Computer system

SYSTEM

A system is a set of elements and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM

Most systems share common characteristics, including:

Systems have structure, defined by components and their composition;

Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material, energy, information, or data;

Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships to each other.

Systems may have some functions or groups of functions

SYSTEM CONCEPTS Environment and boundaries :-

Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. We scope a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which

entities are inside the system and which are outside - part of the environment. We then make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may

define the structure and/or the behavior of the system.

Natural and man-made systems :

There are natural and man-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their outputs can be interpreted as purposes. Man-made systems are made with purposes that are achieved by the delivery of outputs. Their parts must be related; they must be “designed to work as a

coherent entity” - else they would be two or more distinct systems.

Theoretical Framework An open system exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings. Most systems are open systems; like a car, coffeemaker, or computer. A

closed system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like Earth or the project Biosphere2 or 3. An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy

with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the Universe.

Process and transformation process A system can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a process or collection of processes that transforms

inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. E.g., an output of a passenger ship is the movement

of people from departure to destination.

Subsystem A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system.

System Model A system comprises multiple views. For the man-made systems it may be such views as planning, requirement (analysis), design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A system model is required to describe and represent all these multiple views.

System Architecture A system architecture, using one single integrated model for the description of multiple views such as planning, requirement (analysis), design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views, is a kind of system model.

Computer System

Computer System & Subsystems

INFORMATION SYSTEM An information system (IS) is any combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support operations, management In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

The main components of information systems are

• Computer hardware • Software

• Databases • Telecommunications systems

•  Human resources •  Procedures

CATEGORIES OF IS

Management Information System (MIS).

Decision Support System (DSS).

Executive Information System (EIS).

Transaction Processing System (TPS).

Outline • Definitions

• Types of Information Systems

• Information Systems Vs Information Technology

• Expanding Roles of IS

• Classification of IS

• Enterprise Resource Planning

• Information Systems Development

• IS as Discipline

• Information systems: Opportunities and Challenges

• Conclusion

INFORMATION SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of

that organization.

Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its

development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Some examples of such systems are: • data warehouses

• enterprise resource planning • enterprise systems

• expert systems • geographic information system

• global information system • office automation

INFORMATION SYSTEMS HAVE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT AREAS OF

WORK

• Information systems strategy • Information systems management • Information systems development

• Information systems security • Information systems iteration

• Information system organization

INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

System development is done in stages which include: • Problem recognition and specification

• Information gathering • Requirements specification for the new system

• System design • System construction

• System implementation • Review and maintenance

Definitions Data:-

Raw facts such as an employee’s name and number of hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers or sales orders.

Information:-

A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.

Data Information

$35,000 12 Units $12,000 J. Jones Western Region $100,000 100 Units

35 Units

Data Processing

Salesperson: J. Jones Sales Territory: Western Region Current Sales: 147 Units = $147,000

Information Systems

An information system(IS) is typically considered to be a set of interrelated elements or components that collect(input), manipulate(processes), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.

Definitions

An Information System is an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks and the data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates information in a organization.

Computer-based Information System

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Hardware

Software

Databases

Networks

Other related components

are used to build INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Payroll System

Inventory System

Marketing System

Customer Service System

IS Vs IT

Classification of IS Information Systems

Operations Support System Management Support

System

Transaction processing systems

Process control systems

Office automation systems

Management information systems

Decision support systems

Executive information systems

1. Operations support systems process data generated by business operations

Major categories are:

i) Transaction processing systems

ii) Process control systems

iii) Office automation systems

2. Management Support Systems provide information and support needed for effective decision making by managers

Major categories are

i)  Management Information System

iii)  Decision Support Systems

iv)  Executive Information System

1.  Operations Support System

i) Transaction processing systems

•  Process business exchanges •  Maintain records about the exchanges •  Handle routine, yet critical, tasks •  Perform simple calculations ii) Process control systems monitor and control industrial processes. iii) Office automation systems automate office procedures and enhance office

communications and productivity.

2. Management support systems provide information and support needed for effective decision making by managers

Major categories are:

i)  Management information systems

v  Routine information for routine decisions v  Operational efficiency v  Use transaction data as main input v  Databases integrate MIS in different functional areas

ii) Decision Support System

•  Interactive support for non-routine decisions or problems

•  End-users are more involved in creating a DSS than an MIS

iii) Executive information systems

provide critical information tailored to the information needs of executives

Other categories

a)   Expert systems

b)  End user computing systems

c)  Business information systems

d) Strategic information systems

a) Expert Systems are knowledge-based systems that provides expert advice and act as expert consultants to the users

b) End user computing systems support the direct, hands on use of computers by end users for operational and managerial applications

c) Business information systems support the operational and managerial applications of the basic business functions of a firm

d) Strategic information systems provide a firm which strategic products, services, and capabilities for competitive advantage

Information Systems Development

IS as Discipline

IS is an interdisciplinary field influenced by Computer Science, Political Science, Psychology, Operations Research, Linguistics, Sociology, and Organizational Theory.

Challenges

1.  Workforce downsizing

2.  Information overload

3.  Employee mistrust

4.  Difficult to built

5.  Security breaches

Opportunities

1.  Enhanced global competitiveness 2.  Capture market opportunities 3.  Support corporate strategy 4.  Enhance worker productivity 5.  Improve quality of goods and services

Conclusion

Information Systems are indispensable to the business, industry, academia and any organization to meet the future challenges

Asif Jamal Lecturer National University Of Modern Languages & Senior H R Manager Indus Valley Development Society