Conductivity

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductivity TheoryApplied to Proper Hardware Selection

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductivity MeasurementUsed to Measure and Control the Percent Concentration of Acids, Bases and Salts in SolutionMeasures Total ConcentrationNot Ion SpecificMay be Used to Determine the Dominant Chemical

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001ElectrolytesAcidsSubstances which ionize in solution and produce hydrogen ions, H+Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) dissociates into H+ + Cl-BasesSubstances which ionize in solution and produce hydroxide ions, OH-Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, dissociates into Na+ + OH-SaltsSubstances which ionize in solution and produce neither hydrogen or hydroxide ionsSodium Chloride, NaCl, dissociates into Na+ + Cl-

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Typical Conductivity Values

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductivity MeasurementUnits of MeasurementU.S. Units = Micromhos/cmInternational Units = MicroSiemens/cm 1.0 S/cm = 1,000 mS/cm = 1,000,000 uS/cmumho/cm = uS/cmConductivity is the Reciprocal of Resistance1.0 MicroSiemen/cm = 1,000,000 Ohms/-cm1,000,000 MicroSiemens/cm = 1.0 Ohm/-cm

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductivity MeasurementHigh Purity Water ApplicationsPower & Semiconductor ManufacturingConductivity Measured as Resistivity in MegOhms/cmPure Water = 18.18 Meg Ohms/-cm = 0.055 uS/cmWater & Water Treatment Applications Industrial Boilers & Cooling TowersConductivity Measured in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductance of Common Acids, Bases and Salts @ 25oC

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductivity MeasurementEach Acid, Base and Salt has Its Own Temperature Vs. Concentration CurveThe Temperature Slope Varies for Different ChemicalsAcids 1.0% - 1.6% /oCNatural Waters 2.0%/oCBases > 1.8 - 2.2%/oCHigh Purity Water 2.3% - 7.3%/ oC

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Specific Conductivity of Sulfuric Acid

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 20015.0% Sulfuric Acid Solution

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Change in Temperature Slope/oC

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Conductivity MeasurementApply an AC Voltage to Two Electrodes of Exact DimensionsAcids, Bases and Salts (NaCl) Dissolve in Solution and Act as Current CarriersThe Current Flow is Directly Proportional to the Total Dissolved Solids in Solution The Physical Dimensions of a Conductivity Electrode are Referred to as the Cell ConstantCell Constant is Length/Area RelationshipDistance Between Plates = 1.0 cmArea of Each Plate = 1.0 cm x 1.0 cmCell Constant = 1.0 cm-1Cell ConstantUsed to Determine the Measuring Range of the AnalyzerActs as MultiplierUsed to Calibrate AnalyzerDetermined Using NBS StandardsCan be NIST Traceable

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Four Electrode Conductivity CellsMeasures Current and Voltage DropCurrent Increases with an Increase in Voltage Drop Across ElectrodesCompensates for Minor Coatings on Conductivity ElectrodesUsed for Higher Range Measurement

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Inductive ConductivityAlso Known as Toroidal and ElectrodlessPrinciple of MeasurementTwo Sealed Wire Wound Coils Electrically Coupled by Solution ConductivityAdvantageNo Electrodes Exposed to the Measured SolutionNot Affected by CoatingDisadvantage+- 10% AccuracyHigh Range Measurement Only > 100 uS/cm

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001RO UnitReverse Osmosis UnitAcid FeedFeedWaterTankConductivity TransmitterpH TransmitterFeed WaterWaste

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Demineralizer UnitCationBedMixed BedAnionBedTo Water StorageAcid RegenerationCaustic RegenerationConductivityTransmitterConductivityTransmitterConductivityTransmitterConductivityTransmitterConductivityTransmitter

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File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001TypeNumberConductivity4Concentration2pH1Total7

Usually 2 per generation unit (make up & polisher) and built in pairsTotal X 4 = 28 Analyzers per UnitTwo Units Built at a time = 56 AnalyzersPower Utilities Average Number of Analyzers for Each Demin Unit

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Analyzer Type NumberpH5Specific Conductivity6Cation Conductivity11Condensate Analyzer1Total23

Usually Units Built in Pairs = 46 AnalyzersPower Utilities Average Number of Analyzers Per Generating Unit

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File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Boiler Blowdown and Condensate Return Lines

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001Clean in Place (CIP)ConductivityTransmitterCausticDilutionTankSolutionRecoveryProcessVesselsWaterConductivityTransmitterCIP Return LinesCaustic

File Name: Conductivity.ppt

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