Conception to Birth Prenatal Development. Prenatal Development Prenatal defined as “before birth” Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the.

Conception to BirthPrenatal Development

Prenatal Development

• Prenatal defined as “before birth”

• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.

Zygote• A newly

fertilized egg

• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division.

Embryo

• 14 days until the end of the eight week

• Most of the major organs are formed during this time.

• Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells

Embryo – 45 Days

Prenatal Development

• Prenatal Development Overview:–Zygote – Conception to 2 weeks

–Embryo – 2 weeks through 8 weeks

–Fetus – 9 weeks to birth

Fetal Period

• The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth

• Now referred to as a Fetus

Prenatal Development – 2 months

11 Weeks

Placenta

• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrition

• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus

Teratogens• Substances that pass through the

placenta’s screen and prevent the fetus from developing normally

•Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs,

alcohol, nicotine, etc.

Smoking and Birth Weight

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children due to their mother drinking large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

• Swallowing and Kicking

• Make it’s first movements

28 Weeks

2-D

3-D and 4-D

National Geographic Channel In The Womb

The Beginnings

of Life: The

Newborn

Newborn

• Within the 1st 30 minutes, newborns will turn their heads to watch a human face even it is a picture or a drawing

• Human Voices

• Taste preferences – no spoiled milk please!

Reflexes – Automatic and Unlearned Responses

Rooting Reflex• Infants’ tendency, when touched on the cheek, to

move their face in the direction of the touch and open their mouth

• Child is looking for nourishment.

Sucking & Swallowing Reflexes• Allows for food to be received at birth

left leg extends when infant gazes to the left, while right arm and leg flex

inward, and vice versa.

infant closes its hand and "grips" your finger

takes brisk steps when

both feet placed on a surface, with body supported.

The infant raises up (upper torso, shoulders, and head) with arms when lying face

down (on his tummy).

Newborns are great

at grasping…

…but not at letting

go!

• Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted.

• -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment.

• Prefer the sounds of their parent’s voices over others

Temperament

• A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Temperament• A baby’s temperament is apparent after

just a few hours of birth

–“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly

–“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable

–Relatively stable personality aspect

Physical Development in Infancy and

Childhood

Infant, Toddler, Child

• Infant:Infant: First year•Toddler: From about 1

year to 3 years of age

•Child:Child: Span between toddler and teen

Maturation!Maturation!• An orderly sequence of biological growth

• genetically programmed (nature)

• But, can be adjusted by experience (abuse/deprivation) (nurture)

Maturation!

Maturation and Motor Development

• Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination

• When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike???

Cognitive Development in

Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s

Cognitive Stages

Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

Cognition

• All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

• Children think differently than adults

Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)

• Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development

SchemaSchema• As we develop, we struggle to construct

understanding by building SCHEMA(s)–A concept or framework that organizes A concept or framework that organizes

or interprets understandingor interprets understanding–What are your schemas for:

• Dogs

• Love

• Chairs

• Etc…

When a child encounters When a child encounters something new, he must adjust something new, he must adjust

his schemahis schema

• ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION:

• Incorporate the item into an existing schema –

All 4 legged animals are called dogs

• ACCOMODATIONACCOMODATION:

• Change your existing schema or create a new schema to fit the new information

Create a new schema for cats and refining the dog schema

Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage

• From birth to 2 years

• Child gathers information about the world through senses & motor functions

• Child learns object permanence

Object Permanence

• The awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed

• “Out of sight, out of mind”

Object Permanence

Clip the baby to see object

permanence in action!

Even when they get older, kids figure out objects don’t go away, but the “A” not “B” Effect gets ‘em

every time!

Check out this clip!

toast permanence?

Stage 2- Preoperational Stage

• From about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs

• Children can understand language but not logic

• Fantasy Play

Egocentrism

• The child’s inability to take another person’s point of view

• Includes a child’s inability to understand that symbols can represent other objects

Theory of Mind

• Children develop a “theory of mind” around the age of 4 or 5

• The ability to infer others’ mental states and realize that they may hold false beliefs

• …just because I think something doesn’t mean other people do too!

Conservation• Certain properties remain

constant despite changes in their form

• The properties can include mass, volume, and numbers.

Conservation

Conservation

Conservation

Types of Conservation Tasks

Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage

• From about 7 to 11yrs

• Child learns to think logically

• understands the concept of conservation

Stage 4- Formal Operational Stage• Child can think logically and in the

abstract

• About age 12 on up

• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if…. problems)

Check out this clip the 1st kid is in stage 3 – logic; the last person is stage 4, she thinks hypothetically

Assessing Piaget’s Theory

• Piaget underestimated the child’s ability at various ages.

• Piaget’s theory doesn’t take into account culture and social differences.