1 Feeding low protein amino acid balanced diets for optimum production and health. 05-05-2010 Why “balance” dairy cow rations Obtain genetic potential for milk yield and component concentrations Achieve good herd health Minimize nutrient wastage Maximize income-over-feed-costs Maximize dairy herd profitability Ideal protein theory is the basis for amino acid formulation… Ideally the amino acid profile of absorbed protein should match animal requirements Identify the first limiting amino acid – establish the requirement quantitatively (g/day). Establish the correct ratio of the other essential amino acids to the first limiting amino acid Feed the smallest “package of protein” to meet the requirements for the 1 st limiting AA Limiting Amino Acid Theory… 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lys % of Protein Milk Rum. B... Blood Fish SBM Canola Meat Alfalfa Brewers CSM Sunflower Barley Grass S Corn Wheat Feather Corn S DDG CGM Comparison of lysine in milk, rumen bacterial protein and feedstuffs 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Met % of Protein Milk Rum. B... Fish CGM Sunflower Corn Canola DDG Brewers Barley CSM Wheat Corn S Alfalfa S Meat SBM Blood Grass S Feather Comparison of methionine in milk, rumen bacterial protein and feedstuffs
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1
Feeding low protein amino acid balanced diets for optimum
production and health.
05-05-2010
Why “balance” dairy cow rations
Obtain genetic potential for milk yield and component concentrationsAchieve good herd health Minimize nutrient wastageMaximize income-over-feed-costs Maximize dairy herd profitability
Ideal protein theory is the basisfor amino acid formulation…
Ideally the amino acid profile of absorbed protein should match animal requirements
Identify the first limiting amino acid – establish the requirement quantitatively (g/day).
Establish the correct ratio of the other essential amino acids to the first limiting amino acid
Feed the smallest “package of protein”to meet the requirements for the 1st limiting AA
Limiting Amino Acid Theory…
0123456789
Lys
% o
f Pro
tein
Milk
Rum. B...
BloodFishSBMCanolaM
eatAlfalfa BrewersCSMSunflowerBarleyGrass SCornW
heatFeatherCorn SDDGCGM
Comparison of lysine in milk, rumen bacterial protein and feedstuffs
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Met
% o
f Pro
tein
Milk
Rum. B...
FishCGMSunflowerCornCanolaDDGBrewersBarleyCSMW
heatCorn SAlfalfa SM
eatSBMBloodGrass SFeather
Comparison of methionine in milk, rumen bacterial protein and feedstuffs
2
Lys and Met are the two first limiting amino acidsin North American rations
Methionine virtually always first limiting :- mixed cereal rations, major protein sources
soybean meal and animal proteins
Lysine closely co-limiting with methionine :- corn based ratons, corn byproducts, brewers grains
Next limiting amino acids are of limited practical significance :- in practical formulation can only meet 90% of LYS/MET requirements
50
75
100
% o
f Req
uire
men
t
LYS
MET
LYS
MET
Comparison of levels of LYS & MET in balanced and non-balanced rations
Practical Formulation Levels of LYS and MET as a % of MP – NRC 2001
“Optimum” vs. “practical” levels of Lys and Met in MP
0.751
1.251.5
1.752
2.252.5
2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25 6 6.75 7.5
NRC recommendations6.80 Lys, 2.29 Met
Practical recommendations 6.60 Lys, 2.22 MetM
et (%
of M
P)
Lys (% of MP)
2.97 : 1
How should we approach practical ration formulation for amino acids?
1. Formulate for a minimum MP requirement
2. Optimize LYS as a % of MP.
3. Optimize the ratio of LYS : MET
Selection of ration ingredients to meet the constraints of amino acid formulation
maximize microbial protein yield- close to ideal protein profile (LYS rich…)
LYS rich raw materials -- blood meal, soybean, fishmeal
“Rumen Protected” methionine sources- least cost source of the marginal contribution in MET needed to balance rations for MET and LYS
+ 1.7 kg/d milk
+ 0.10% units milk protein
+ 90 g/d milk protein
+ 0.10% units in milk fat
+ 96 g/d milk fat
Summary of Seven Trials - Garthwaite et al. (1998)
Milk performance to balancing MET and LYS (% of MP)
NH3+
CH 3 S CH 2 CH 2 C COO -
HMet
NH3+
NH 3+ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C COO -
HLys
4
Five good reasons
1. Increase milk protein percent
2. Maximize milk production
3. Improve N efficiency, reduce N excretion4. Reduce metabolic problems
5. Improve energy utilization - favors reproduction
Five good reasons
1. Increase milk protein percent
2. Maximize milk production
3. Improve N efficiency, reduce N excretionImprove N efficiency, reduce N excretion4. Reduce metabolic problems
5. Improve energy utilization - favors reproduction
Features and benefits to formulating on an Features and benefits to formulating on an individual amino acid basisindividual amino acid basis……
Rules of thumb for short term responses toimprovements in MET and LYS supply
MET limiting –each additional g of MET 7g of milk protein
LYS limiting –each additional g of LYS 5g of milk protein
How much protein can really be economized when balancing for Lys and Met?
40 Kg milk obtained with 2800 g of MP (containing 5.7% or more Lys and 1.9% Met), 159 g MP-Lys and 53 g MP-Met
How much MP is needed to produce 40 Kg of milk if MP contains 6.6% Lys and 2.2% Met?
159 g MP-Lys / 6.6% Lys (.066) = 2409 g MP
53 g MP-Met / 2.2% Met (.022) = 2409 g MP
How much MP is saved? 2800 g – 2409 g = 391 g
How much RUP is saved? 391 g / 0.80 = 489 g
How much protein can really be economized when balancing for Lys and Met?
Saving 489 g of RUP means how much less RUP in diet DM?
Assumption: A well-balanced diet containing 10.5% RDP and 7.5% RUP (i.e., 18% CP), at an intake of 25 Kg/d, with 5.7% Lys and 1.9% Met in MP will support 40 kg of milk
Original RUP intake: 25 kg DMI x 0.075 = 1.875 kg
New RUP intake = 1.875 kg – 0.489 kg = 1.386 kg
New RUP in diet DM = 1.386 kg RUP / 25 kg DMI = 5.5%
A: 2.0 percentage units less (7.5% - 5.5%)
Effects of Improved Lys and Met Nutrition on Reducing “MP” Requirements
Chen et al. (2009) fed 5 diets:1) Traditional protein (16.9% CP)2) Low protein (15.7% CP)3) Low protein (15.7% CP) + 40 g dry MetaSmart4) Low protein (15.7% CP) + 15 g Smartamine5) Low protein (15.7% CP) + 15 g Smartamine + 27 g AT88
Randomized complete block design70 Holstein cows (20 primiparous, 50 multiparous)14 blocks of 5 cows by parity and DIM2 wk for covariate periodDiets fed concurrently for 12 wkCows averaged 147 DIM
Diet Composition (Chen et al., 2009)
Ingredient
Traditional protein(TP)
Lowprotein
(LP)LP +
MetaSmartLP +
Smartamine
LP +Smartamine
+ AT88
Alfalfa silage 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4
Corn silage 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7
High moisture corn 14.9 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5
Solvent soybean meal 3.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7
Distillers driedgrains 7.6 0 0 0 0
Expeller soybean meal 4.0 0 0 0 0
Premix 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7
5
Nutrient Content of Diet (Chen et al., 2009)
Ingredient
Traditional protein(TP)
Lowprotein
(LP)LP +
MetaSmartLP +
Smartamine
LP +Smartamine
+ AT88
DM, % 45.0 44.8 45.3 45.1 45.2
CP, % DM 16.9 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7
NDF, % DM 29 27 27 27 27
MP-Lys, g/d 160 161 161 161 161
MP-Met, g/d 48 45 54 54 54
Lys:Met ratio 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.0
Effect of Met supplementation on DMI and milk and milk components (Chen et al., 2009)
Item TP LPLP +
MetaSmartLP +
Smartamine
LP +Smartamine
+ AT88P>F
Contrast
DMI, kg/d
24.7 24.9 25.7 24.6 25.1 0.44
Milk, kg/d
41.2 41.8 42.1 41.7 41.7 0.98
Protein, %
3.05b,c 3.03c 3.19a 3.15a,b 3.17a 0.01LP vs. MetHP vs. Met
Fat, % 3.85 3.52 3.93 3.77 3.66 0.08
Protein, kg/d
1.25 1.24 1.30 1.33 1.33 0.09
Fat, kg/d 1.61 1.42 1.60 1.62 1.54 TP vs. LPLP vs. Met
Effect of Dietary Protein on PUN and Uterine pHon d 7 of the Estrous Cycle of Heifers
0
5
10
15
20
25
mg/
dl
PUN, mg/dl
Balanced High RUP High RDP
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
pH
Uterine pH
Balanced High RUP High RDP
P < 0.05 P < 0.05
Elrod et al. (1993)
The negative effect of higher The negative effect of higher PUNPUN’’ss is mediated is mediated through an effect on uterine pHthrough an effect on uterine pH
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Cows in “poor” conditiontake longer to begin cycling
3.753.252.752.25
40
30
20
10
BCS at 70 DIM
Anov
ulat
ory,
%
2.50 3.00 3.50
35
15
25
BCS at 70 d Postpartum and Rate of Anovulationin Lactating Dairy Cows
Santos et al. (2004) J. Dairy Sci.
N = 840 cows
r2 = 0,93P < 0,02
Corn Silage Grass Silage
Days to first AI
No. AI per conception
Uterineinvolution %
Days to first AI
No. AI per conception
Uterineinvolution %
6864
1.751.60 33
56
71
62
1.801.60
43
53
Robert et al 1996
Influence of fortifying diets in MET on reproductive performance
Improving the amino acid balance of the ration can improve reproduction
7.0 LYS/1.7 MET
6.9 LYS/2.4 MET⎬ % of MP
Prevalence of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows( N = 423; RHA = 25,600 lb)
0.0 0.5 0.0 1.9
21.2
60.2
50.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-21 -14 -7 calving 7 14 28
Day relative to parturition
subc
linic
al k
etos
is, %
Juchem et al. J. Dairy Sci. (2004)
Will amino acid balancing rations have any positive impactWill amino acid balancing rations have any positive impacton preventing metabolic disorders in the transition cow?on preventing metabolic disorders in the transition cow?
Source INRA THEIX
Influence of LYS and MET concentration in the ration onblood ketone levels during the second week of lactation
Optimizing rations in LYS and MET improved the metabolic status of cows in severe energy deficit in early lactation
6.92 LYS / 1.84 MET6.84 LYS / 2.82 MET
⎬ % of MP
B-hydroxybutyrate
mM
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
Acetonemg/dL
01234567
2,78
1,86
6,1
2,2
Methionine : Central to liver function in the dairy cow
Methionine stimulatesthe secretion of VLDL
The VLDL transportthe triglycerides away from the liver allowing fatty infiltration (steatose)and ketosis to be avoided
Energy deficit
Mobilisation oftriglycerides at the beginning of lactationKetone bodies
StockageSteatose
VLDL
Body StoresTriglycerides
LIVER
Energy available for the dairy cow
Influence on Somatic cell countInfluence on Somatic cell count
150
200
250
300
350
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Stage of lactation ( month )
Cel
l cou
nt (
1000
/ m
l )
Control with SmartamineSource : Bulletin des GTV 03 / 04 96, 20 000 résults du C.L.
- 50 000 / ml- 50 000 / ml
Is their any evidence that MET and LYSIs their any evidence that MET and LYSplay a role in immune function?play a role in immune function?
7
First introduction of Smartamine ‘02
Increased in diet March ’05, March ’06 and February ‘07
2.3% MP 2.4% MP
2.2% MP
Long term benefits of feeding an amino acid balanced program are very significant (Mike van Amburgh – Cornell 2009) Amino acid formulation – only way to go
more predictable performance compared to formulating uniquely on MP
better milk components (protein and fat)more efficient use of dietary proteinbetter for the cow (reproduction and health) better for the pocket book