Conference for Food Protection 2014 Issue Form …Amendments to Wild Harvested Mushroom language in Annex 3 Section 3-201.16. Issue you would like the Conference to consider: The language

Conference for Food Protection2014 Issue Form

Internal Number: 055Issue: 2014 I-008

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Title:Amendments to Wild Harvested Mushroom language in Annex 3 Section 3-201.16.

Issue you would like the Conference to consider:The language in Annex 3 Section 3-201.16 of the 2013 FDA Food Code should be revised to include additional and amended information about wild harvested mushrooms.

Public Health Significance:Annex 3 Section 3-201.16 of the 2013 FDA Food Code provides additional information for regulatory jurisdictions to reference as they develop their own wild harvested mushroom program. The suggested revisions to this language assure that this Annex information is accurate and up-to-date.

Recommended Solution: The Conference recommends...:that a letter be sent to FDA requesting that Annex 3 Section 3-201.16 of the 2013 FDA Food Code be amended as follows (new language is in underline format; language to be deleted is in strikethrough format):3-201.16 Wild Mushrooms.Over 10,000 1 5000 species of fleshy mushrooms grow naturally in North America. The vast majority have never been tested for toxicity. It is known that about 15 species are deadly and another 60 are toxic to humans whether they are consumed raw or cooked. An additional 36 species are suspected of being poisonous, whether raw or cooked. At least 40 other species can be are poisonous if eaten raw, but are safe after proper cooking. Some While some wild mushrooms that are extremely poisonous may be difficult to distinguish from some edible species, there are many choice edible species that are distinctive to individuals with only modest training. In most parts of the country there is at least one organization that includes individuals who can provide assistance with both identification and program design. Governmental agencies, universities, and mycological societies are examples of such groups.Regulatory authorities have expressed their difficulty in regulating wild harvested mushrooms at retail. There are many different approaches in regulating the sale and service of wild harvested mushrooms. The differences in approach could be due to geography, the type of wild mushrooms that typically grow in a particular region and/or local/state laws that are enforced. The Conference for Food Protection (CFP) has

attempted to develop a national model or standards for regulatory programs to address and recognize wild harvested mushroom identification. The difficulty in trying to get consensus on national model/standards lies in the question of what is the best national model/standard available that state/local regulatory authorities can apply in a meaningful way to ensure wild harvested mushrooms sold at retail are obtained from a safe source.With the change in the codified text, the regulatory authority will have the flexibility to apply their laws and/or policies for wild harvested mushroom identification. At a minimum, when developing a wild harvest mushroom identification program, the following elements should be addressed:• Developing resources & criteria to select wild mushroom species for service or sale,• Establishing record-keeping and traceability to assure safety of wild harvested mushrooms,• Written buyer specifications that include:a. Identification by the scientific name and the common name of the mushroom species,b. A statement that the mushroom was identified while in the fresh states,c. The name and contact information of the person who identified the mushroom and the mushroom seller, andd. A statement as to the qualifications and training of the identifier, specifically related to mushroom identification.• Development of qualifications and training curriculum that could be used for further training of mushroom identifiers• Establishing guidelines for chefs in preparing both wild and cultivated mushrooms. All mushrooms with the exception of truffles must be well cooked.2

In addition, the CFP has guidance material titled "Draft Model Guidance for Wild Harvested Mushrooms" posted on their website at www.foodprotect.org so state and local regulatory authorities can use the information to develop and implement their own wild harvested mushroom program. The guidance document is still a work in progress.Refer also to the public health reason for §§ 3-101.11 and 3-201.11.References:1 Biodiversity and Conservation, January 2007, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp 37-482 Benjamin, Denis, R., Mushrooms Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians, p146, W.H. Freeman & Company. 1995

Submitter Information:Name: David Rust, PresidentOrganization: North American Mycological AssociationAddress: 328 Marlow DriveCity/State/Zip: Oakland, CA 94605Telephone: (510)468-5014 Fax:E-mail: [email protected]

Attachments: "Biodiversity and Conservation Article Abstract and Link" "Mushrooms Poisons and Panaceas Article Reference"

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Biodiversity and Conservation January 2007, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp 37-48

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-006-9108-8

Global diversity and distribution of macrofungiGregory M. Mueller, John P. Schmit, Patrick R. Leacock, Bart Buyck, Joaquín Cifuentes, Dennis E. Desjardin, Roy E. Halling, Kurt Hjortstam, Teresa Iturriaga, Karl-Henrik Larsson, D. Jean Lodge, Tom W. May, David Minter, Mario Rajchenberg, Scott A. Redhead, Leif Ryvarden, James M. Trappe, Roy Watling, Qiuxin Wu

AbstractData on macrofungal diversity and distribution patterns were compiled for major geographical regions of the world. Macrofungi are defined here to include ascomycetes and basidiomycetes with large, easily observed spore-bearing structures that form above or below ground. Each coauthor either provided data on a particular taxonomic group of macrofungi or information on the macrofungi of a specific geographic area. We then employed a meta-analysis to investigate species overlaps between areas, levels of endemism, centers of diversity, and estimated percent of species known for each taxonomic group for each geographic area and for the combined macrofungal data set. Thus, the study provides both a meta-analysis of current data and a gap assessment to help identify research needs. In all, 21,679 names of macrofungi were compiled. The percentage of unique names for each region ranged from 37% for temperate Asia to 72% for Australasia. Approximately 35,000 macrofungal species were estimated to be “unknown” by the contributing authors. This would give an estimated total of 56,679 macrofungi. Our compiled species list does not include data from most of S.E. Europe, Africa, western Asia, or tropical eastern Asia. Even so, combining our list of names with the estimates from contributing authors is in line with our calculated estimate of between 53,000 and 110,000 macrofungal species derived using plant/macrofungal species ratio data. The estimates developed in this study are consistent with a hypothesis of high overall fungal species diversity.