Computers in Management Session One

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Copyright Amity University

PAN African eNetwork Project

Bachelor of Financial & Investment AnalysisComputers in Management

Semester - I

Mr. Nishant Kumar Rai


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09/20/09

Course Instructor Profile


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Agenda

Course Instructor Profile

Syllabus review

Informal Discussion General Opinion of Students about Course

Intro to IT Industry and career prospects


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4

Which of the following have you done?Used Computer At HomeUsed Computer At officeUsed e-mail Browsed the Web/Internet Bought a product on the Web (what?)

A Quick Survey


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Define Personal Computer as peryour Understanding?


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Course

Total Sessions : 6 Course Commencement :15th Sep 2009

All African Union Countries

Text & References: Self Study Material

Fundamentals of IT, Satish Jain, BPB Publication

Fundamentals of Information Technology, D S Yadav, New AgePublication

Computer Fundamentals, VRaja Raman

References:

Computer Today, S. K. Basandra, Galgotia Publication


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Syllabus Review

Module I: Computer Basics

Input unit, Output unit,

Control unit, ALU and Memory.


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Todays Agenda

Computer Basics &Input Output Units

A Simple Model of a Computer

Characteristic of a Computer

Problem Solving Using a Computer

Generations of Computer Systems

Description of Computer Input Units

Other Input Methods

Computer Output Units



A computeris a machine that manipulates data

according to a set ofinstructions.

Computer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine



Evolving more rapidly thanIndustrial Age

Will continue into the currentcentury

Greater impact will be feltamong network communities

Information Age

Forging a Computer-Based Society:

From physical to mental

From muscle-power to brain-power



What is a computer?

A computer is a special type of

electronic calculating device with

internal storage (RAM- hardware)

capabilities that performs

mathematical and logicaloperations (ALU) on the data

through its Central Processing

Unit-CPU, (hardware) based on

the set of program instructions orlanguage (software) and

produces result in the form of

meaningful and useful output.



Computer

A machine that can beprogrammed to accept data(input), process it into usefulinformation (output), and store it

away (in secondary storagedevice) for safekeeping or laterreuse

Process is directed by thesoftware but is performed by the

hardware.



Block Diagram of PersonalComputer Function



CAPABILITIES OF

COMPUTER1. High-speed processing - the computer can process

data faster than any other machine with its speed

of 1/1M of a sec

2. Repetitiveness - a computer can perform the same

operation millions of times in exactly the same way.3. Accuracy - a computer's high-speed processing

gives 99.99% error free results.

4. Arithmetic and Logical Operations - the computer

can make decisions based on alternative course ofaction.

5. Store and Retrieve Information - computers can

store information in the memory and use them

when needed.


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A Computer Now

Where is it used? Bank withdrawal

Supermarket and department stores

Drive the car E-Commerce

Do you need a Personal Computer?

Many Filipinos have one at home Many more use at work

Will I use a computer in my future career?

Almost every job will involve use of a computer



Computer Literacy

Awareness Importance Versatility Pervasiveness in our society

Knowledge What are computers How do computers work Terminology

Interaction Use some simple computer applications



Where Computers Are Used

Education

Teaching and testingaid

Learning by doing

Computer-basedinstruction

E-Learning andDistance Learning



Computers in Retailing

Bar codes for pricing and

inventory

Recording and monitoringin Shipping



Computers in Energy

Locate oil, coal,natural gas, anduranium

Monitor thepower network

Meter reading orground works

monitoring



Computers for Law

Enforcement

National fingerprint files

National files on

criminal

Computer modeling ofDNA

Deoxyribonucleic

Acid



Computers in Transportation

Cars- automatic

Run rapid transit systems- LRT, MRT

Load containerships

Track railroad cars

Monitor airline traffic



Computers in Finance

Record keeping to monitor expense

Banking by phone or on-line request

Credit cards


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Computers in Agriculture

Crop growth

information

Mixed breeding ofplants

Feed combinations

Livestock breeding

and performance


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Computers in Government

Forecast weather

Manage parks

Process immigrants

Social Security benefits

Taxes

Municipal and City Government Services



Computers at Home Educational tool

Record keeping

Letter writing Budgeting

Drawing and editing

pictures Newsletters

Connecting with others

Digital Entertainment


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Computers in Health and

Medicine

Monitor patients

Electronic imaging

Diagnose illnesses

Assist the disabled


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Computers for Robotics Perform jobs that are dangerous for

humans

Factory work

Mimic how human works


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Where Computers Are UsedThe Sciences

Research

Simulation Connectivity

Communication

Telecommuting


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Where Computers Are Used

Training Airline pilots

Railroad engineers Paperwork Term paper

Record keeping


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Computer System Components

People

Software

Hardware

Dataware


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People

Computer programmer person who

writes programs

Users or End-users make use of

the computers capabilities


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Software

Programs- such as Windows

Operating System, MS-Office

Set of instructions that directs the

hardware to do a required task and

produce the desired results


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Hardware

Basic Components of aComputer


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Function of Computer System

Data handling

I Input

P Process

O Output

S Storage


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Input devices

Accept data or commands and convertthem to electronic form

Getting data into the computer Typing on a keyboard

Pointing with a mouse

Scanning with a wand reader or bar-codereader

Terminal


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Output devices

Monitor or screen

Text

Numbers Symbols

Art

Photographs

Video

Printer

Black and white

Color

Convert from electronic form to some otherform

May display the processed results

Usable information


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The Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Converts data to useful information

Interpret and execute instructions

Communicate with input, output and

storage


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Two Types of Storage

Secondary storage

long-term storage

Primary storage or memory

temporary storage


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Memory / Primary Storage

RAM - Temporary storage

Holds input to be processed

Holds results of processing

Contains the programs to control thecomputer and manipulate input into

output

Volatile


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Secondary Storage

Long-term storage

Non-volatile

For safekeeping and later re-use


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Secondary Storage Examples Magnetic disks read and written by magnetic

disk drive Hard disk Diskette

Optical disks read and written by optical diskdrives CD-ROM DVD-ROM

Magnetic tape read and written by magnetictape drives Primarily used for back-up


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Computer System

Computer

CPU

Memory

Peripheral equipment

Connected to the computer by a cable

Input, output, storage


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According to purpose

General purpose- a machine that

can be used to process many types

of applications. Ex microcomputers

Special purpose- a machine that

can be used for a specific application

or just ONE application. Ex: Weather

Forecasting and Airlines Reservation


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According to data handled

Analog computers- a computer that

manipulates continuous or approximate

types of data

Digital computers - a computer that

manipulates discrete types of data

Hybrid computers- a computer that can

manipulate both analog or digital types

of data


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According to size or capacity

Microcomputer smallest in size and thecheapest. It can handle thousands ofrecords.

Minicomputer the medium size computer,bigger and more expensive than themicrocomputer

Mainframe a large computer that can

handle millions of data, Support multipleuser, does server tasks

Supercomputer is a very largecomputer that manipulates billions of

data


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Classifications of Computers Use the computer that fits your needs

Based upon

Size

Speed

Cost

Portability

Number of simultaneous users supported

Available software

Typical use


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Personal Computers Other names

PC Microcomputer Home computer

Categories Low-end functional Fully powered Workstations

Net computer or net box (Web TV)

Desktop Models


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Notebook Computers

Portable Lightweight

Fits in a briefcase

Battery operated

Laptop Larger

Heavier

More expensive that

desktop models


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Handheld Computers

Personal Digital Assistant

(PDA) Scheduling

Addresses Handwritten input May offer wireless e-mail and fax

Pocket More power than PDA Runs basic productivity software


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The Computer Age Rapid changes

Four generations over 50 years

Trends across generations

Decrease size

Increase speed


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The First Generation

1951-1958

Vacuum Tube Heat

Burnout Machine language

Magnetic core

memory

Storage

Punched cards Tape (1957)

Characteristics of 1st Generation ComputersComputers big and clumsy Electricity consumption is high Electric failure occurred regularly - computers notvery reliable Large air conditioners was necessary because thecomputers generated heat

Batch processing


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The First Generation 1951, UNIVAC

Eckert and Mauchly completed the first commercial computer in the

USA the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

First computer built for business

Short Code - A set of instructions called Short Code is developed

for the UNIVAC. Programmers



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1951, SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment was developed.

IBM built the SAGE computers and became leaders in real-timeapplications and used the technology of Whirlwind.

SAGE computers were used in an early U.S. air defense system. They

were fully deployed in 1963, that consisted of 27 centers throughout

North America, each with a duplexed AN/FSQ-7 computer system

containing over 50,000 vacuum tubes, weighing 250 tons andoccupying an acre of floor space.

SAGE was the first large computer network to provide man-machine

interaction in real time.



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1952, EDVAC-

Electronic Discreet

Variable Computer

John Von Neumann,

designed with a central

control unit which wouldcalculate and output all

mathematical and logical

problems and a memory

which could be written to

and read. (RAM inmodern terms) which

would store programs

and data.



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1953, IBM 701

The 701 was formally announced

on May 21, 1952. It was the unit of

the overall 701 Data Processing

System in which actual

calculations were performed. That

activity involved 274 assembliesexecuting all the system's

computing and control functions

by means of electronic pulses

emitted at speeds ranging up to

one million a second.

1953, The Whirlwind Whirlwind was a large scale,

general purpose digital computerbegun at the ServomechanismsLaboratory of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology in 1946.


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The Second Generation


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Computers became smaller Generate less heat

Electricity consumption lower

More reliable and faster

Core memory developed

Magnetic tapes and disks used

First operating systems developed

A new processing method was needed.

Time-sharing (processing technique)



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1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8 Digital introduces the first successful

minicomputer the PDP-8. It was aboutas large as a fridge and used transistorsand magnetic core memory.

1964 Real-time reservation systemIBM developed a real-timecomputerised ticket reservation systemfor American Airways. It was smaller than SAGE and was

called SABRE (Semi-AutomaticBusiness-Related Environment).



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1964, IBMs System 360 It consisted of 6processors and 40peripheral units.More than 100computers per

month were ordered. 1964, BASIC

(programminglanguage) A programming language

was necessary that could

be used in a time-sharingenvironment and thatcould serve as a traininglanguage.

The Third Generation


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1965-1970

Integrated Circuit Electronic circuit on

small silicon chip Reliability Compactness Low cost

Inexpensive mass-produced

1. Computers smaller,faster and more

reliable2. Power consumptionlower

3. High-levellanguages appeared



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1965, Gordon Moore The semi-conductor pioneer, Gordon Moore (founderof Intel), predicted that the number of transistors that

occurred on a microchip would double every year. It

became known as Moores Law and is still valid

today.

Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of

two computers - the B2500 and the B3500.

Control Data and NCR made two computersusing only integrated circuits - the CDC 7600

and the Century series respectively.


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The Third Generation 1968, Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics).

They developed more sophisticated memory chips.

1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a

microchip.

The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first 1Kb

RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the disappearance ofMagnetic Core Memory that was used since the mid

1950's.

1969, IBM System/370 replaced their System/360

with the System/370 that only used integrated

circuits.

The Fourth Generation


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1971-Present Microprocessor

General-purposeprocessor on a chip

Explosive growth Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers Cars Copy machines Television sets

Integrated circuits,smaller and faster

Micro computer seriessuch as IBM and APPLEdeveloped

Portable computersdeveloped

Great development indata communication

Different types ofsecondary memorywith high storagecapacity and fastaccess developed



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The Fourth Generation 1971, Microprocessor

Intel developed thefirst microprocessor - aCPU on a microchip. It was called the 4004

and consisted of 2-250transistors capable of

processing 4 bits at arate of 60,000 transac-tions/second.

1971, Pascal(programming language)

Early programming languages Niklaus Wirth - a Swedish

computer scientist -developed the Pascallanguage in 1971. Thislanguage was specificallydesigned to teach theconcepts of structuredprogramming. Pascalremains the most popularlanguage for learning the

basic principles of goodprogramming.

1972, 8008

Intel released the 8008 -an 8 bit processorpowerful enough to be

used as the CPU of a



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The Fourth Generation 1972, CP/M (Operating

system) The first operating

system formicrocomputers wasdeveloped by GaryKildall and JohnTorode.

Torode developedhardware to connect adiskette (floppy disk) tothe CPU.

1974

8080 Microprocessor, wasreleased - it made thedevelopment of themicrocomputer possible.

MARK-8 Johnathan Titus (a chemist withan interest inelectronics) ordered an8008 processor fromIntel.

He built a computerwith six(6) circuitboards which had 256bytes RAM.

Motorolas 6800

processor developed aprocessor

the 6800. which couldperform all the functions of

the 8080.

Th F th G ti


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1975 - January Altair 8800- Popular

Mechanics published anarticle which announced thedevelopment of a true

personal computer

Developed by MITS (MicroInstrumentation andTelemetry Systems). It usedthe 8-bit Intel 8080microprocessor and wasmade available in acomplete kit, including allcomponents and assemblyinstructions.

256 bytes of RAM wasavailable. 16 slots were leftopen to include more RAMwhen necessary.

pp e- eve ozn a anSteve Jobs founded theApple Company . They built a micro-

computer motherboardthat used a 8-bitprocessor.

The motherboard was asingle circuit board andheld 4 Kb RAM.

1976, MOS 6502 processor MOS technologies

announced the

develop-ment of the6502 processor, an 8-bitprocessor with very fewregisters and 16-bitaddress bus.

It was used in thedesign of the Apple II

Th F h G i


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1977. Apple II Wozniakand Jobs released the

Apple II. It was cheap,

had 16 Kb RAM and was

ideal for playing videogames.

It was sold with a

keyboard, a power supply

and included 8 slots for

peripherals. It couldtherefore be used with a

wider variety of

peripherals and

programs.

1978 Intels 8086processor that con-tained 16-bitregisters and used

segmented memoryaddressing. All x86 processors

had to be compatiblewith the set of

instructions, firstused in thisprocessor.

1979, Motorolas 68000processor which was

used in the Apple Lisa

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First spreadsheet : VisiCalcDan Bricklin and

Bob Frankston of theSoftware Arts Companydeveloped the firstspreadsheet program foruse on microcomputers,namely VisiCalc. It wasdistributed by PersonalSoftware for use on allApple computers.Wordprocessor

WordStar

The word processingprogram WordStar wasdeveloped by SeymourRubenstein's firmMicroPro and became thebest seller in the CP/Moperating environment.

1981, IBM PCIBMannounced it's firstPersonal Computer- the IBM PC - an

Intel 8088processor

1982, Intels 286processor. Intel

announced the80286microprocessor. This was used in the

IBM PC AT (Advanced

Technology).

4th Generation


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4th Generation

1983, Apples Lisa Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to

move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands. TheLisa was the first commercial computer to use a Graphical UserInterface (GUI)

1983, IBM announced the PC XT(eXtendedTechnology).Memory was expanded to 640 Kb and it featured: 4,77 MHz processor speed Double floppy disks MS DOS version 3.3 Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives available.

1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system) Microsoft released Windows 3.0.

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The Fifth Generation

Mid 1990s

Intelligent

computers

Artificial

intelligenc

e

Expert

systems

Natural

language

Applications for 5Applications for 5thth GenGencomputerscomputers

Intelligent robots that could seetheir environment (visual input -e.g. a video camera) and could beprogrammed to carry out certaintasks and should be able to decidefor itself how the task should beaccomplished, based on theobservations it made of its

environment. Intelligent systems that could control

the route of a missile and defence-systems that could fend off attacks.

Word processors that could be

controlled by means of speech

5th Generation


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5th Generation

Some technological developments that could makethe development of fifth-generation computerspossible, include:

Parallel-processing - many processors are grouped to

function as one large group processor. Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductor through

which electricity can travel without any resistance resulting infaster transfer of information between the components of acomputer.

Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis by

following the logical steps of problem solving just as if thedoctor would have done it himself.

Speech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictationand entering the text into a word processor, are alreadyavailable.



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The Fifth GenerationAI Artificial Intelligence

How computers can be used for tasks

that required human characteristics


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Problem Solving by Search

An important aspect of intelligence is goal-basedproblem solving. The solutionof many problems (e.g. noughts and crosses, timetabling, chess) can bedescribed by finding a sequence of actions that lead to a desirable goal. Eachaction changes the state and the aim is to find the sequence of actions andstates that lead from the initial (start) state to a final (goal) state.

A well-defined problem can be described by: Initial state Operator or successor function - for any state x returns s(x), the set

of states reachable from x with one action State space - all states reachable from initial by any sequence of

actions Path - sequence through state space

Path cost - function that assigns a cost to a path. Cost of a path is thesum of costs of individual actions along the path Goal test - test to determine if at goal state

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The Fifth GenerationExpert Systems

Software used with an

extensive set of organized

data that presents thecomputer as an expert on

a particular topic


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The Fifth GenerationRobotics

Computer-controlleddevice that can

physically manipulate

its surroundings

THOR on display and demonstration circa 1981

Robot development firm

Speecys Corp. of Tokyo

developed a small

humanoid robot, poweredentirely by easy-to-replace,

environmentally friendly

fuel-cell batteries.



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The Fifth GenerationVR Virtual Reality

Engage a user in acomputer-created

environment

User physically

interacts with

computer-created

environment


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Thank You

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Computers in Management Session One

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