CONFIDENTIAL 1 HST I 2009 - 2010
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HST I 2009 - 2010
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Structure and Function
• Primary function of the endocrine system– To produce hormones that monitor and
coordinate body activities
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
• Two classes of hormones:– Nonsteroid – Steroid
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Structure and Function (Continued)
• Three categories of hormones:– Tropic hormones
• Target other endocrine structures to increase growth and secretions
– Sex hormones • Influence reproductive changes
– Anabolic hormones• Stimulate the process of building tissues
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Figure 18-1 The Endocrine System
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Glands and Their Hormones
• Hypothalamus– Structure located above the pituitary gland – Translates nervous system impulses into
endocrine system messages
• Pituitary gland (master gland)– Produces the hormones that regulate the
secretion of other glands
• Pineal body– Produces the hormone melatonin – Pea-shaped located in the brain
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Glands and Their Hormones
(Continued)• Thymus
– Produces the hormone thymosin that stimulates the lymphoid organs to produce T-lymphocytes or antibodies in newborns and young children
• Thyroid– Produces hormones that regulate body
metabolism – Butterfly shaped
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Glands and Their Hormones (Continued)
• Parathyroid– Four tiny glands attached in the back of
thyroid gland– Secretes parathyroid hormone, which affects
the amount of calcium in the blood
• Pancreas– Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon
• Insulin regulates transportation of sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids into the cells.
• Adrenal glands– Produce about 30 hormones
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Glands and Their Hormones
(Continued)• Gonads
– The primary sex glands • Female: ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone• Male: testes produce hormone testosterone
• Prostaglandins – Known to decrease blood pressure, cause
fever, increase hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach, increase uterine contraction during pregnancy, and influence intestinal peristalsis
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Hormonal Changes of Puberty
• Adrenal gland secretes the hormones that begin the development of secondary sexual characteristics
• In a man, the voice deepens and facial hair begins to grow
• In a woman, the breasts enlarge and fatty tissue is deposited around the hips
• In both men and women height and weight increase
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Hormonal Changes of Pregnancy
• The placenta, or interfacing organ between the fetal and maternal circulation, produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• Increased estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries are maintained until the placenta begins to produce these hormones
• Progesterone increases the mobility of the pelvic and lower back bones to allow the birthing process
• The pituitary and thyroid glands increase in size, resulting in a higher metabolic rate
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Disorders of the Endocrine System
• Acromegaly – An enlargement of the bones of the hands,
feet, and jaws
• Addison's disease – Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones
produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland
• Cretinism – Condition resulting from a congenital
deficiency of thyroid secretion or hypothyroidism
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Disorders of the Endocrine System
(Continued)• Cushing’s syndrome
– Disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal glands, which is triggered by the oversecretion of the pituitary hormone ACTH
• Diabetes insipidus– From an acquired or inherited decrease in
the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary
• Diabetes mellitus – A disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein
metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas
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Table 18-2 Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
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Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued)
• Dwarfism – Results from hyposecretion of the growth
hormone of the pituitary gland, which has been caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or trauma
• Gigantism – An excessive growth of the long bones
caused by hypersecretion of the somatotropic hormone
• Graves’ disease – Caused by hyperthyroidism or
thyrotoxicosis
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Disorders of the Endocrine System
(Continued)• Hyperparathyroidism
– Causes hypercalcemia, an increased calcium blood level
• Hypoglycemia – Results from increased insulin production
by the pancreas
• Hypoparathyroidism – A decreased secretion of parathyroid
hormone that causes tetany
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Disorders of the Endocrine System
(Continued)
• Hypothyroidism– Also called Hashimoto's disease, results
from an insufficient production of thyroxine
• Goiter- an enlargement of the thyroid gland
• Virilism – Results from increased secretion in the
adrenal glands
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Issues and Innovations
• Steroid abuse– Causes problems for men such as stunted
growth, liver tumors, and decreased sperm production
– Causes problems for women such as loss of menstrual cycle and baldness
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Careers
• Endocrinologist• Nuclear Medicine Technologist
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Medical TermsRoot word: aden(o) – denoting the glands
• Adenitis inflammation• Adenoblast immature or
embryonic cell• Adenoid like, resembling• Adenoma tumor, swelling• Adenodynia pain, ache
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Medical TermsRoot word: adren(o) –
denoting the adrenal glands
• Adrenomegaly enlargement
• Adrenopathy disease• Adrenalectomy
excision,removal• Adrenotoxin poison• Adrenokinetic
movement,stimulation
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Medical TermsRoot word: thyr(o) – denoting
relationship to the thyroid glands
• Thyrocele tumor, swelling
• Thyropenia decrease, deficiency
• Thyroiditis inflammation• Thyro toxic osis poison
condition, disease• Hypo thyroid ism less, deficient
state or condition
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Assignment: Xtranormal
For this unit we will be making our own cartoon movie that discusses information about one of the disease processes covered in the power point.
• Students will be able to choose which disease or condition they would like depicted in their Xtranormal. This will be a paired project and will be due on Monday April 19, 2010.
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Instructions• Find two websites to obtain
information regarding the disease process, which you will use to write your script.
• Be sure to include the following information:- Definition of disease- Population it affects (Who are most likely to get this disease?)- How the disease is diagnosed- Treatment options- Complications from disease- Signs and Symptoms of the disease
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• Write out script. Make it something creative and entertaining but also educational.
• Once your script has been approved, go to www.Xtranormal.com or www.goanimate.com and sign up for a free account.
• Make sure your movie meets the following specifications.
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Criteria
• Movie must be at least 2 minutes long 25 points
• Must include info stated previously for script. 50 points
• Must be grammatically correct. 10 points
• Must be creative, do not want repetition of info, make a story. 15 points (Total 100)
• Must be completed and ready for viewing at the beginning of class on Monday April 18, 2010.