Conflicts Divide Nations - Weebly

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Regional Conflicts

Vocabulary Builder

1

1

SECTION

Standards-Based Instruction

Standards-at-a-Glance

• History-Social Science

Students understand why the Slovenes, Croats, and Bosnians have established independent states, and why their efforts to do so have resulted in wars with Serbia and Serbian forces in Croatia and Bosnia.

• Analysis SkillsHI2

Students recognize the complexity of historical causes and effects, including the limitations on determining cause and effect.

• English-Language Arts

Writing 2.3

Prepare to Read

Build Background Knowledge

Ask students to recall that, after World War I, Serbians dominated the multi-ethnic state of Yugoslavia, Soviet Russia included many ethnic minorities, and Ireland was divided along religious lines. Ask students to predict the challenges in these regions.

Set a Purposen

WITNESS HISTORYWITNESS HISTORY

Read the selection aloud or play the audio.

AUDIO

Witness History Audio CD,

A Young Girl in Wartime

Ask

What does Zlata describe in her journal entry?

(the death of a friend when a bomb falls on the park where Zlata used to play.)

What is Zlata’s tone? Is she surprised?

(She sounds resigned, as if this has happened before.)

What does Zlata’s experience sug-gest about everyday life in Sarajevo in 1992?

(It was full of violence.)

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Focus

Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read.

(Answer appears with Section 1 Assessment answers.)

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Preview

Have students preview the Section Standards and the list of Terms, People, and Places.

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Reading Skill

Have students use the

Reading Strategy: Recognize Sequence

worksheet.

Teaching Resources, Unit 4,

p. 47

Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section.

Teaching Resources, Unit 4,

p. 46;

Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook,

p. 3

High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence

dominate, p. 582

v.

to control or have power overThe high school squad

dominated

the game against the middle school team.

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L3

WITNESS HISTORYWITNESS HISTORY AUDIO

11

Conflicts Divide Nations

Standards PreviewFramework Study of contemporary Yugoslavia should focus on why the Slovenes, Croats, and Bosnians have established independent states, and why their efforts to do so have resulted in wars with Serbia and Serbian forces in Croatia and Bosnia.

Terms, People, and PlacesNorthern IrelandGood Friday AgreementChechnyamultiethnic

ethnic cleansingKosovoSlobodan Milosevic

Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Fill in a flowchart like the one below to keep track of the sequence of events in the conflicts in Northern Ireland, Chechnya, and Yugoslavia.

Many wars and conflicts in recent decades have arisen over ethnicor religious differences. Such differences have led to civil warswithin nations. Regional rivalries have also resulted in warsbetween nations.

Ethnic and Religious ConflictsEthnic and religious conflicts have often had more than one cause.The root of the conflict is often a cultural difference between twogroups based on ethnicity, religion, or both. However, it takes morethan cultural differences to create conflict. Malaysia and Singa-pore, for example, have great ethnic and religious diversity, but lit-tle internal conflict. Both countries enjoy peace because they havetried to distribute economic resources and political power fairlyamong their ethnic and religious groups.

War in Sri Lanka Conflicts occur when members of one ethnic orreligious group feel that they face unfair treatment, or discrimina-tion, by members of another group. For example, in Sri Lanka,where Sinhalese Buddhists are the majority, Sinhalese national-ists made Sinhalese the only official language. They ended the offi-cial use of the Tamil language. They also created governmentsupport for the Buddhist religion. Sinhalese nationalists excludedthe Hindu Tamils from power. This led to the bloody civil wardescribed in the previous chapter. The Tamil rebels agreed to aceasefire in 2002 only when the government agreed to negotiationsover a separate Tamil regional government.

A Young Girl in WartimeZlata Filipovic (fee LEEP uh vich) was 11 years old in 1992 when she began a diary about her life in war-torn Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Here is an excerpt:

“ Today a shell fell on the park in front of my house, the park where I used to play and sit with my girl-friends. A lot of people were hurt . . . AND NINA IS DEAD . . . She was such a sweet, nice little girl.”—Zlata Filipovic, Zlata’s Diary

Bosnia is just one of the nations that have faced ethnic, religious, or national conflicts in recent decades.

Focus Question Why have ethnic and religious conflicts divided some nations?

Sequence of Conflicts

•

•

Yugoslavia

•

•

Chechnya

• 1922: Six Irishcounties vote

to remain in the United Kingdom.•

Northern Ireland

Zlata Filipovic in 1994

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Chapter 17 Section

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581

Solutions for All Learners

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Have students read this section using the Guided Questioning strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have students fill in the flowchart.

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 150

Answers

Chart Skills

In Canada, the political system allows minority groups to take political action, while in Sri Lanka, the political system limits minority rights and has driven some minority members to take violent action.

Minority Catholics faced discrimination, while Protestants opposed Catholics’ goal of Irish unification.

It has led to violence in other parts of Russia.

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Advanced Readers L4

Gifted and Talented

Have students conduct library and Internet research to learn more about one of the conflicts discussed in this section. Ask them to research the conflict’s historical roots, key events in the conflict, efforts to resolve the conflict, and the current status of the conflict. Have

them present their research either in a timeline that highlights key historical processes and events or in a poster that uses short paragraphs, images, a map, and an optional graph to summarize the conflict.

Teach

Ethnic and Religious Conflicts/War Ravages Chechnya

Instructn

Introduce

Point out that in some soci-eties, such as ours, people of different ethnic and religious backgrounds gen-erally live together without violent con-flict. Ask students to predict why ethnic and religious differences might fuel vio-lence in some societies.

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Teach

Create a three-column chart on the board, labeled

Country, Conflict

, and

Status of Conflict.

Ask students to vol-unteer information for Sri Lanka, Can-ada, Northern Ireland, and Chechnya. Ensure that students understand why ethnic and religious differences did or did not lead to violence in each country.

Independent Practice

Have students view the photograph near the bottom of this page and read the cap-tion. Use the Think-Write-Pair-Share strategy (TE, p. T23) and have them write an alternative caption that includes rea-sons for destruction. Have students sup-pose the image shows destruction in Northern Ireland and write a different caption for the image.

Monitor Progress

As students fill in their flowcharts, circu-late to make sure they understand the sequences of events in the four regions discussed. For a completed version of the flowchart, see

Note Taking Transparencies,

p. 119

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Avoiding War in Canada In some countries, however, ethnicconflicts have found peaceful resolutions. For example, Canadahas an English-speaking majority. In the past, many French-speaking people in the province of Quebec felt that Canada’s gov-ernment treated them unfairly. Some wanted Quebec to becomeindependent. Meanwhile, others used democratic means toincrease government support for French language and culture inQuebec. In 1995, Quebec’s people voted to remain in Canada. InCanada, a democratic form of government has helped to preventviolent conflict.

Northern Ireland’s Troubles Northern Ireland’s difficultiesbegan when Ireland won independence in 1922. Six northerncounties, which had a Protestant majority, voted to remain part ofBritain as Northern Ireland. Minority Catholics in NorthernIreland faced economic and political discrimination. Many Catholicsdemanded civil rights and unification with the rest of Ireland, which hada Catholic majority.

Beginning in the 1960s, extremists on both sides turned to violenceand terrorism. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacked Protestants,and armed Protestant militias targeted Catholics.

Peace talks dragged on for years. Finally, in 1998, Protestants andCatholics signed a peace accord, known as the Good Friday Agreement.However, lasting peace was threatened by distrust on both sides, occa-sional acts of violence, and the IRA’s reluctance to turn over weapons.

Standards Check Why did conflict break out in Northern Ireland?

War Ravages ChechnyaEthnic and religious minorities in several formerSoviet republics fought for freedom from domina-tion by the republic’s majority. In Azerbaijan, ethnicArmenians declared independence for the region ofNagorno-Karabakh, where they are the majority.Fighting between Azerbaijani forces and the Arme-nians left thousands dead.

Probably the fiercest conflict in the formerSoviet Union has been the struggle of MuslimChechen nationalists to free their homeland,Chechnya, from the control of Russia. Russia bru-tally crushed a Chechen revolt in the mid-1990s,killing huge numbers of civilians. Both sides com-mitted war crimes such as torture. A 1997 peacetreaty failed, and embittered Chechen separatiststook their battle into other parts of Russia.

In 1999, new fighting erupted. Russian troopswon control of Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, in2000. However, rebels fought on in Chechnya’ssouthern mountains. Some Chechens turned to terrorist attacks else-where in Russia. Russia charged that Chechen rebels were linked toMuslim terrorists in other parts of the world.

Standards Check How has the war in Chechnya affected neighboring regions of Russia?

Contrasting Ethnic Relations

Nation

Limits rights ofminority groups

Protects minoritygroups

Has led to violence

Resolveddemocratically

Ethnic ConflictPolitical System

Sri Lanka

Canada

Chart Skills Based on the chart and the information in this section, explain why the response of the ethnic minority to discriminationin Sri Lanka differed from that in Canada.

Grozny in RuinsGrozny, the capital of Chechnya, lay in ruins in 2000 after Russian troops won a battle for control of the city.

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Regional Conflicts

Solutions for All Learners

Yugoslavia Breaks Apart

Instructn

Introduce: Vocabulary Builder

Have students read the Vocabulary Builder term and definition. Then tell students that Yugoslavia was made up of different geographic republics, and that people in each republic were divided along ethnic lines. Ask students what might be the consequences if one ethnic group in Yugoslavia sought to

dominate

the others?

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Teach

Display

Color Transparency 104: Conflict in Yugoslavia.

Discuss the issues that led to conflict in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. Then ask

Which group played a role in all three conflicts?

(Serbs)

Color Transparencies,

104

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Quick Activity

Have students access

Web Code mzp-3211

to take the

Geography Interactive Audio guided tour

and then answer the map skills questions in the text.

Independent Practicen

Primary Source

To help students bet-ter understand the conflict in Yugosla-via, have them read the selection

A Family in Sarajevo

and complete the worksheet.

Teaching Resources, Unit 4,

p. 48

n

Have students fill in the Outline Map

Former Yugoslavia

and label the new republics.

Teaching Resources, Unit 4,

p. 53

Monitor Progressn

Circulate to make sure students are filling in their Outline Maps accurately. Check answers to map skills questions.

n

Check Reading and Note Taking Study Guide entries for student understanding.

Answers

Map Skills

1.

Review locations with students.

2.

Slovenia

3.

Bosnia is located between Serbia, where Serbi-ans dominate, and Croatia, where Croatians dominate.

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Special Needs L2

Less Proficient Readers L2

English Language Learners

To help students understand Yugoslavia’s breakup, have them look at the map on this page. Note that Serbs once dominated all of Yugoslavia, although they are the majority only in Serbia. Have students list the countries that once made up Yugoslavia and discuss why they declared independence. Ask how Serbia and Montenegro might break apart.

Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills.

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

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Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 150n

Adapted Section Summary, p. 151

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Ad r i a t i cS e a

AUSTRIAHUNGARY

ITALY

SLOVENIACROATIA

ROMANIA

GREECE

ALBANIAMACEDONIA

KosovoMontenegro

SerbiaBOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINA

SERBIA ANDMONTENEGRO

BULG

ARI

ASkopje

Belgrade

Sarajevo

Zagreb

Ljubljana

Sava R.

Morava

R.

Tisa

R.

Danube R.

Drava R.

Danube R.

42˚N

14˚E

16˚E

18˚E

Yugoslavia, 1990Provincial borderRepublic border

0 100 mi50

0 100 km50

Conic Projection

N

S

EW

Yugoslavia Breaks ApartEthnic, nationalist, and religious tensions tore Yugoslavia apart duringthe 1990s. Before 1991, Yugoslavia was multiethnic, or made up of sev-eral ethnic groups. These groups included Serbs, Montenegrins, andMacedonians, who were Orthodox Christians; Croats and Slovenes, whowere Roman Catholics; and the mostly Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians.A majority of Yugoslavians—including the Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats,and Bosniaks—all spoke the same language, Serbo-Croatian, but thesegroups had different religions. Albanians, Slovenes, and Macedoniansspoke minority languages.

Yugoslavia was made up of six republics, similar to states in theUnited States. These were Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herze-govina (often known as Bosnia for short), Montenegro, and Macedonia.Each republic had a dominant ethnic group but also was home to ethnicminorities. Serbs formed the majority in Serbia but were an importantethnic minority in several of the other republics. Serbs dominated Yugo-slavia, which was held together and controlled by its Communist Party.

Republics Break Away The fall of communism led to nationalistunrest. The Serbs tried in vain to keep control over Yugoslavia. Slovenia

and Croatia were the first to declare independencefrom Yugoslavia in 1991. When Croatia declaredindependence, however, fighting broke out betweenethnic Croats and Serbs, who formed a minoritywithin Croatia. Macedonia and Bosnia soondeclared independence from Yugoslavia as well. By1992, Yugoslavia was left with the republics of Mon-tenegro and Serbia. Finally, in 2003, what remainedof Yugoslavia was renamed Serbia and Montenegro.

Civil War Devastates Bosnia Fighting betweenSerbs and Croats in Croatia spread to neighboringBosnia when Bosnia declared independence in1992. Bosnian Serbs fought to set up their own sep-arate government in Bosnia. They received moneyand arms from Yugoslavia, then dominated by Ser-bia. Muslim Bosniaks, the largest group in Bosnia,lived scattered throughout the country. They did notwant Bosnia divided into ethnic regions.

During the war, all sides committed atrocities.Serbs in Bosnia conducted a vicious campaign ofwhat they called ethnic cleansing. This meant kill-ing people from other ethnic groups or forciblyremoving them from their homes to create ethnically“pure” areas, in this case for Serbs. Thousands ofBosniaks and Croats were killed, sometimes in massexecutions. Croatian and Bosniak fighters tookrevenge. Croats launched an ethnic cleansing cam-paign to drive ethnic Serbs from parts of Croatia. Tomany, ethnic cleansing recalled the horrors of theHolocaust during World War II.

Finally, NATO air strikes against the BosnianSerb military forced the warring parties to negoti-ate. Guided by the United States, they signed the

Vocabulary Builderdominate—(DAHM uh nayt) v. to control or have power over

For: Audio guided tourWeb Code: mzp-3211

Map Skills The former nation of Yugoslavia had broken apart into five new nations by 1992. During the early 2000s, the regions of Montenegro and Kosovo moved toward greater independence from Serbia within the nation of Serbia and Montenegro.1. Locate (a) Sarajevo (b) Serbia (c) Kosovo2. Location Which new nation does not share a border with Ser-

bia on any side?3. Make Inferences How did the location of Bosnia and Herze-

govina put it at risk of becoming involved in conflicts between Serbians and Croatians?

Former Yugoslavia in 2005

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Chapter 17 Section

1

583

Assess and Reteach

Assess Progressn

Have students complete the Section Assessment.

n

Administer the Section Quiz.

Teaching Resources, Unit 4,

p. 43

n

To further assess student under-standing, use

Progress Monitoring Transparencies,

71

Reteach

If students need more instructions, have them read the section summary.

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 151

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 151

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 151

Extend

Display

Color Transparency 103:

Walking in Ruins,

by Robert, Age 13.

Have students explain how this drawing symbolizes the conflicts discussed in this section.

Color Transparencies,

103

Answers

Caption

Relations are tense; the Albanian guer-rillas are ready to fire their guns.

Serbs, who had dominated Yugoslavia, feared a loss of power in Bosnia, where they were a minority. Serbs drove non-Serbs out of parts of Bosnia so that they could control “ethnically cleansed” areas.

Section 1 Assessment

1.

Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section.

2.

These are nations with different ethnic and religious groups in which one group resists domination by another.

3.

a fairer distribution of economic resources and political power among Protestants and Catholics

4.

Sample: not effective; Chechens rose up to resist Russian domination, so more brutal domination is likely to bring even more violent resistance.

5.

lack of an overarching government to unite the many disparate groups; in new ethnically based nations, ethnic minori-ties feared domination and fought to con-trol the areas where they lived

l

Writing About History

Questions should ask about causes or require explanations and that cannot be answered by

yes

or

no

. Students should be able to respond to their questions through research.

For additional assessment, have students access

Standards Monitoring

Online

at

Web Code mza-3211.

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L2L1

L2

L4

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Dayton Accords, ending thewar in 1995. An internationalforce helped maintain a fragilepeace in Bosnia.

The Fight for Kosovo As Bosniareached a tense peace, a crisis broke outin the Serbian province of Kosovo. Eth-nic Albanians made up about 90 percent ofKosovo’s population. The rest of the populationwas mostly Serbian.

In 1989, Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic(mih LOH shuh vich), an extreme Serbian nationalist, hadbegun oppressing Kosovar Albanians. Peaceful protests led to morerepression. In the mid-1990s, a small guerrilla army of ethic Albaniansbegan to respond with armed attacks on Serbian targets. Milosevic, how-ever, rejected international peace efforts. In 1999, NATO launched airstrikes against Serbia. Yugoslav forces attempted ethnic cleansing ofAlbanian civilians.

However, NATO air strikes eventually forced Yugoslavia to withdrawits forces from Kosovo. UN and NATO forces restored peace. As Kosovorebuilt, tensions remained high between ethnic Albanians and Serbs liv-ing there. Although Kosovo remained part of Serbia in theory, the regionwas under UN control after 1999. The majority ethnic Albanians soughtindependence, while ethnic Serbs wanted to remain part of Serbia.

Standards Check How did the breakup of Yugoslavia lead to ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Standards Monitoring OnlineFor: Self-quiz with vocabulary practiceWeb Code: mza-3211

Terms, People, and Places

1. What do many of the terms, people, and places listed at the beginning of the sec-tion have in common? Explain.

2. Reading Skill: Recognize SequenceUse your completed flowchart to answer the Focus Question: Why have ethnic and religious conflicts divided some nations?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

3. Synthesize Information Based on the peaceful example of Malaysia, what might bring lasting peace to Northern Ireland?

4. Predict Consequences Based on your knowledge of the causes of ethnic conflict, how effective do you think Russia’s methods will be in resolving the conflict in Chechnya?

5. Draw Conclusions Why did the breakup of Yugoslavia lead to increased ethnic conflict?

● Writing About History

Quick Write: Explore a Topic To write a research report, you first need to frame questions that will help you to explore your topic. Choose one of the conflicts in this section and write a series of questions that you could try to answer through research. For example, if you choose the Northern Ireland conflict, you might ask why the IRA has been reluctant to turn over weapons, or who has been responsible for recent attacks in Northern Ireland.

Albanian Guerrillas in KosovoThese ethnic Albanian guerrillas were moving into an area after Serbian-dominated Yugoslav forces withdrew in 1999. What does this photograph suggest about relations between ethnic Albanians and Serbians in Kosovo?

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