CONJUNCTIONS 1. Co-ordinatin g Conj unctions : Birleştirme bağlaçları 2. Co rr elative Co nj unct io ns : Denklik bağlaçları 3. Subordinat in g Conj unct io ns :Yan Cümle bağlaçları A - Co-ordinating Conjunctions ‘’ and, or, but, yet, nor, so, for,’’ • ‘ but / yet‘ zıtlık belirtir;eg, ‘ She is beautiful but/yetstupid.’ ‘ Everything around him was blown to pieces but/yet the minister escaped without a scratch.’‘ nor‘ devrik biçimde kullanılıreg. ‘ We hadn’t gone on a holiday, norhad we let our students go.’‘ He refuses to take exercises, nordoes he try to eat less.’‘Egzersiz yapmayı reddettiğ i gibi az yemeye de çalışmıyor.’‘ so‘ sonuç bildiren bir bağlaçtır ( result). ‘ bu yüzden ‘ anlamı taşır. eg. ‘I was very sleepy last night, so I went to bed earlier than usual.’
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eg. ‘ I have posted the letter, they should receive it by Monday.’
‘ They will receive it on Monday or before Monday.’ eg. ‘ I couldn’t get up this morning. I stayed in the bed until/till 10:30.’
‘ I got up after 10:30. eg. ‘ He had been wathing TV for eight hours until/till her mother came.’
So long as / as long as ( If conditionals)
eg. ‘ I won’t forget you so long as I live.’ ‘ He won’t study his lessons as long as you play with him.’
By the timeeg. ‘ By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.’
‘ By the time we got the cinema, the film had already started.’ ‘ By the time we got to the cinema, it was just three o’clock ‘ ‘ By the time we get to the shops, they will be closed.’
Now thateg. ‘ Now that our project has finished, we can go a holiday.’
‘ Madem projemiz bitmiş, tatile gidebiliriz.’ eg. ‘ Now that we have enough money, we can buy a new car.’
Not: ‘Now that’ genellikle present ve present perfect tenselerle kullanılır .
eg. ‘ He is different from others, he doesn’t behave as others do.
‘ diğerleri gibi davranmaz.’
As if/ as though
be, act, behave, appear, seem, look, feel, smell, sound, taste
eg. ‘ I feel as if I am going to be sick. ‘ ‘ He behaves as though nothing happened.’ ‘ We acted as if we had never seen each other before.’
4. Conjunctions of ComparisonsAs ...as, er ....than
eg. ‘ She is as clever as everybody in the class.’
‘ I can’t run so fast as you.’ ‘ You are much younger than you look.’ ‘ I don’t read so many books as you read.’
By comparison to / in comparison with ( ..... İle karşılaştırıldığında) Eg. ‘The tallest buildings in Turkey are small by comparison to those in New York.’
‘ Türkiyedeki en uzun binalar New York’takiler ile karşılaştırıldığında küçüktür. ‘ ‘ Our possessions are fewer in comparison with those of our ancients.’
Compared to/with ( ile karşılaştırıldığında)
Eg. ‘ Our students are more successful compared with/to other students.’
So ...(adj/adv).......that/ such .........(adj + noun)...............that
eg. ‘The child is so naughty that we have to hide all fragile things.’ ‘ He is such a naughty child that we have to hide all fragile things.’
‘ He is so naughty a child that we have to hide all fragile things.’ ‘ It was such an interesting book that I couldn’t stop reading it until I finished.’ ‘ It was so interesting a book that I couldn’t stop reading it until I finished.’ “ He was driving the car so fast that we were all afraid of having an accident “
Eg. ‘ Some countries are rich, however, others are poor.’ ‘ Some Countries are rich. Others, on the other hand, are poor.’
Eg. ‘ His family is really poor, so he didn’t know what to do. On the one hand he wants to go touniversity for his education, on the other hand he knows his family can’t affort it.’
REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
While I was surfing on net last night, I found the information I needed.While surfing on net last night, I found the information I needed.
Surfing on net last night, I found the information I needed.
After we had waken up, we had something.
After waking up, we had something.
having waken up, we had something.
Before you went to bed, you should have set the alarm.
Before going to bed, you should have set the alarm.Not: Before kısaltma yapılırken kesinlikle atılmaz.
When I was a young boy, I could eat a lamb myself.
When a young boy, I could eat a lamb myself.
When she arrived at the airport, she called us.
On/upon arriving at the airport, she called us.
Because you are students, you should study all time.
Being students, you should study all time.
Since she was tired, she didn’t want to talk to us. Being tired, she didn’t want to talk to us. Because I had eaten something before, I am not hungry.