Confined Space Confined Space Entry Entry • Construction Industry Construction Industry Standard 1926.21(b)(6) Standard 1926.21(b)(6) • General Industry General Industry Standard Standard 1910.146 1910.146 • Best Practices for all Best Practices for all Industries Industries
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Confined Space Entry Construction Industry Standard 1926.21(b)(6) Construction Industry Standard 1926.21(b)(6) General Industry Standard 1910.146 General.
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Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
• Construction Industry Standard Construction Industry Standard 1926.21(b)(6)1926.21(b)(6)
• General Industry StandardGeneral Industry Standard1910.1461910.146
• Best Practices for all IndustriesBest Practices for all Industries
Construction Industry StandardConstruction Industry Standard
All employees required to enter into All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces shall be confined or enclosed spaces shall be instructed as to the nature of the hazards instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required. The emergency equipment required. The employer shall comply with any specific employer shall comply with any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas.or potentially dangerous areas.
• Not Designed for Continuous Worker Not Designed for Continuous Worker OccupancyOccupancy
Categorizing Work SpaceCategorizing Work Space
* Space large enough to enter &;* Limited or Restricted entry or exit &;* Not designed for continuous worker occupancy.
NONot a confined Space
YES Confined Space
Hazardous Atmosphere
Engulfment Hazard
Configuration Hazard
Any other recognized serious hazard
Permit-
Required
Confined
Space
Non
Permit
Required
Space
YES NO
Or
Or
Or
Limited Openings for Entry/ExitLimited Openings for Entry/Exit
• Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.• Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-
saving equipment.saving equipment.• Difficult to remove downed worker in Difficult to remove downed worker in
folded up or bent over position.folded up or bent over position.• Exit from large openings may be difficult Exit from large openings may be difficult
due to presence of ladders, hoists, etc.due to presence of ladders, hoists, etc.
• Lack of air movement in and out of the space Lack of air movement in and out of the space can create an atmosphere much different can create an atmosphere much different than the outside atmosphere.than the outside atmosphere.
• Deadly gases can be trapped inside.Deadly gases can be trapped inside.• Organic materials can decompose.Organic materials can decompose.• May not be enough oxygen due to presence May not be enough oxygen due to presence
of other gases or chemical reactions such as of other gases or chemical reactions such as rusting.rusting.
Not Designed for Continuous Not Designed for Continuous Worker OccupancyWorker Occupancy
• Most confined spaces are not designed to Most confined spaces are not designed to enter and work in on a regular basis.enter and work in on a regular basis.
• Designed to store a product.Designed to store a product.• Enclose materials or processes.Enclose materials or processes.• Transport products or substances.Transport products or substances.• Occasional worker entry for inspection, Occasional worker entry for inspection,
repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.
Dangerous CombinationsDangerous Combinations
• Presence of all three confined space Presence of all three confined space characteristics can complicate the situation.characteristics can complicate the situation.
• Working in and around the space.Working in and around the space.• Rescue operations during emergencies.Rescue operations during emergencies.• Worsened conditions due to work activities:Worsened conditions due to work activities:
– Welding and cutting, use of bonding agentsWelding and cutting, use of bonding agents– Cleaning with solvents, use of other chemicalsCleaning with solvents, use of other chemicals– Use of gas-powered equipmentUse of gas-powered equipment
Hazards of Confined SpacesHazards of Confined Spaces
15 - 19%15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.Decreased ability to work strenuously.Impair coordination. Early symptoms.Impair coordination. Early symptoms.
• Oxygen level above 21%.Oxygen level above 21%.• Causes flammable and combustible materials Causes flammable and combustible materials
to burn violently when ignited.to burn violently when ignited.• Hair, clothing, materials, etc.Hair, clothing, materials, etc.• Oil soaked clothing and materials.Oil soaked clothing and materials.• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.• Never store or place compressed tanks in a Never store or place compressed tanks in a
confined space.confined space.
Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
• 2 Critical Factors:2 Critical Factors:– Oxygen content in the air.Oxygen content in the air.– Presence of a flammable gas, or vaporPresence of a flammable gas, or vapor– Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
• Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosionProper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion• Typical Ignition Sources:Typical Ignition Sources:
– Sparking or electric tool.Sparking or electric tool.– Welding / cutting operations.Welding / cutting operations.– SmokingSmoking
Toxic AtmospheresToxic Atmospheres
• Product stored in a confined space:Product stored in a confined space:» Gases released when cleaning.Gases released when cleaning.
» Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
» Decomposition of materials in the confined space.Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
• Work performed in a confined space:Work performed in a confined space:» Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
• Areas adjacent to a confined space.Areas adjacent to a confined space.
Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide
• Decomposition of materials. Human waste.Decomposition of materials. Human waste.• Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.• Possibly no warning at high concentrations.Possibly no warning at high concentrations.
1000-20001000-2000 Tendency to staggerTendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours1 1/2 Hours
1000-20001000-2000 Slight heart palpitationSlight heart palpitation 30 Min.30 Min.
2000-25002000-2500 UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness 30 Min.30 Min.
Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes
• Extremely hot or cold temperatures.Extremely hot or cold temperatures.• Steam cleaning of confined spaces.Steam cleaning of confined spaces.• Humidity factors.Humidity factors.• Extremely cold liquids.Extremely cold liquids.• Work processes inside the confined space Work processes inside the confined space
can increase temperature extremes.can increase temperature extremes.• Personal protective equipment.Personal protective equipment.
Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards
• Loose, granular materials stored in bins and Loose, granular materials stored in bins and hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.
• Crusting and bridging below a worker.Crusting and bridging below a worker.• Flooding of confined space.Flooding of confined space.• Water or sewage flow.Water or sewage flow.
Other HazardsOther Hazards
• NoiseNoise» Amplified due to acoustics within the space.Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
space to falling objects.space to falling objects.
Testing The AtmosphereTesting The Atmosphere
• Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.• Test all areas of a confined space.Test all areas of a confined space.
– Top, Middle, BottomTop, Middle, Bottom
• Methane is lighter than air.Methane is lighter than air.• Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.• Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.• Oxygen Deficiency.Oxygen Deficiency.
VentilationVentilation
• First option to correct problems.First option to correct problems.• Must be aware of hazards you are trying to Must be aware of hazards you are trying to
correct in the confined space.correct in the confined space.• Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh
air only.air only.• Continuous ventilation whenever possible.Continuous ventilation whenever possible.• Retest the confined space before entry.Retest the confined space before entry.
IsolationIsolation
• Locking and tagging out electrical sources.Locking and tagging out electrical sources.• Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and
hydraulic lines.hydraulic lines.• Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts.Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts.• Securing mechanical parts.Securing mechanical parts.• Blanking sewer and water flow.Blanking sewer and water flow.• Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.
RespiratorsRespirators
• Air-Purifying RespiratorsAir-Purifying Respirators– Filter dangerous substances from the air.Filter dangerous substances from the air.– Must know the type and amount of hazardous Must know the type and amount of hazardous
substance present in the confined space.substance present in the confined space.– NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!
• Air-Supplying RespiratorsAir-Supplying Respirators– Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from a tank or Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from a tank or
an uncontaminated area nearby.an uncontaminated area nearby.– Must be adequately monitored.Must be adequately monitored.
Standby / RescueStandby / Rescue
• Worker assigned to remain outside the Worker assigned to remain outside the confined space and be in constant contact confined space and be in constant contact with the workers inside.with the workers inside.
• Know emergency rescue procedures.Know emergency rescue procedures.• 50% of workers who die in confined spaces 50% of workers who die in confined spaces
are would-be rescuers.are would-be rescuers.• Trained in use of emergency rescue Trained in use of emergency rescue
equipment and PPE.equipment and PPE.
Permit Entry SystemsPermit Entry Systems
• Written permit signed by entry supervisor.Written permit signed by entry supervisor.• Verifies pre-entry precautions have been Verifies pre-entry precautions have been
taken and the space is safe to enter.taken and the space is safe to enter.• Posted at entry to confined space.Posted at entry to confined space.• Specifies apparent hazards and corrective Specifies apparent hazards and corrective
actions taken prior to entry.actions taken prior to entry.• Requires termination of permit when task is Requires termination of permit when task is
completed or when new conditions exist.completed or when new conditions exist.
• Date, location, and name of confined space.Date, location, and name of confined space.• Purpose of entry and known hazards.Purpose of entry and known hazards.• Duration of entry permit time.Duration of entry permit time.• Authorized entrants, attendants, supervisors.Authorized entrants, attendants, supervisors.• Air testing results - signature of tester.Air testing results - signature of tester.• Protective measures to be taken.Protective measures to be taken.
• All workers who must enter confined spacesAll workers who must enter confined spaces• All attendants and rescue team members.All attendants and rescue team members.• Prior to initial work assignment.Prior to initial work assignment.• Retraining:Retraining:
» Job duties change.Job duties change.
» Change in permit-space program.Change in permit-space program.
» New hazards are present.New hazards are present.