concrete admixtures handbook - dandelon.com

CONCRETE ADMIXTURESHANDBOOK

Properties, Science, and Technology

Second Edition

' •'•' E d i t e d b y ]

, • . • j

V.'S... Rarnachandran

Institute for Research in ConstructionNational Research Council Canada

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

NOYES PUBLICATIONS" Jr Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Contents

1 Concrete Science 1V. S. Ramachandran and RolfF. Feldman

1.0 INTRODUCTION 12.0 FORMATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT 13.0 PORTLAND CEMENT: COMPOSITION 24.0 INDIVIDUAL CEMENT COMPOUNDS 4

4.1 Tricalcium Silicate 44.2 Dicalcium Silicate 94.3 Tricalcium Aluminate 124.4 The Ferrite Phase 14

5.0 PORTLAND CEMENT 156.0 CEMENT PASTE 20

6.1 Setting 206.2 Microstructure 216.3 Bond Formation 266.4 Density 266.5 Pore Structure 296.6 Surface Area and Hydraulic Radius 326.7 Mechanical Properties 336.8 Permeability of Cement Paste 366.9 Aging Phenomena 36

7.0 MODELS OF HYDRATED CEMENT 408.0 CONCRETE PROPERTIES 43

8.1 Workability 438.2 Setting 448.3 Bleeding and Segregation 458.4 Mechanical Properties 46

xv

xvi Contents

9.0 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 479.1 Alkali-Aggregate Expansion 479.2 Frost Action 489.3 Sea Water Attack 529.4 Corrosion of Reinforcement 569.5 Carbonation of Concrete 58

REFERENCES 60

2 Research Techniques, Standards andSpecifications 67V. S. Ramachandran

1.0 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES 671.1 X-ray Diffraction 671.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 681.3 Thermogravimetry 691.4 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 691.5 Conduction Calorimetry (Isothermal) 701.6 Potentiometric Methods 711.7 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis 711.8 Neutron Activation Analysis 721.9 Mossbauer Spectrometry 721.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 721.11 Infrared/UV Absorption Spectroscopy 721.12 Electron Microscopy 731.13 Surface Area 741.14 HeliumPycnometry 751.15 Microhardness 761.16 Mercury Porosimetry 761.17 Rheology 771.18 Zeta Potential 781.19 Minislump 781.20 TrimethylSilylation 791.21 Other Techniques 791.22 Recent Conferences 81

2.0 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 822.1 American Concrete Institute: Manual of Practice 822.2 Canadian Standards Association 852.3 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 872.4 RILEM (Reunion Internationale des Laboratoires

d'Essais et de Recherches sur les Materiaux et lesConstructions) 89

REFERENCES 91

Contents xvii

3 Admixture Interactions in Concrete 95V. S. Ramachandran

1.0 INTRODUCTION 952.0 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES 96

2.1 Accelerators 962.2 Retarders 1022.3 Water Reducers 1082.4 Superplasticizers 114

3.0 AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS 1224.0 POLYMER-MODIFIED CONCRETE 1235.0 MINERAL ADMIXTURES 1246.0 MISCELLANEOUS ADMIXTURES 127REFERENCES 131

4 Chemical Admixtures—Recent Developments 137V. S. Ramachandran

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1372.0 SUPERPLASTICIZERS 138

2.1 Superplasticizers Based on Lignosulfonate 1382.2 Synthesis of Superplasticizers 1422.3 Concretes Containing High Dosages of Superplasticizers 1432.4 Control of Slump Loss 1452.5 High-Strength Concrete 1472.6 Densified Low Porosity Cement Systems 150

3.0 ANTIFREEZING ADMIXTURES 1504.0 AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS 1545.0 POLYMER-MODIFIED MORTAR AND CONCRETE 1576.0 MACRODEFECT-FREE CEMENTS 1607.0 ACTIVATOR ADMIXTURES FOR SLAGS 1628.0 ALKALI-AGGREGATE EXPANSION-REDUCING

ADMIXTURES 1659.0 ADMIXTURES FOR UNDERWATER CONCRETING 16710.0 NON-CHLORIDE ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES 16811.0 EXTENDED SET CONTROL ADMIXTURES 17112.0 CORROSION INHIBITORS 17313.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 174REFERENCES 176

5 Accelerators 185V. S. Ramachandran

1.0 INTRODUCTION 185

xviii Contents

2.0 INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THEHYDRATION OF CEMENT MINERALS 1872.1 Tricalcium Silicate 1872.2 Dicalcium Silicate 2072.3 Tricalcium Aluminate 2102.4 The Ferrite Phase 214

3.0 HYDRATION OF CEMENT 2153.1 Hydration 2153.2 Mechanism of Hydration and Strength Development 2193.3 Pore Structure 2223.4 Surface Area \ 2243.5 Morphology 2253.6 Strength Development 225

4.0 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 2274.1 Workability 2274.2 Setting Characteristics 2284.3 Drying Shrinkage 2294.4 Bleeding 2294.5 Creep 2304.6 Efflorescence 230

5.0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 2305.1 Compressive Strength 2305.2 Flexural Strength 2335.3 Tensile strength 2335.4 Moduus of Elasticity 2345.5 Abrasion Resistance 234

6.0 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 2346.1 Frost Resistance 2346.2 Alkali-Aggregate Expansion 2346.3 Sulfate Resistance 2356.4 Corrosion of Reinforcement 235

7.0 USE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN OTHERCEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS 236

8.0 CALCIUM CHLORIDE: PROPERTIES ANDPREPARATION 2378.1 Types and Production .7. 2378.2 Storage 2388.3 Addition 239

9.0 STANDARDS AND PRACTICE 2409.1 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 2409.2 CSA (Canadian Standards Association) 2419.3 Chloride Limits 241

10.0 ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDES 244

Contents xix

11.0 MISCONCEPTIONS IN THE USE OFCALCIUM CHLORIDE 24611.1 Winter Concreting 24611.2 Accelerating Action: Definition 24711.3 Immobilization of Calcium Chloride 24811.4 Dosage Requirements 24811.5 The AntifreezingAction 24911.6 The Intrinsic Property 24911.7 Chloride-Free Concrete 250

12.0 NON-CHLORIDE ACCELERATORS 25112.1 Triethanolamine(TEA) 25112.2 Formates 25712.3 Other Non-Chloride Accelerators 26412.4 Commercial Accelerators 271

REFERENCES 273

6 Water Reducers/Retarders 286Mario M. Collepardi

1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 2861.1 Category 2881.2 Chemical Composition and Manufacture

of Water Reducers/Retarders 2912.0 PREPARATION AND USE OF WATER

REDUCERS/RETARDERS 2992.1 Dispensing 3002.2 Addition Procedure 3002.3 Storage and Shelf Life 3022.4 Precautions 3022.5 Hazards 303

3.0 EFFECT OF WATER REDUCERS/RETARDERSON THE HYDRATION OF CEMENT COMPOUNDSAND CEMENT 3033.1 Hydration of Cement Compounds 304

4.0 EFFECT OF WATER REDUCERS/RETARDERSON FRESH AND PLASTIC CONCRETE : 3584.1 Mechanism of Action 3584.2 Water Reduction 3604.3 Workability 3624.4 Slump Loss 3634.5 Bleeding and Settlement 3654.6 Entrainment of Air 3674.7 Appearance 3684.8 Pumpability 368

xx Contents

4.9 Uniformity 3684.10 Finishing Characteristics 3694.11 Setting 3704.12 Heat of Hydration 3724.13 Temperature Rise 3734.14 Plastic Shrinkage 373

5.0 EFFECT OF WATER REDUCERS/RETARDERS ONHARDENED CONCRETE 3745.1 Physical Properties 3745.2 Mechanical Properties 3795.3 Durability 382

6.0 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE 3856.1 ACI (American Concrete Institute) Codes of Practice 3866.2 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

C-494 Standard 3866.3 CAN 3-A266.2-M78 (Canadian Standard Association) .. 3906.4 European Standards 3906.5 JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) A 6204 3926.6 RILEM Guide for Water-Reducers and Retarders 392

7.0 ADMIXTURE ESTIMATION 3927.1 Estimation of Admixture as Supplied 3947.2 Estimation of Admixture in Concrete 395

REFERENCES : 396

7 Superplasticizers 410V. S. Ramachandran and V. Mohan Malhotra

1.0 INTRODUCTION 4102.0 APPLICATIONS 4143.0 CEMENT PASTE 415

3.1 Rheology 4163.2 Adsorption 4213.3 Zeta Potential 4283.4 Hydration and Microstructure 4343.5 Estimation 443

4.0 FRESH CONCRETE 77 4444.1 Workability 4444.2 Water Reduction 4474.3 Slump Loss 4484.4 Bleeding and Segregation 4544.5 Air Content 4544.6 Setting Times 4554.7 Compatibility 4574.8 Standards and Commercial Products 458

Contents xxi

5.0 HARDENED CONCRETE 4625.1 Methods of Using Superplasticizers 4625.2 Strength Properties 4635.3 Shrinkage and Creep 4665.4 High Strength Semi-Lightweight Concrete 4695.5 Effect of Repeated Dosages 4695.6 Superplasticized Concrete Containing Fly Ash 4695.7 High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Incorporating

Large Dosages of Superplasticizers 4725.8 High-Volume Slag Concrete Incorporating

Large Dosages of Superplasticizers 4725.9 Durability 4725.10 Corrosion of Reinforcement 4845.11 Influence of Superplasticizers on Concrete-Steel

BondStrength 4845.12 Architectural Prestressed and Precast

Concrete Applications 4855.13 Shrinkage Compensating Concrete 4885.14 Pumpability 4905.15 Performance of Steel-Fiber Reinforced Concrete 4945.16 Role of Superplasticizers in Concrete Incorporating

Condensed Silica Fume 4945.17 Development of Ultra High-Strength Concrete 4975.18 High Alumina Cement Concrete 5005.19 Blast Furnace Slag/Portland Cement Concrete 5005.20 Accelerated Strength Testing 5025.21 Durability of In-Place Superplasticized Concrete 5055.22 Biological Effects 506

6.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 506REFERENCES 506

8 Air-Entraining Admixtures 518William L. Dolch

1.0 INTRODUCTION 5182.0 COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE 519

2.1 Properties of Surfactants 5192.2 Types of Air-Entraining Agents 520

3.0 USE IN CONCRETE 5224.0 EFFECT ON CEMENT HYDRATION AND

HYDRATION PRODUCT 5235.0 EFFECTS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT ON

PLASTIC CONCRETE 5235.1 Mechanism of Air Entrainment 523

xxii Contents

5.2 Factors Influencing the Amount of Entrained Air 5275.3 Proportioning of Air-Entrained Concrete 5335.4 Influence of Air Entrainment on Properties of

Plastic Concrete 5335.5 Determination of the Air Content of Plastic Concrete 535

6.0 EFFECTS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT ON HARDENEDCONCRETE 5376.1 Unit Weight 5376.2 Frost Action in Concrete 5376.3 Mechanisms 5386.4 Determination of Air Parameters of Hardened Concrete.. 5416.5 Air Bubble Parameters 5436.6 Spacing Factor for Durable Concrete 5466.7 Influence of Type of Agent on Bubble System 5476.8 Other Approaches to Frost Durability 5486.9 Effects on Mechanical Properties 5486.10 Effects on Permeability 5496.11 Effects on Chemical Durability 550

7.0 CODES AND PRACTICES 5507.1 American Society for Testing and Materials 5507.2 British Standards Institution 5507.3 National Standard of Canada 551

8.0 ADMIXTURE ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS 5518.1 Analysis of Admixtures 5518.2 Detection and Determination of Admixtures in

Hardened Concrete 551REFERENCES 552

9 Polymer-Modified Mortars and Concretes 558Yoshihiko Ohama and V. S. Ramachandran

1.0 INTRODUCTION 5582.0 APPLICATIONS 5613.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 562

3.1 Latex Modification 5643.2 Redispersible Polymer Powders 5673.3 Water Soluble Polymers 5693.4 LiquidResins 5693.5 Monomers 569

4.0 LATEX-MODIFIED SYSTEMS 5704.1 Materials 5704.2 Mix Proportioning 5764.3 Mixing 5804.4 Placing and Curing 582

Contents xxiii

5.0 PROPERTIES OF LATEX-MODIFIED SYSTEMS(FRESH STATE) 5835.1 Workability 5835.2 AirEntrainment 5845.3 Water Retention 5855.4 Bleeding and Segregation 5855.5 Setting Behavior 586

6.0 PROPERTIES OF HARDENED LATEX MORTAR ANDCONCRETE 5876.1 Strength 5876.2 Material Parameters 5876.3 Mix Proportions 5926.4 Effects of Curing Conditions 5956.5 Surface Hardness 5986.6 Modulus of Elasticity and Ductility 5986.7 Shrinkage, Creep, and Thermal Expansion 6016.8 Adhesion or Bond Strength 6046.9 Impact Resistance 6096.10 Abrasion Resistance 6096.11 Resistance to Water 6106.12 Chemical Resistance 6146.13 Thermal Properties 6176.14 Resistance to Chloride, Carbonation, and Oxygen Ingress6176.15 Frost Resistance 621

7.0 REDISPERSIBLE POLYMER POWDER-MODIFIEDSYSTEMS 6247.1 Manufacture 6247.2 Process Technology 6247.3 Properties 625

8.0 WATER SOLUBLE POLYMER- MODIFIED SYSTEMS 6278.1 Properties 628

9.0 LIQUID RESIN-MODIFIED SYSTEMS 6299.1 Epoxy-Modified Systems 6299.2 Polymer Modified Systems 6329.3 Polyurethane-Modified Systems 6339.4 Other Resin-Modified Systems .- 6349.5 Monomer-Modified Systems 634

10.0 SPECIAL POLYMER-MODIFIED SYSTEMS 63510.1 Hydrated-Type Flexible Waterproof ing Materials 63510.2 Ultrarapid-Hardening Polymer-Modified Concrete 63510.3 Polymer-Ferrocements 63610.4 MDF Cements 63610.5 Antiwashout Underwater Concrete 637

xxiv Contents

10.6 Artificial Wood 63710.7 Composite Cement Modifiers 637

11.0 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 638REFERENCES 642

10 Mineral Admixtures 657R. Paul Lohtia and Ramesh C. Joshi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 6572.0 CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF

MINERAL ADMIXTURES 6603.0 NATURAL POZZOLANIC MATERIALS 665

3.1 Volcanic Glasses 6683.2 Volcanic Tuffs and Trass 6703.3 Thermally Treated Clays and Shales 6703.4 Diatomaceous Earths and Cherts 671

4.0 INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS ASMINERAL ADMIXTURES 6714.1 Fly Ash 6744.2 Granulated Blast Furnace Slag 6864.3 Condensed Silica Fume 691

5.0 EFFECT OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES ONPROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 6935.1 Concrete Mix Proportions and Water Requirement 6935.2 Workability 6965.3 SettingTime 6965.4 Heat of Hydration 6975.5 Air Entrainment 6995.6 Hydration and Strength Development 7005.7 Effect of Curing Conditions on Strength Development.... 7075.8 Modulus of Elasticity, Drying Shrinkage and Creep 7105.9 Permeability 7125.10 Freeze-Thaw Durability 7155.11 Resistance to Aggressive Chemicals: Sulfate Attack 7165.12 Resistance to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction 7195.13 Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel: Carbonation of Concrete 7225.14 Abrasion-Erosion Resistance 7245.15 Resistance to High Temperatures 724

6.0 TEST METHODS FOR EVALUATION OFMINERAL ADMIXTURES 725

7.0 ECONOMICS OF USE OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES 7268.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 728REFERENCES 731

Contents xxv

11 Antifreezing Admixtures 740Victor B. Ratinov and Tatyana I. Rozenberg

1.0 INTRODUCTION 7402.0 PREPARATION AND APPLICATION

OF ANTIFREEZING ADMIXTURES 7432.1 General 7432.2 Dosage; Delivery Conditions 7432.3 Antifreeze Admixtures with Other Additives 7442.4 The Use of Antifreeze Admixtures in Reduced Amounts . 7462.5 Choice of Antifreezing Admixtures 7482.6 Safety Precautions 7502.7 Preparation, Transportation and Placing

of Concrete Mixes 7522.8 Curing of Concrete with Antifreezers 753

3.0 EFFECT OF ANTIFREEZING ADMIXTURES ON CEMENTAND CEMENT COMPONENTS 7553.1 Interaction of Antifreezing Admixtures

with Calcium Hydroxide and Silicate Phases 7553.2 Interaction of Aluminum-Containing Phases

with Antifreezing Admixtures 7583.3 Compositional Requirements of Cement for Use

with Antifreezers 7604.0 EFFECT OF ANTIFREEZING ADMIXTURES ON PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MIXES 7614.1 Bleeding 7614.2 Rheological Properties of Concrete Mixes 7614.3 Dimensional Changes in Concrete 7634.4 Microstructure of Cement Paste 7634.5 Creep of Concrete 7654.6 Pore Structure of Cement Paste 7654.7 Permeability of Concrete 7674.8 Setting of Concrete 7674.9 Heat of Cement Hydration 7694.10 Thermodynamics of Ice Formation in Fresh

and Hardened Concrete in the Presenceof Antifreezing Admixtures 770

5.0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 7765.1 Concrete Strength 7765.2 Elastic Characteristics of Concrete 7815.3 Bond Between Steel and Concrete 781

6.0 DURABILITY 7826.1 Carbonation of Concrete 7826.2 Sulfate Resistance 783

xxvi Contents

6.3 Alkali-Aggregate Reactions 7846.4 Sea water Attack 7856.5 Resistance of Concrete to De-Icing Salts 7856.6 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement 7856.7 Frost Resistance of Concrete 7886.8 Efflorescence 792

7.0 NEW DEVELOPMENTS 7928.0 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 796REFERENCES 797

12 High-Volume Fly Ash and Slag Concrete 800V. Mohan Malhotra

1.0 HIGH-VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE 8001.1 Introduction 8001.2 Mechanism of Hydration 8011.3 Mixture Proportions 8051.4 Properties of Fresh Concrete 8071.5 Properties of Hardened Concrete 8081.6 Durability Aspects of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete .... 817

2.0 HIGH VOLUME SLAG CONCRETE 8242.1 Introduction 8242.2 Mixture Proportions 8242.3 Properties of Fresh Concrete 8252.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 829

REFERENCES 836

13 Admixtures for Repair and Restoration ofConcrete 839Noel P. Mailvaganam

1.0 INTRODUCTION 8392.0 PROPRIETARY REPAIR PRODUCTS 840

2.1 Patching materials 8402.2 Grouts 8452.3 BondingAgents , 8462.4 Resurfacing Materials 850

3.0 CONCRETE INFILL 8563.1 Conventional Admixtures 8563.2 Superplasticizers 8593.3 Miscellaneous/Special Admixtures 860

4.0 SPECIAL REPAIR TECHNIQUES 8664.1 Underwater Repair 8664.2 Shotcrete 869

Contents xxvii

4.3 Cold and Hot Weather Repairs 870REFERENCES 873

14 Alkali-Aggregate Expansion and CorrosionInhibiting Admixtures 878V. S. Ramachandran

1.0 ALKALI AGGREGATE EXPANSION INHIBITINGADMIXTURES 8781.1 Introduction 8781.2 Test Methods 8801.3 Effect of Silica Fume 8841.4 Chemical Admixtures 8911.5 Mineral and Related Admixtures 899

2.0 CORROSION INHIBITING ADMIXTURES 9062.1 Introduction 9062.2 Corrosion of Steel 9082.3 Impermeability and Corrosion Inhibition 9112.4 Chemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors 916

REFERENCES 929

15 Miscellaneous Admixtures 939Noel P. Mailvaganam

1.0 INTRODUCTION 9392.0 EXPANSION PRODUCING ADMIXTURES 940

2.1 Gas Forming Admixtures 9412.2 Admixtures Containing Granulated Iron Filings 9542.3 Calcium Sulfoaluminate and Lime-Based

Expanding Admixtures 9593.0 PIGMENTS 971

3.1 Background and Definition 9713.2 Chemical Composition 9723.3 Chemical and Physical Properties 9723.4 Mode of Action 9743.5 Factors Affecting the Coloration of Concrete 9753.6 Effects on the Properties of Plastic and

Hardened Concrete and Mortar 9773.7 Preparation 9783.8 Dosage and Dispensing and Addition Procedure 9783.9 Applications 9803.10 Storage and Shelf Life 9803.11 Standards and Codes of Practice 9803.12 Product Uniformity 984

xxviii Contents

3.13 Precautions 9853.14 Hazards 985

4.0 DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFINGADMIXTURES 9854.1 Background and Definitions 9854.2 Chemical Composition 9864.3 Modeof Action 9874.4 Effects on the Plastic and Hardened Properties

of Concrete and Mortar 9894.5 Factors Influencing the Effects of the Admixtures 9914.6 Preparation, Storage, and Addition Procedures 9914.7 Precautions 9924.8 Standards and Codes of Practice 993

5.0 PUMPING AIDS 9945.1 Background 9945.2 Chemical Composition and Categories 9945.3 Modeof Action 9955.4 Factors Influencing the Effect of the Admixture 9965.5 Effects on the Plastic and Hardened Properties

of Concrete and Mortar 9965.6 Storage and Addition Procedure 9975.7 Applications 9985.8 Standards 9995.9 Precautions 1000

6.0 FLOCCULATING ADMIXTURES 10006.1 Background and Definition 10006.2 Chemical Composition 10016.3 Modeof Action 10046.4 Factors Influencing the Performance of the Admixture.. 10046.5 Effects on the Plastic and hardened Properties

of Concrete and Mortar 10046.6 Preparation, Dosages, and Addition Procedures 10056.7 Storage and Shelf Life 10066.8 Applications 10066.9 Standards and Codes of Practice „ 1006

7.0 BACTERIAL, FUNGICIDAL AND INSECTICIDALADMIXTURES 10077.1 Background and Definitions 10077.2 Chemical Compositions 10087.3 Method of Addition 10087.4 Effects on the Fresh and Hardened Properties

of Concrete and Mortar 1009

Contents xxix

8.0 SHOTCRETE ADMIXTURES 10098.1 Background 10098.2 Chemical Composition 10108.3 Mode of Action and Factors Influencing the Effects

of the Admixture 10118.4 Effects on the Plastic and Hardened Properties

of Concrete and Mortar 10128.5 Addition Procedure 10138.6 Applications 10148.7 Storage and Shelf Life 10148.8 Precautions, Hazards, and Safety Measures 10148.9 Standards and Guides for Practice 1015

9.0 ANTIWASHOUT ADMIXTURES 10179.1 Background 10179.2 Chemical Composition 10179.3 Mode of Action 10179.4 Dosage, Addition Procedure, and Mix Design 10189.5 Effects on the Plastic and Hardened Properties

of Concrete 10199.6 Applications 1019

REFERENCES 1019

16 Batching and Dispensing of Admixtures 1025Noel P. Mailvaganam

1.0 INTRODUCTION 10252.0 MANUFACTURE 10263.0 PACKAGING AND DELIVERY 1026

3.1 Labels 10293.2 Storage 1030

4.0 DISPENSING OF ADMIXTURES 10334.1 Time and Sequence of Addition 10334.2 Dispensing Equipment 1033

5.0 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION 10416.0 QUALITY CONTROL 10427.0 PRECAUTIONS 10438.0 SAFETY AND HYGIENIC ASPECTS IN THE

HANDLING OF ADMIXTURES 1043REFERENCES 1044

17 Admixture Formulations 1045V. S. Ramachandran and Vasundhara S. Ramachandran

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1045

xxx Contents

2.0 PATENT LITERATURE 10453.0 ACCELERATORS 10474.0 WATER REDUCERS 10495.0 SUPERPLASTICIZERS 10516.0 RETARDERS 10547.0 AIR ENTRAINING AGENTS 10558.0 POLYMER-MODIFIED SYSTEM 10569.0 MISCELLANEOUS AND POLYFUNCTIONAL

ADMIXTURES 1057REFERENCES 1060

18 Admixtures For Oilwell Cements 1077John Bensted

1.0 INTRODUCTION 10772.0 CLASSIFICATION OF OILWELL CEMENT ADDITIVES 1081

2.1 Retarders 10822.2 Accelerators 10872.3 Strength Retrogression Inhibitors 10892.4 Fluid Loss Controllers (Filtration Control Additives).... 10902.5 Lost Circulation Controllers 10912.6 Gas Migration Controllers 10932.7 Weighting Agents (Heavyweight Additives) 10932.8 Extenders (Lightweight Additives) 10962.9 Dispersants (Friction Reducers, Thinners or

Turbulence Inducers) 11012.10 Salt for Saline Environments 11022.11 Thixotropic Agents 11022.12 Defoamers and Deaerators 11032.13 Foamers 11042.14 Coloring Materials 11042.15 Radioactive Tracers 1105

3.0 SPECIAL OILWELL CEMENTS AND ADDITIVE USAGE 11053.1 Dicalcium Silicate-Silica (Class J) Cement 11053.2 Calcium Aluminate (High Alumina) Cement 11053.3 Sorel (Magnesium Oxychloride) Cement .". 11073.4 Drilling Mud-to-Cement Conversion 1108

4.0 CONCLUSIONS 1108REFERENCES 1109

Index 1112