Computer Organization and Design Pointers, Arrays and Strings in C Montek Singh Sep 18, 2015 Lab 5 supplement.

Computer Organization and Design

Pointers, Arrays and Strings in C

Montek Singh

Sep 18, 2015

Lab 5 supplement

C vs. Java For our purposes C is almost identical to Java

except:C has “functions”, JAVA has “methods”

function == method without “class” i.e., a global method

C has “pointers” explicitly Java has them (called “references”) but hides them under

the covers JVM takes care of handling pointers, so the programmer

doesn’t have to

C++ is sort of in-between C and Java

In this class, we will see how pointers/references are implemented in C

What is a “pointer” in C? A pointer is an explicit

memory address Example

int ii is an integer variable in

memory located at, say, address 1056

int *pp is a variable that “points to”

an integerp is located at, say, address

2004p = &i

the value in p is now equal tothe address of variable i

i.e., the value stored in Mem[2004] is 1056 (the location of i)

1056

i

p

Memory

address

1056

1060

1064

1068

20002004

Referencing and Dereferencing Referencing an object means

… taking its address and assigning it to a pointer variable (e.g., p = &i)

Dereferencing a pointer means… going to the memory address

pointed to by the pointer, and accessing the value there (e.g., *p)

Exampleint i; // i is an int variableint *p; // p is a pointer to intp = &i; // referencing i

// p is assigned 1056*p = 5; // dereference p

// i assigned 5

5

1056

i

p

Memory

address

1056

1060

1064

1068

20002004

Pointer expressions and arrays Dereferencing could be done to an expression

So, not just *p, but can also write *(p+400)accesses memory location that is 400th int after i

Arrays in C are really pointers underneath! int a[10]; // array of integersa itself simply refers to the address of the start of the

arraya is the same as &a[0] // address of a[0]a is a constant of type “int *”a[0] is the same as *aa[1] is the same as *(a+1)a[k] is the same as *(a+k)a[j] = a[k]; is the same as *(a+j) = *(a+k);

Pointer arithmetic and object size IMPORTANT: Pointer

expressions automatically account for the size of object pointed toExample 1

if p is of type “int *”and an int is 4 bytes long if p points to address 1056,(p+2) will point to address 1064

C compiler automatically does the multiply-by-4

BUT… in machine language, we will have to explicitly do the multiply-by-4

Example 2char *q; // char is 1 byteq++; // really does add 1

1056

i

p

Memory

address

1056

1060

1064

1068

200020041064

Pointer examplesint i; // simple integer variableint a[10]; // array of integersint *p; // pointer to integer

p = &i; // & means address ofp = a; // a means &a[0]p = &a[5]; // address of 6th element of a*p // value at location pointed by p*p = 1; // change value at that location*(p+1) = 1; // change value at next locationp[1] = 1; // exactly the same as abovep++; // step pointer to the next element

Pointer pitfallsint i; // simple integer variableint a[10];// array of integersint *p; // pointer to integer(s)

So what happens whenp = &i;What is value of p[0]? What is value of p[1]?

Very easy to exceed boundsC has no bounds checking!

Iterating through an array 2 ways to iterate through an array

using array indicesvoid clear1(int array[], int size) { for(int i=0; i<size; i++) array[i] = 0;}

using pointersvoid clear2(int *array, int size) { for(int *p = &array[0]; p < &array[size]; p++) *p = 0;}

or, also using pointers, but more concise (more cryptic!)

void clear3(int *array, int size) { int *arrayend = array + size; while(array < arrayend) *array++ = 0;}

Pointer summary In the “C” world and in the “machine” world:

a pointer is just the address of an object in memorysize of pointer itself is fixed regardless of size of

object to get to the next object:

in machine code: increment pointer by the object’s size in bytes

in C: increment pointer by 1 to get the ith object:

in machine code: add i*sizeof(object) to pointer in C: add i to pointer

Examples:int R[5]; // 20 bytes storageR[i] is same as *(R+i)int *p = &R[3] is same as p = (R+3)

(p points 12 bytes after start of R)

Strings in C There is no string type in C 😞 What?!

Only low-level support for strings as character arrayschar s[] // array of characterschar *s // pointer to the beginning of a string

But a rich library of string processing functions (string.h)reading: scanf(), fgets(), etc.printing: printf(), puts(), etc.processing: strcpy(), strlen(), strcat(), strcmp()

Strings in C: NULL termination All C functions assume string terminates with a

NULLNULL = ASCII 0 character

also written as ‘\0’

Example:“hello” is actually { ‘h’ ‘e’ ‘l’ ‘l’ ‘o’ ‘\0’ }uses 6 characters, not 5

so, for a string with N real characters, declare it as char S[N+1]

but C functions define its length as 5strlen(“hello”) returns 5

fputs(), printf(), etc. will print the string until they see a ‘\0’

Be mindful of the terminating character!

Declaring strings statically Statically (if size is known at compile time)

char S[6] = “hello”;char S[] = “hello”; // compiler puts in the sizechar string_array[5][10];

an array of 5 strings, each up to 9 characters long (plus NULL)

string_array[0] is the 0-th (very first) stringstring_array[4] is the 4th (last) stringstring_array[0][4] is the 4th character of the first stringetc.

Declaring strings dynamically Dynamically (if size is known only at run time)

1. declare a pointer char *s;

2. determine size (at run time), e.g., 99 real characters + NULL size is 100

3. allocate space in memory s = malloc(100); BUT remember: there is no bounds checking, so do not put a

string with more than 99 real characters in s…

Comparison to Java char *s = malloc(100); // in C char[] s = new char[100]; // in Java

When finished with string free(s); // free up the 100 bytes Java: no need to free; JVM does garbage collection

Declaring strings dynamically Examples

Declare an array of NUM strings, each at most LEN long (incl. the terminating NULL), where NUM and LEN are known at compile time

char string_array[NUM][LEN];

Declare an array of NUM strings, where only NUM is known at compile time

char *string_array[NUM]; string_array[0] = malloc(length of string 0…); string_array[1] = malloc(length of string 1…); etc.

Declare an array of strings, where we don’t know how many strings there will be, and how long each will be, at compile time

char **string_array; string_array = malloc(how many strings … * sizeof(char *)); string_array[0] = malloc(length of string 0…); string_array[1] = malloc(length of string 1…); etc.

An array of strings Declare an array of NUM strings, where only NUM is

known at compile time char *string_array[NUM]; string_array[0] = malloc(length of string 0…); string_array[1] = malloc(length of string 1…); etc.

For sorting: Swap strings by swapping pointers, not by copying contents! char *temp; // pointer to char

temp = string_array[i]; // swap pointers!

string_array[i] = string_array[j]; // no copying chars

string_array[j] = temp;

One more thing…

Passing pointers as arguments to functions

Passing arguments by reference Example 1:

reading values into variablesint x, y, z;scanf(“%d%d%d”, &x, &y, &z);

scanf() changes the values of x, y and z! How?we provide it the addresses where x, y and z are located

Example 2:a function to double the value given to it

void double_it(int x) { x = x*2;}

doesn’t work… because x is “passed by value”a copy of x is modified inside the function, not the original

Passing arguments by reference Example 2 take 2:

a function to double the value given to itvoid double_it(int *x) { *x = (*x) * 2;}int main() { int y = 10; double_it(&y); // y is now 20

}works! Because y is “passed by reference”

the address in memory where y is stored is sent to the function, which modifies it correctly at that location

Passing arguments: C vs. Java Which of these will work in Java? WHY?

1. Modify an integerdouble_it(int x) { x = x*2; }

2. Modify an objectdouble_it(Point p) { p.x = p.x*2; }

3. Swap two objectsswap(Point p1, Point p2) { Point temp = p1; p1 = p2; p2 = temp;}

Passing arguments: C vs. Java Java:

passes arguments by value for all the primitive data types int, double, float, etc.

double_it(int x) { x = x*2; } // won’t work

passes objects by referenceso member data of an object can be modified

double_it(Point p) { p.x = p.x*2; } // works!

BUT: references are passed by value to methods…so cannot swap two objects

swap(Point p1, Point p2) { Point temp = p1; p1 = p2; p2 = temp; // won’t work!}

Understanding C pointers will demystify everything!