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Consciousness and information processing Conscious processing
-sequential, relatively slow and limited capacity Unconscious
processing -fast processing occurs simultaneously on parallel
tracks (not sequential) Example? -meet someone: unconscious
processing, instant reaction to race, gender, appearance-then
become aware
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Biological rhythms Bodily (and mental) fluctuations over time
Examples -annual cycles: animal hibernation->Seasonal affective
disorders (humans/SAD) -28 day cycle: menstrual cycle -24 hour
cycles: alertness, sleep, body temp, growth hormone -90 min cycles:
sleep stages
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Sleep Its a state of consciousness We are less aware of our
surrounding Regulated by : Circadian rhythms (24 hour cycle,
sunlight)
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Circadian Rhythm Light affects circadian rhythms by -activating
retinal proteins, which -activates brains suprachiasmatic nucleus
in hypothalamus -activates pineal gland, which increases, decreases
melatonin (sleep inducing sleep) The point is.. -light strongly
influences our circadian rhythms, which governs our sleep
patterns
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Pineal gland pic
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Sleep Cycle Use EEG machine to measure stages of sleep When you
are at the onset of sleep you experience alpha waves Produces mild
hallucinations, like a feeling of falling (jerk reaction)
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Stage 1 Kind of awake and asleep (sleep onset) Last a few mins,
only occurs once a night Alpha waves: high frequency, low amplitude
hallucinations (dream-like-falling)
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Stage 2 More Alpha Waves (get slower frequency, higher
amplitude) Sleep spindles: short bursts of rapid brain waves 50% of
your sleep! Revisit multiple times
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Stage 3 and 4 Delta waves: (slower wave=deeper sleep) Dee sleep
(groggy, disoriented if awakened) Releases childs growth hormones,
restores immune system Bed wetting, sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Exercise increases time spent in stage 3 and 4! less as night
progresses ` From stage 4 your brain begins
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REM Rapid eye movement Paradoxical sleep-internally aroused
externally calm -Heart rate, breathing. REM brain waves increase/
external paralysis Brain has similar activities to a person that is
awake Dream state (95% of those awakened remember dream) Genital
arousal (both genders) REM Rebound: if sleep deprived 20-25% of
nights sleep! Or 2 hrs/night (6 years)
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Sleep cycle 90 mins cycle From 1, 2,3,4,3,2, REM As night
progresses longer
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Sleep disorders Insomnia: persistent inability to fall asleep
Narcolepsy: overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while
talking or standing up Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep
(linked to obesity) Night terrors: the sudden arousal from sleep
with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (rapid
heart rate, perspiration) occurs during stage 4 Sleep walking
(somnambulism): a stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless
unrecalled the next day Sleep talking: condition that runs in
families like sleepwalking
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Freuds theory of dreams Dreams are a roadway into our
unconscious Manifest Content (storyline) :desires, urges Latent
content (underlying meaning) Psychological (psychoanalysis)
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Activation synthesis theory Biological theory Cerebral Cortex
tries to interpret random electrical activity we have while
sleeping That is why dreams sometimes make no sense
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Information processing theory Dreams are a way to deal with the
stresses of every day life We tend to dream more when we are more
stressed Integrate new experiences, info into memory
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Hypnosis How do we define hypnosis? -Social interaction in
which one person (hypnotists) suggests to another (subject) that
certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts etc. will spontaneously
occur Altered state of consciousness Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia: unable to remember things
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Hypnotic Theories Role theory -Hypnosis is NOT an altered state
of consciousness -diff ppl have various state of hypnotic
suggestibility -a social phenomenon where ppl want to believe
(social influence theory) State theory -Hypnosis is an altered
state of consciousness -Dramatic health benefits -Works for pain
best
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Dissociation Theory Theory by Ernest Hilgard We voluntarily
divide our consciousness up Stimulus of pain vs. perception of or
emotional suffering of pain Ice water experiment (pace subjects
hand in an ice bucket of water, after they were asked if they
remembered their hand in ice and said no, but they were asked if
they felt pain and said yes)
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Drugs Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called
the blood-brain barriers
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Drugs either Agonists (mimic, excite) Antagonists (inhibit,
block) Reuptake inhibitors -If a drug is used often, a tolerance is
created for the drug (neuroadaptation: brain adapts chemistry to
offset drugs effect) Thus you need more of the drug to feel the
same effect If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal
symptoms
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Depressants Slows down CNS -alcohol -reduction REM sleep
-social disinhibitor -memory loss/ kills brain cells -anxiolytics
(barbiturates and tranquilizers) -disinhibitors
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Opiates Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities Agonist for
endorphins Derived from poppy plant Morphine, heroin, methadone and
codeine Brain stops producing endorphins Physically addictive
Hallucinogens Psychedelics Change in perceptions without change
in sensory input LSD, peyote psilocybin, mushrooms, marijuana
Marijuana: no tolerance established Ex: hallucination (any sensory
stimulation that you perceive but isn't there ) if you wake up in
the middle of the night and think you see a big green fairy
delusion you think you a re a green big fairy The patient is
hearing voices : hallucination
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Learning Long lasting change in behavior resulting from
experience ( behavior as measurement of learning)
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Classical conditioning Not psychologist, was studying digestive
system of canines Tripped upon theory Pavlovs experiment that would
record salivation ( what triggered salivation)
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Unconditioned stimulus UCS -something that elicits a natural
reflexive response (food) Unconditioned response UCR -natural
involuntary response (salivation) NS -bell paired with the Us
(food) to form association between US and CS Conditioned stimulus
(bell) -when CS elicits CR (NS becomes CS)
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Conditioned processes Acquisition -learning=when animal
responds to CS without UCS (bell=salivation) Strength of
conditioning affected by order and timing of UCS and CS What
methods is most effective -delayed conditioning-trace conditioning
(ring bell, while it is still ringing, present food) What if you
ring bell after the food? -backward
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extinction To unlearn a behavior (suppressed) -qualifies when
CS no longer elicits the CR How is it done? -present CS without UCS
-bell without food
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Spontaneous recovery Sudden reappearance of a CR upon
presentation of CS (after extinction) Renewal effect: sudden
reappearance of CR after extinction when return to environment
where acquisition took place