Conjunctoions and prepositions

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ConjunctionsBy teacher Cintia

How do I say conjunction?

Let’s sound out the word together in parts:

con- junc- tion

Now let’s say the whole word together

conjunction

A conjunction helps us join two short sentences together to make a longer one.

The cat is brown.The cat is fat.

The cat is brown and the cat is fat.

Conjunction

Sarah ran away from the dog.The dog barked at Sarah.

Sarah ran away because the dog barked.

Sarah ran away when the dog barked.

Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Sarah ran away until the dog barked.

Here is a list of the conjunctions most common:

and, while, since, but, so that, when, because, though,

if, and or.

and

Sara went to the park.

Sara met her friend Michelle.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sara went to the park and met her friend Michelle.------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Practice and

He is hungry.

He is tired.-----------------------------------------------------------He is hungry __________ tired.-----------------------------------------------------------

• The article examines the specificities of Chinese agricultural investments in Ghana in relation to wider investments and Chinese interests in the country.

so

It was raining.

We brought an umbrella.-----------------------------------------------------------It was raining, so we brought an umbrella.

so shows that the second idea is the result of the first

so

He likes baseball.

He joined the team.

----------------------------------------------------------He likes baseball, so he joined the team.----------------------------------------------------------

Practice so

They like swimming in the ocean.

They went to the beach.

They like swimming in the ocean, _____ they went to the beach.

• So biotechnology and nanotechnology are similar in this respect at least:

butHe wanted to buy a game.

He didn’t have any money.

-------------------------------------------------------------------He wanted to buy a game, but he didn’t have any money.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

but joins two opposite ideas together

butHe wanted to go to school.

He was sick.

----------------------------------------------------------- He wanted to go to school, but he was sick.-----------------------------------------------------------

Practice but

She wants to do her homework.

She forgot what to do.

----------------------------------------------------------- She wants to do her homework, ______

she forgot what to do.-----------------------------------------------------------

• Currently, most biofuel is in the form of ethanol generated from starch or sugar, but this can meet only a limited fraction of global fuel requirements.

Neither-nor• He is neither sane nor brilliant.

• That is neither what I said nor what I meant.

• Neither interpretive nor process-product classroom research has foregrounded the teacher's role in the generation of knowledge about teaching.

Since• They produced up to 23% more ethanol

compared to Ethanol Red. We have successfully constructed three superior industrial S. cerevisiae strains that combine efficient D-xylose utilization with high inhibitor tolerance. Since the background strain Ethanol Red has a proven record of successful industrial application, the three new superior strains have strong potential for direct application in industrial bioethanol production.

Yet• John plays basketball well, yet his favorite

sport is badminton.

• The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.

• In particular there is an impressive body of evidence on how teaching methods and curriculum design affects deep, autonomous, and reflective learning. Yet most faculty are largely ignorant of this scholarship, and instructional practices andcurriculum design are dominated by tradition rather than research evidence.

As though, because, unless• He took to the stage as though he had

been preparing for this moment all his life.

• Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies.

• Unless we act now, all is lost.

• This also led to the increase in women’s ‘work participation rate’ substantially. Beyond this, it was realized that though women contributed significantly to agricultural economy, their control over resources remained marginal.

• The antecedents and consequences of each of the four types of infant-parent attachment are discussed. A special emphasis is placed on the description of disorganized attachment because of its association with significant emotional and behavioural problems, and poor social and emotional outcomes in high-risk groups and in the majority of children who have disorganized attachment with their primary caregiver. Practical applications of attachment theory and research are presented.

While• I fell asleep while I was watching

television.

It didn't rain at all while we were on holiday.

• It started raining while I was waiting for the bus.

Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he does not wear white socks.

Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were leather.

Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many came dressed in costumes

Coordinating Conjunctions cont….

These coordinating conjunctions are used to join independent clauses.

Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:

• Conversion of cellulosic biomass, which is both abundant and renewable, is a promising alternative. However, the cellulases and pretreatment processes involved are very expensive.

• Landscape dynamics increasingly challenge agronomists to explain how and why agricultural landscapes are designed and managed by farmers. Nevertheless, agronomy is rarely included in the wide range of disciplines involved in landscape research.

Susie saw a dog.

The dog only had three legs.

Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Susie saw a dog, which only had three legs.

• The three superior strains exhibited significantly improved tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate, higher glucose consumption rates, higher aerobic growth rates and higher maximal ethanol accumulation capacity in very-high gravity fermentation, compared to GS1.11-26. In complex medium, the D-xylose utilization rate by the three superior strains ranged from 0.36 to 0.67 g/g DW/h, which was lower than that of GS1.11-26 (1.10 g/g DW/h).

Subordinate Conjunctions

Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences:

Ex. Once she found the perfect broach, she purchased three outfits to match it.

Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went.

Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:

Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are classic!

Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper; therefore, his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore communicates a result and is preceded by a semicolon because it is in the middle of the sentence.)

• Hypertension is approximately twice as frequent in patients with diabetes compared with patients without the disease. Conversely, recent data suggest that hypertensive persons are more predisposed to the development of diabetes than are normotensive persons. Furthermore, up to 75% of CVD in diabetes may be attributable to hypertension, leading to recommendations for more aggressive treatment

• What is missing from the knowledge base for teaching, therefore, are the voices of the teachers themselves, the questions teachers ask, the ways teachers use writing and intentional talk in their work lives, and the interpretive frames teachers use to understand and improve their own classroom practices.

Although

• Although recent work has succeeded in establishing efficient xylose fermentation in robust industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, the resulting strains still lacked sufficient inhibitor tolerance for efficient sugar fermentation in lignocellulose hydrolysates.

Activities

Some prepositions

on, through, behind, for, beneath, against, beside, over, during, without, abroad, across, among, against, around ,at the end, at the bottom, between, behind, below, by , inside , corner, into, via, after , to , about ,in, on, at, since ,while, under, over, right, left

Prepositions of Time

Some prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time.Examples:-

School startsSchool starts atat nine o’clock.nine o’clock.

We’re going to the zoo We’re going to the zoo onon Saturday.Saturday.

No, you can’t watch a video. It’sNo, you can’t watch a video. It’s pastpast your bedtime already. your bedtime already.

I visited my grandparentsI visited my grandparents during during the summer. the summer.

You must finish the work You must finish the work byby Friday. Friday.

I’ll do my homework I’ll do my homework before before dinner.dinner.

Prepositions of Direction

Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction.

Examples:-

The boys chased after each other.

The football rolled down the hill.

A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.

The freeway goes right through the city.

We were travelling towards Miami.

Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: towards affordable cellulosic ethanol

• This was thought to be an effect of acknowledgement and compartmentalization of the disability along with choices of school curricula and occupations in line with subjects' talents and capacities.

Prepositions with special uses

Our modules are full of real life examples.

I ate a plate of rice and a quarter of milk.

Would you like a glass of lemon juice?

I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like

Education. There are several ways of cooking

Upma.

Usage of OF

• Early diagnosis along with careful explanation of the disability was recommended as well as the encouragement of dyslexic children in areas where they can do well and which makes them view themselves positively.

• Genetically engineering plants to produce cellulases and hemicellulases, and to reduce the need for pretreatment processes through lignin modification, are promising paths to solving this problem, together with other strategies, such as increasing plant polysaccharide content and overall biomass.

Usage of “WITH”

Mix the flour with water.

She painted the picture with her new paints.

Would you like to come with us to the cinema?

I can do difficult problems with help from Mom.

Who is the man with the beard?

• Microbially derived aliphatic hydrocarbons, the petroleum-replica fuels, have emerged as promising alternatives to meet this goal. However, engineering metabolic pathways with high productivity and yield requires dynamic redistribution of cellular resources and optimal control of pathway expression.

Like/ likely

• While every DAG admits an AREA-maximizing schedule, it is likely computationally difficult to find such a schedule for an arbitrary DAG.

Activity• Find in the following texts:

• The main issue

• Aims

• Methodology

• Results/ conclusion

A study on the risk control of supply chain under the background of

globalization• Using modeling approach of the complex network to

construct a supply chain network model, this paper has mainly studied the problem of disruption risk control of supply chain under the background of globalization. The simulation result of the supply chain network model showed that the supply chain network is scale-free. The key nodes in the supply chain network can be identified by calculating the centrality of the nodes. Detailed results demonstrated that the ability of resist disruption risks and the network resilience of a supply chain can be improved by adding redundancy of the supply chain network and keeping a high level of collaborative working of the key suppliers.

Development of citrus fruit fly control strategies for small-holders in Nigeria

• Damage of citrus fruits by the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Weid. results in economic losses in Nigeria. The majority of the citrus producers are small-holders who are yet to adopt standard citrus production practices. A trial was therefore established in a savannah zone of Nigeria with a Southern Guinea agroecology to evaluate simple fruit fly control practices. The efficacy of combining cultural practices such as removal of dropped fruits, changes of harvest period, and three applications of dimethoate/cypermethrine mixture in controlling fruit fly damage was tested on sweet orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var. Valencia Late in 2000 and 2001. Fruits attacked by C. capitata increased with fruit maturity and were positively correlated with the number of dropped fruits. Insecticide applications and removal of dropped fruits significantly reduced the number of fruits attacked by the fruit flies. Similarly, early harvesting at 50% fruit ripening significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of fruits attacked by the fruit flies when compared with the late harvesting at 90% ripening. The interactive effects of insecticide applications and the period of harvest significantly (P < 0.05) reduced attacks on fruits. Judicious use of insecticides, periods of harvest and removal of fallen fruits reduce fruit fly damage. Late harvest and non-removal of fallen fruits constitute fruit fly reservoirs for the re-infestation of other clean fruits. Since the tested control methods were simple, they can be adopted by small-holders for the control of fruit flies.

A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment

• Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in human and nonhuman primates. Fatality rates are between 50% and 100%. Due to its lethal nature, this filovirus is classified as a biological class 4 pathogen. The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown. As a result, little is understood about how Ebola virus is transmitted or how it replicates in its host. Although the primary source of infection is unknown, the epidemiologic mode of transmission is well defined. A variety of tests have proven to be specific and useful for Ebola virus identification. There is no FDA-approved antiviral treatment for EHF. Incubation ranges from 2 to 21 days. Patients who are able to mount an immune response to the virus will begin to recover in 7 to 10 days and start a period of prolonged convalescence. Supportive management of infected patients is the primary method of treatment, with particular attention to maintenance of hydration, circulatory volume, blood pressure, and the provision of supplemental oxygen. Since there is no specific treatment outside of supportive management and palliative care, containment of this potentially lethal virus is paramount. In almost all outbreaks of EHF, the fatality rate among health care workers with documented infections was higher than that of non–health care workers

The Effects Of Personal Computer And On-line Games To The Study Habits Of Students In The College Of Business,

Entrepreneurship And Accountancy   • This study was conducted to find the perceived effects of personal computer and on-line games including its

negative and positive effects to the study habits of the College of Business Entrepreneurship and Accountancy students. The data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using the frequency method. Descriptive method was used to come up with the good result of the study.

• Through surveying or distributing structured questionnaire, the researcher had come up to a result to the different questions contained in the questionnaire. The study had come up to a result to the demographic profile of the respondents. The findings found that most of the respondents are ages eighteen (18) and most of them are female.

• The result of the study includes the economic profile of the respondents. The findings showed that; majority of the respondents’ monthly family income is below P10000; majority of the respondents’ fathers’ educational attainment is college graduate; majority of the respondents’ mothers’ educational attainment is also college graduate; most of the fathers’ occupation of the respondents is farming while the mothers’ occupation of the respondents is housekeeping; majority of the respondents had a daily school allowance of P81-P100

• The last part of the study also includes questions about the effects of computer games. Majority of the respondents had indicated that they usually play their favorite computer games below one hour and mostly, their companions are their friends; they usually play their favorite games to computer shops; average of the respondents said that they play during weekends and their favorite computer game is DOTA; average of the respondents had said the negative effects of playing such games is spending much money while most of the respondents also said that the positive effect is gaining more skills in manipulating computers.

Group work• In the following texts find:

• A) Main issue• B) Aims• C) Methodology• E) Results/ Conclusion• F) Choose an excerpt to translate

• In a separate sheet of paper