also appreciable evidence that marijuana reduces appreciable evidence that marijuana reduces muscle spasticity in patients with neurological muscle spasticity in patients with neurological disorders. A synthetic capsule is available by disorders. A synthetic capsule is available by prescription, but it is not as effective as prescription, but it is not as effective as smoked marijuana for many patientssmoked marijuana for many patients

Marijuana as a medicine Marijuana as a medicine cont…cont…

However, there have not been enough However, there have not been enough clinical trials showing that marijuana’s clinical trials showing that marijuana’s benefits outweigh its health risks in patients benefits outweigh its health risks in patients with the symptoms it is meant to treat. with the symptoms it is meant to treat.

The FDA requires carefully conducted The FDA requires carefully conducted studies in large numbers of patients studies in large numbers of patients (hundreds to thousands) to accurately (hundreds to thousands) to accurately assess the benefits and risks of a potential assess the benefits and risks of a potential medicationmedication

Also, to be considered a legitimate medicine, a Also, to be considered a legitimate medicine, a substance must have well-defined and substance must have well-defined and measureable ingredients that are consistent from measureable ingredients that are consistent from one unit (such as a pill or injection) to the next. one unit (such as a pill or injection) to the next. This consistency allows doctors to determine the This consistency allows doctors to determine the dose and frequency. As the marijuana plant dose and frequency. As the marijuana plant contains hundreds of chemical compounds that contains hundreds of chemical compounds that may have different effects and that vary from may have different effects and that vary from plant to plant, its use as a medicine is difficult to plant to plant, its use as a medicine is difficult to evaluate.evaluate.

Is marijuana addictive?Is marijuana addictive?

Contrary to common belief, marijuana is addictive. Estimates Contrary to common belief, marijuana is addictive. Estimates from research suggest that about 9 percent of users become from research suggest that about 9 percent of users become addicted to marijuana; this number increases among those who addicted to marijuana; this number increases among those who start young (to about 17 percent, or 1 in 6) and among daily start young (to about 17 percent, or 1 in 6) and among daily users (to 25-50 percent). users (to 25-50 percent).

Long-term marijuana users trying to quit report withdrawal Long-term marijuana users trying to quit report withdrawal symptoms including irritability, sleeplessness, decreased symptoms including irritability, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, anxiety, and drug craving, all of which can make it appetite, anxiety, and drug craving, all of which can make it difficult to remain abstinent. Behavioral interventions, including difficult to remain abstinent. Behavioral interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational incentives (i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational incentives (i.e., providing vouchers for goods or services to patients who remain providing vouchers for goods or services to patients who remain abstinent) have proven to be effective in treating marijuana abstinent) have proven to be effective in treating marijuana addiction.addiction.

Marijuana and the Law Marijuana and the Law

Police prosecuted 858,408 persons for marijuana violations in Police prosecuted 858,408 persons for marijuana violations in 2009, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 2009, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s annual Uniform Crime Report. Marijuana arrests now comprise annual Uniform Crime Report. Marijuana arrests now comprise more than one-half (approximately 52 percent) of all drug more than one-half (approximately 52 percent) of all drug arrests reported in the United States. A decade ago, arrests reported in the United States. A decade ago, marijuana arrests comprised just 44 percent of all drug marijuana arrests comprised just 44 percent of all drug arrests. arrests.

Approximately 46 percent of all drug prosecutions nationwide Approximately 46 percent of all drug prosecutions nationwide are for marijuana possession. Of those charged with are for marijuana possession. Of those charged with marijuana violations, approximately 88 percent (758,593 marijuana violations, approximately 88 percent (758,593 Americans) were charged with possession only. The remaining Americans) were charged with possession only. The remaining 99,815 individuals were charged with “sale/manufacture,” a 99,815 individuals were charged with “sale/manufacture,” a category that includes virtually all cultivation offensescategory that includes virtually all cultivation offenses

Are there any positives?Are there any positives?

The study, published in the The study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Journal of the American Medical Association,Association, examined 5,115 men and women over the course of examined 5,115 men and women over the course of two decades – between March 26, 1985 and August 19, 2006. two decades – between March 26, 1985 and August 19, 2006. The data also showed that high-use of the plant, about one joint The data also showed that high-use of the plant, about one joint every day for 7 years, had little to no negative impact on lung air every day for 7 years, had little to no negative impact on lung air flow rates or lung volume. What’s shocking is that there is flow rates or lung volume. What’s shocking is that there is evidence pointing to slightevidence pointing to slight increases in lung air flow rates increases in lung air flow rates as as well as enhancements in lung volume from occasional marijuana well as enhancements in lung volume from occasional marijuana use – positive effects of marijuana many wouldn’t believe.use – positive effects of marijuana many wouldn’t believe.

Read more: http://naturalsociety.com/marijuana-use-may-Read more: http://naturalsociety.com/marijuana-use-may-positively-impact-lungs/#ixzz2NKCUcg6a positively-impact-lungs/#ixzz2NKCUcg6a Follow us: @naturalsociety on Twitter | NaturalSociety on Follow us: @naturalsociety on Twitter | NaturalSociety on FacebookFacebook

Studies have found marijuana use to be beneficial in Studies have found marijuana use to be beneficial in treating multiple sclerosis, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-treating multiple sclerosis, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, brachial plexus neuropathies, compulsive disorder, brachial plexus neuropathies, insomnia, memory disorders, anxiety disorders, cancer, insomnia, memory disorders, anxiety disorders, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and many more conditions. neurodegenerative disease, and many more conditions. Most notably, the plant possesses a significant painkilling Most notably, the plant possesses a significant painkilling effect as well as noticeable improvements in sleep.effect as well as noticeable improvements in sleep.

Read more: http://naturalsociety.com/marijuana-use-may-Read more: http://naturalsociety.com/marijuana-use-may-positively-impact-lungs/#ixzz2NKCadfKe positively-impact-lungs/#ixzz2NKCadfKe Follow us: @naturalsociety on Twitter | NaturalSociety on Follow us: @naturalsociety on Twitter | NaturalSociety on FacebookFacebook

DepressantsDepressants AlcoholAlcohol is particularly dangerous is particularly dangerous

when combined with barbiturates.when combined with barbiturates. abuse can lead to serious losses in abuse can lead to serious losses in

cognitive functioningcognitive functioning involved in nearly half of all murders, involved in nearly half of all murders,

suicides, spousal abuse and accidental suicides, spousal abuse and accidental deaths in the united statesdeaths in the united states

is the third leading cause of birth defectsis the third leading cause of birth defects

What is it?What is it?

Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor. Alcohol is produced wine, and liquor. Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches. It is a central nervous and starches. It is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly system depressant that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstreamsmall intestine into the bloodstream

Effects?Effects?

Alcohol affects every organ in the drinker's body and Alcohol affects every organ in the drinker's body and can damage a developing fetus. Intoxication can can damage a developing fetus. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor skills; heavy use can impair brain function and motor skills; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease.disease.

Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a diagnosable Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a diagnosable disease characterized by a strong craving for alcohol, disease characterized by a strong craving for alcohol, and/or continued use despite harm or personal injury. and/or continued use despite harm or personal injury. Alcohol abuse, which can lead to alcoholism, is a Alcohol abuse, which can lead to alcoholism, is a pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work.health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work.

Disease Disease Alcoholism increases your chances of Alcoholism increases your chances of

many serious diseases. Alcohol directly many serious diseases. Alcohol directly affects your liver and opens you to many affects your liver and opens you to many liver-related diseases, such as cirrhosis of liver-related diseases, such as cirrhosis of the liver. This is a very serious disease the liver. This is a very serious disease that even causes death, if not taken care that even causes death, if not taken care of properly. Other major diseases caused of properly. Other major diseases caused by alcoholism include throat cancer, by alcoholism include throat cancer, breast cancer and various other types of breast cancer and various other types of cancer. It is believed that alcohol also has cancer. It is believed that alcohol also has a negative effect on the person’s sex life a negative effect on the person’s sex life causing sex-related diseases, such as causing sex-related diseases, such as impotenceimpotence, especially in men, especially in men

PregnancyPregnancy Doctors strictly advise Doctors strictly advise

expecting mothers to stop expecting mothers to stop drinking completely. Alcohol not drinking completely. Alcohol not only has a negative effect on only has a negative effect on the person consuming it, it also the person consuming it, it also affects the unborn baby inside. affects the unborn baby inside. If a mother is on a drinking If a mother is on a drinking spree, there are chances that spree, there are chances that the baby will be born with Fetal the baby will be born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The newborn Alcohol Syndrome. The newborn is not only weak physically but is not only weak physically but also has mental birth defects. also has mental birth defects.

StressStress

Normally people drink to stay happy and Normally people drink to stay happy and away from stress. However, it is believed away from stress. However, it is believed that drinking alcohol actually leads to that drinking alcohol actually leads to stress. Alcohol or the habit of drinking is stress. Alcohol or the habit of drinking is addictive, and one gets used to it. If you addictive, and one gets used to it. If you get no alcohol, you will become get no alcohol, you will become depressed and have mood swings. This depressed and have mood swings. This is a very negative effect of drinking is a very negative effect of drinking alcohol that causes various issuesalcohol that causes various issues

Other Life ProblemsOther Life Problems

There are various other problems. If you are in There are various other problems. If you are in the habit of drinking, you will not be able to the habit of drinking, you will not be able to concentrate on your work. Your performance will concentrate on your work. Your performance will fall causing you much damage. The probability of fall causing you much damage. The probability of getting into altercations or domestic abuse also getting into altercations or domestic abuse also increases as people will not be able to control increases as people will not be able to control their anger or their actions. Consumption of their anger or their actions. Consumption of alcohol also tends to cause headaches. And who alcohol also tends to cause headaches. And who can neglect the economic cost? Why pay for can neglect the economic cost? Why pay for something so devastating? Don’t even accept it something so devastating? Don’t even accept it for freefor free

Drunk DrivingDrunk Driving How big is the problem?How big is the problem? In 2010, 10,228 people were killed in alcohol-impaired driving crashes, In 2010, 10,228 people were killed in alcohol-impaired driving crashes,

accounting for nearly one-third (31%) of all traffic-related deaths in the accounting for nearly one-third (31%) of all traffic-related deaths in the United States.1 United States.1

Of the 1,210 traffic deaths among children ages 0 to 14 years in 2010, 211 Of the 1,210 traffic deaths among children ages 0 to 14 years in 2010, 211 (17%) involved an alcohol-impaired driver.1 (17%) involved an alcohol-impaired driver.1

Of the 211 child passengers ages 14 and younger who died in alcohol-Of the 211 child passengers ages 14 and younger who died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes in 2010, over half (131) were riding in the vehicle impaired driving crashes in 2010, over half (131) were riding in the vehicle with the alcohol-impaired driver.1 with the alcohol-impaired driver.1

In 2010, over 1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the In 2010, over 1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics.3 That's one percent of the 112 million influence of alcohol or narcotics.3 That's one percent of the 112 million self-reported episodes of alcohol-impaired driving among U.S. adults each self-reported episodes of alcohol-impaired driving among U.S. adults each year.4 year.4

Drugs other than alcohol (e.g., marijuana and cocaine) are involved in Drugs other than alcohol (e.g., marijuana and cocaine) are involved in about 18% of motor vehicle driver deaths. These other drugs are often about 18% of motor vehicle driver deaths. These other drugs are often used in combination with alcohol.5 used in combination with alcohol.5

Drunk driving and Drunk driving and you - drinking and you - drinking and driving is so driving is so prevalent that it is prevalent that it is estimated that you estimated that you have about a 30% have about a 30% chance of being chance of being involved in an involved in an alcohol-related crash alcohol-related crash sometime in your sometime in your life. life.

Car accidents from Car accidents from drunk driving - occur drunk driving - occur about about every half every half hourhour in the nation in the nation and every hour sees and every hour sees another death another death caused by a drunk caused by a drunk driver. driver.

Methamphetamine, or Methamphetamine, or Crystal-Meth Crystal-Meth

Usually crystal meth is smoked in Usually crystal meth is smoked in glass pipes, similar to how crack glass pipes, similar to how crack cocaine is used. It may be injected cocaine is used. It may be injected (either dry or dissolved in water), (either dry or dissolved in water), snorted, swallowed, or inserted into snorted, swallowed, or inserted into the anus or urethrathe anus or urethra

A Stimulant A Stimulant

Why is it used?Why is it used?

Females often take crystal meth because it can cause Females often take crystal meth because it can cause extremely rapid weight loss. However, the effects are short extremely rapid weight loss. However, the effects are short term. The body builds up a tolerance to the drug so weight term. The body builds up a tolerance to the drug so weight loss tapers off and stops around six weeks after taking the loss tapers off and stops around six weeks after taking the drug. Also, weight that is lost is regained once a person drug. Also, weight that is lost is regained once a person stops taking methamphetamine. For these reasons, stops taking methamphetamine. For these reasons, combined with how addictive the drug is, methamphetamine combined with how addictive the drug is, methamphetamine tends not to be prescribed by doctors for weight loss. tends not to be prescribed by doctors for weight loss.

Some people take meth because of the long-lasting high Some people take meth because of the long-lasting high that it gives. Methamphetamine causes numerous that it gives. Methamphetamine causes numerous neurotransmitters to be released in the brain, producing a neurotransmitters to be released in the brain, producing a sense of euphoria that may last as long as 12 hours, sense of euphoria that may last as long as 12 hours, depending on how the drug was takendepending on how the drug was taken

Common Immediate EffectsCommon Immediate Effects Euphoria Euphoria Increased energy and alertness Increased energy and alertness Diarrhea and nausea Diarrhea and nausea Excessive sweating Excessive sweating Loss of appetite, insomnia, tremors, jaw-clenching Loss of appetite, insomnia, tremors, jaw-clenching Agitation, irritability, talkativeness, panic, compulsive fascination with Agitation, irritability, talkativeness, panic, compulsive fascination with

repetitive tasks, violence, confusion repetitive tasks, violence, confusion Increased libido Increased libido Increased blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, blood sugar Increased blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, blood sugar

levels, bronchodilation levels, bronchodilation Constriction of the walls of the arterties Constriction of the walls of the arterties In pregnant and nursing women, methampetamine crosses the In pregnant and nursing women, methampetamine crosses the

placenta and is secreted in breast milk placenta and is secreted in breast milk

Effects Associated with Chronic UseEffects Associated with Chronic Use Tolerance (needing more of the drug to get Tolerance (needing more of the drug to get the same effect) the same effect)

Drug craving Drug craving Temporary weight loss Temporary weight loss Withdrawal symptoms including depression and anhedonia Withdrawal symptoms including depression and anhedonia "Meth Mouth" where teeth rapidly decay and fall out "Meth Mouth" where teeth rapidly decay and fall out Drug-related psychosis (may last for months or years after drug use is Drug-related psychosis (may last for months or years after drug use is

discontinued) discontinued)

Effects of OverdoseEffects of Overdose Brain damage Brain damage Sensation of flesh crawling (formication) Sensation of flesh crawling (formication) Paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, tension headache Paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, tension headache Muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) which can lead to kidney damage or failure Muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) which can lead to kidney damage or failure Death due to stroke, cardiac arrest or elevated body temperature Death due to stroke, cardiac arrest or elevated body temperature

(hyperthermia) (hyperthermia)

Crystal-Meth Before and Crystal-Meth Before and AfterAfter



How Drugs WorkHow Drugs Work



Factors that Lead to Drug Factors that Lead to Drug AbuseAbuse

Positive associationsPositive associations: the drug is portrayed : the drug is portrayed in a positive fashion in the media.in a positive fashion in the media.

Biological factorsBiological factors: the drug induces a : the drug induces a pleasurable state (usually related to pleasurable state (usually related to dopamine activity in the brain).dopamine activity in the brain).

Prevention of withdrawalPrevention of withdrawal: person continues : person continues to take the drug to avoid withdrawal effects.to take the drug to avoid withdrawal effects.

Conditioning of drug cravingConditioning of drug craving: cues : cues associated with drug use can elicit craving associated with drug use can elicit craving for the drug.for the drug.



HypnosisHypnosis HypnosisHypnosis is an altered state of is an altered state of

heightened suggestibility.heightened suggestibility. The hypnotic state is characterized The hypnotic state is characterized

by:by: Narrow and focused attentionNarrow and focused attention ImaginationImagination Passive receptive attitudePassive receptive attitude Reduced reaction to painReduced reaction to pain Heightened suggestibilityHeightened suggestibility



Myths of HypnosisMyths of Hypnosis

People can be hypnotized against People can be hypnotized against their will.their will.

People will do immoral things while People will do immoral things while hypnotized.hypnotized.

Hypnosis improves memory recall.Hypnosis improves memory recall. Hypnotized persons have special Hypnotized persons have special

strength.strength. Hypnosis is fake.Hypnosis is fake.



Altered StatesAltered States

MeditationMeditation refers to a set of refers to a set of techniques that promote a techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness.heightened sense of awareness. can involve body movements and can involve body movements and

posture, focusing of attention on a posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathingfocal point, or control of breathing

can induce relaxation, lower blood can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoriaa sense of euphoria



Why do people alter Why do people alter consciousness?consciousness?

Sacred ritualsSacred rituals Social interactionsSocial interactions Individual rewardsIndividual rewards

Consciousness Chapter 5. Can consciousness be studied? John Watson (Behaviorism) and William James (Functionalism) said no John Watson (Behaviorism)

Documents

john wiley sons

hrs of sleep

sleep laboratory

episode of sleep

aware of things

sense of selfbeing aware

conscious self

levels of sense