All engineering structures constructed on the earth are resting some kind of interface called “Foundation”. The foundation is the part of structures which takes the loads coming from super-structure and transmits it to the ground. Following are the types of foundation for building structures. 1.Isolated Footing 2.Combine Footing 3.Strip Footing 4.Combine Footing with Beam 5.Block Foundation 6.Pile Foundation 7.Mat Foundation Most commonly used structural forms for single-storey industrial structures are Portal frames. Generally, the center-to-center distance between frames is 6 to 7.5m, with eaves height ranging from 6 -15 m. Generally, larger spacing of frames is used in the case of taller buildings, from the point of economy. Moment-resisting connections are to be provided at the eaves and crown to resist lateral and gravity loadings. Portal frames are made in a variety of shapes and sizes. There are generally 3 types of portal frames:- 1.Steel portal frame
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Portal Frames are usually made from steel, but can also be made from concrete or timber. Theportal structure is designed in such a way that it has no intermediate columns; as a result large
open areas can easily be created within the structure. Portal Frames are generally used for
single storey construction which requires a large unobstructed floor space.
CONCRETE PORTAL FRAME
In concrete portal frames, both superstructure and substructure are made of reinforced