Computer• Computer þçËyu Compute þçË W5hLke çkLku÷ Au. su yuf ÷urxLk
þçË Au.
• To Compute þçËLkku yÚko ÚkkÞ Au økýíkhe fhðe.
• ComputerLkku yÚko ÚkkÞ Au økýíkhe fhLkkh Þtºk yÚkðk {kLkð.
(History) RríknkMk• «k[eLkfk¤{kt {Lkw»Þ 5ÚÚkh yÚkðk yLÞ fkuE ðMíkw îkhk økýíkhe
fhíkku níkku. R.Mk. Ãkqðo 300{kt [eLk{kt yçkkfMk fheLku «Úk{ økýíkhefhðk çkLkkÔÞwt. su{kt økwýkfkh, ¼køkkfkh, Mkhðk¤k, çkkËçkkfe ÚkEþfíkk níkkt.
• íÞkhçkkË ½ýk ð»kkuo çkkË R.Mk. 1617{kt Mfkux÷uLzLkk økrýíkþkMºkeyuðk ßnkuLk LkuÃkÞeh îkhk çku ÃkèeLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe økwýkfkh,¼køkkfkh, Mkhðk¤k, çkkËçkkfe {kxu Þtºk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt. ykÞtºk{kt nkzfkLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku nkuðkLkk fkhýu íkuLku LkuÃÃkeh çkkuLkMkfnuðk{kt ykðu Au. yk LkuÃÃkeh çkkuLMk{kt 0 Úke 9 ytfkuLkku W5Þkuøkfhðk{kt ykÔÞku níkku.
• R.Mk. 1920{kt LkuÃÃkeh çkkuLMk ÃkhÚke «uhýk ÷E rð÷eÞ{ ykurzÙz îkhkM÷kEzY÷Lke h[Lkk fhðk{kt ykðe. suLkku WÃkÞkuøk Ãký Mkhðk¤k,çkkËçkkfe, økwýkfkh, ¼køkkfkh {kxu ÚkÞku níkku.
• R.Mk. 1642{kt £kLMkLkk ði¿kkrLkf ç÷uRÍ 5kMf÷ îkhk íkuLkk rÃkíkk fu suyuf xufMk ykurVMkh níkk íku{Lku økýíkhe fhðk{kt Ãkzíke íkf÷eV Ëqhfhðk yuf r{fuLkef Þtºk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt, suLku ÃkkMfk÷kELk Lkk{Lkeyku¤¾ðk{kt ykÔÞwt, su ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ r{furLkf÷ fuÕÞw÷uxh íkhefuyku¤¾kÞ Au.
• R.Mk. 1822{kt fuBçkeÍ ÞwrLkðrMkoxe{kt økrýíkþkMºke yuðk ÷tzLkLkkði¿kkrLkf [kÕMko çkuçkuÍ îkhk økýíkhe{kt Ãkzíke íkf÷eVku Ëqh fhðk {kxu1822{kt «Úk{ yuf rzVLMk yuLSLk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt.
• íÞkhçkkË R.Mk. 1833{kt yk yurLsLk{kt MkwÄkhk-ðÄkhk fheyuLkk÷exef (Analytic Enginee)Lke þkuÄ fhe. yk Analytic
Enginee{kt Input out, Process yLku Output yuðe ík{k{ «r¢ÞkçkkË Output {¤íkwt níkwt.
• yk{, Analytic Engine yu yksLkk s{kLkkLkk Computer suðe«r¢Þk WÃkh ykÄkrhík nkuÞ íku ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ r{fuLkef÷ fkuBÃÞwxhçkLÞwt, yk{, [kÕMko çkuçkusLku fkuBÃÞwxh søkíkLkk rÃkíkk íkhefuyku¤¾ðk{kt ykðu Au.
• Agusta Ada fu su [kÕMko çkuçkusLkk rðãkŠÚkLke níkk. íkuykuyu ykAnalytic Engine {kt Ãkt[fkzo{kt WÃkÞkuøk fhe yuf Program çkLkkÔÞku,yk{ Augusta Ada yu Computer søkík{kt «Úk{ Computer
Programmer çkLÞk níkk.• Agusta Ada yu çkkÞLkhe yktf (0,1) Lkk þkuÄf Ãký {LkkÞ Au.
French ði¿kkrLkf - Gottfried Leibniz
• n{oLk nkuçkkheLk :
yuf y{urhfLk ði¿kkrLkf îkhk R÷uõxÙku-r{fuLkef xuçÕÞwþuLk {þeLk{ktÃkt[fkzo{kt WÃkÞkuøk fhe Þw.yuMk.yu. Lke ykþhu 6 fhkuz sux÷e ðMíkeøkýíkhe fhðk{kt ykðe níke. yk ðMíkeøkýíkheLkk Data Lku Mktøkúnfhðk {kxu íÞkhçkkË yuf ftÃkLke çkLkkððk{kt ykðe níke. yk ftÃkLkeLkwtLkk{ International Business Machine hk¾ðk{kt ykÔÞwt. su IBM
Lkk xqtfk Lkk{u òýeíke çkLke.
fkuBÃÞwxhLke ÃkuZeyku(1) «Úk{ ÃkuZe : (First Generation) R.Mk. 1942-1955
- ðuõÞw{ xâwçkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞku. - ykþhu 20,000 sux÷k ðuõÞw{ xâwçkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞku.- yk {þeLk [k÷w fhðk 130 KW Lke ðes¤eLke sYh Ãkzíke níke. - ðsLk{kt ¼khu- ðÄw økh{e WíÃkÒk fhíkk níkk. Xtzk fhðk Cooling FanLke sYh Ãkzíke. - Input íkhefu Ãkt[fkzo- Output íkhefu Ãkt[fkzo - {þeLk ÷Uøðus yLku yuMkuBçk÷e ÷utøðusLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku. • þkuÄf : ßnkuLk {ku[÷e yLku ykufxo• Computer Lkwt Lkk{ :
1. ENIAC (Electronic Numerial Integrator and Computor)
2. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
(2) çkeS ÃkuZe : (Second Generation) : E.Mk. 1955-1964
- E.Mk. 1948{kt rðr÷Þ{ Mkkuf÷e îkhk xÙkLÍeMxh þkuÄ fhðk{kt ykðe. - suLkku WÃkÞkuøk çkeS ÃkuZeLkk fkuBÃÞwxh{kt ÚkÞku.• rðþu»kíkk : - fË{kt LkkLkk níkk. - Úkkuzk ÍzÃke, ®f{ík{kt ykuAk níkk. - ykuAe ðesþÂõíkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. - Mktøkúnf íkhefu {uøLkuxef zeMfLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku.- Fortrun, COBOL suðe ¼k»kkLkku WÃkÞkuøk [k÷w ÚkÞku níkku.
(3) ºkeS ÃkuZe : (Third Generation) : 1965-1974
- suf fuÕçke îkhk Integrated Circuit (IC) Lke þkuÄ ÚkE.- yk{ ºkeS ÃkuZeLkk Computers {kt IC Lkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku. IC {kt
rMkr÷fkuLkLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.• rðþu»kíkk :- ÍzÃke, ®f{ík{kt MkMíkk, ðsLk{kt n÷fk yLku ykuAe ðes¤eLkku
WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. - Time Sharing Operating SystemLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. yk{,
Operating System Lkku y{÷ yk ÃkuZeÚke þY ÚkÞku.- High Level Lke Language Lkku WÃkÞkuøk þY ÚkÞku.- Ex : IBM 160, IBM 370 ...
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(4) [kuÚke ÃkuZe : (Fourth Generation) 1975 - nk÷ MkwÄe- LSI (Large Scale Integration) yLku VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration) Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku. suLku Micro Processor
fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.• rðþu»kíkk :- ¾qçk s LkkLkk fË{kt, ÍzÃke, ¾qçk s ykuAe ðes ðÃkhkþ fhíkk níkk.- Multi Processing OS yLku GUI (Graphical User Interface) Lkku
WÃkÞkuøk þY ÚkÞku.- High Level Language suðe C, C++, Java Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku.- {kE¢ku fkuBÃÞwxh, ÷uÃkxkuÃk ðøkuhuLke þYykík ÚkE.
(5) Ãkkt[{e ÃkuZe (Fifth Generation) : ðíko{kLk Mk{Þ- ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) yLku AI (Artificial
Intelligence) Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au. - ¾qçk s ÍzÃke yLku çkwrØ (f]rºk{) Ähkðu Au. - W.Ëk. Sofiya suðk ykÄwrLkf hkuçkxo
fË ykÄkrhík fkuBÃÞwxhLkk «fkh1. MkwÃkh fkuBÃÞwxh - Super Computer
2. {uELk £uE{ fkuBÃÞwxh - Main Frame Computer
3. {eLke fkuBÃÞwxh - Mini Computer
4. {kE¢ku fkuBÃÞwxh - Micro Computer
5. fkuLx{ fkuBÃÞwxh - Quantom Computer
1. Super Computer :
- ¾qçk s ÍzÃke yLku Complex økýíkhe fhðk Super Computer
ðÃkhkÞ Au.- fË yLku ®f{ík{kt ðÄw nkuÞ Au. - E.Mk.1991{kt C-DAC îkhk «Úk{ MkwÃkh fkuBÃÞwxh Ãkh{ - 8000
çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt. - íÞkhçkkË BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center) îkhk yLkwÃk{
çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt.- ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ Super Computer ¢u - IS Au. suLkwt rLk{koý
E.Mk.1976{kt Þw.yuMk.yu.{kt ÚkÞwt níkwt.
(2) Main Frame
- Railway Reservation, Income Tax Department {kt ykðk {kuxkfËLkk Computers Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.
(3) Mini Computer
- {kuxe ftÃkLkeyku{kt ÍzÃke Server íkhefu WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.
(4) Micro Computer
- nk÷Lkk Mk{Þ{kt ½h{kt ðÃkhkíkk PC, Laptop, PDA, Smart Phone
ðøkuhu Micro Computer Au.- {kE¢ku fkuBÃÞwxhLke ÍzÃk MIPS (Million of Instruction Per
Second) {kt {ÃkkÞ Au.
Type of Computer
1. Analog Computer :
- yktfzk, ftÃkLk ðøkuhuLku ykÄkhu fk{ fhíkk Computer Lku Analog
Computer fnu Au.
- W.Ëk. rMkM{kuøkúkV, MÃkezku{exh
2. Digital Computer :
- yk Computer çkkÞLkhe ytf WÃkh s fk{ fhu Au.
- W.Ëk. nk÷{kt ðÃkhkíkk PC, Laptop
3. Hybrid Computer :
- yk Computer {kt Analog yLku Digital çktLkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.
- W.Ëk. ECG {þeLk, rzrsx÷ ðsLk fktxk, Digital Speedometer]
fkuBÃÞwxhLke ÷kûkrýfíkkyku1. fkuBÃÞwxh {wÏÞíðu Lke[u {wsçk ÷kûkrýfíkk Ähkðu Au su Mkk{kLÞ heíku
{Lkw»Þ Ähkðíkku LkÚke.1) ÍzÃk2) [kufMkkE3) MktøkúnþÂõík4) yufMkqºkíkk5) rðrðÄíkk
• {ÞkoËkyku :- ÷køkýeþe÷ LkÚke.- rð[khe þfíkwt LkÚke.- ¾kuxku Data Center fhðkLke ¾kuxwt O/P {¤u Au.- Data : {kuxk ¼køku rçkLkWÃkÞkuøke yktfzk, MktÏÞkykuLku Data fnu Au.- 50,100
- Information : Data WÃkh Process çkkË {¤íke Result LkuInformation fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
- 50 Mark, 100 Boys
Computer Architecture :
- E.Mk.1946{kt ðkuLk LÞw{uLk îkhk fkuBÃÞwxh ykŠfxufLke þkuÄ fhðk{ktykðe.
• CPU
1. ALU - Arithmetic & Logical Unit - økkrýíkef fkÞo fhðk2. CU - Control Unit - Computer Lkk ¼køkkuLkwt rLkÞ{Lk fhðk3. Register - CPU Lke Memory Au.
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• Memory :
- {wÏÞ çku «fkh 1. «kÚkr{f (Primary)
2. rîíkeÞ (økkiý) (Secondary)
(1) «kÚkr{f {u{he (Primary Memory)
- MkkiÚke yøkíÞLke {u{he Au. su{kt RAM yLku ROM Lkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au.
1. RAM : Random Access Memory Lkk çku «fkh Au. 1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
- RAM yu yMÚkkÞe {u{he Au.
2. ROM : Read Only Memory
- yk Memory MÚkkÞe Memory Au. su {wÏÞíðu ºký «fkhLke Au.1. PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
2. EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
3. EEPROM - Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
• Cache Memory : {wÏÞ {u{he yLku CPU ðå[u Data Lke ykÃk-÷uyk Memory îkhk ÚkkÞ Au.
(3) Secondary Memory (økkiý Mktøkún þÂõík)- Mkki «Úk{ Secondary Memory íkhefu Magnetic Tape Lkku WÃkÞkuøk
Úkíkku níkku. W.Ëk. swLkk Mk{ÞLke Audio Cassette
(1) Magnetic Disk :
- Hard Disk - 10 MB to 65 TB
- Floppy Disk - 1.44 MB Memory
- Portable Hard Disk
(2) Optical Disk - CD, DVD, Blue Ray
- CD - Compact Disk - 650 MB MkwÄeLke Mktøkún þÂõík- DVD - Digital Versatile Disc - 4.5 GB MkwÄeLke Memory
- CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW ðøkuhu{kt ykÞoLkykuõMkkEzLkwt Ãkz [zkðe Data Burn fhðkLke «r¢Þk îkhk CD-Write
fhðk{kt ykðu Au. - Blue Ray Disk - 25 GB to 50 GB MkwÄeLke Memory
- Holographic Data Storage - Max. 4TB MkwÄeLke MktøkúnþÂõík- CD>DVD>Blue Ray>Holographic Storage
(3) Flash Memory :
- Pendrive, Micro SD ðøkuhu{kt fkzo{kt ðÃkhkíke Memory Lku Flash
Memory fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
Input Devices
1. Keyboard :
- Mkk{kLÞ heíku 104 Key nkuÞ Au. 1. Alphabetic Key (A,B, .... Z)
2. Number Key (0, 1,.... 9)
3. Symbol Key (#, *, %, +, - , /)
4. Special Key (Esc, Enter, Tab, Ctrl, Alt, Shift)
5. Function Key (F1,F2, F3, .... F12)
- Tab - 5 MÃkuMk çkkh Akuzðk- Esc - fkuE Process çktÄ fhðk- Delete - fMkohLke s{ýe çkkswLkk yktfzk ¼qtMkðk- Backspace - fMkohLke zkçke çkkswLkk yktfzk ¼qtMkðk
2. Mouse :
- Pointing Device Au.- fMkohLke yuf søÞkÚke çkeS søÞkyu ÷E sðk.- Double click - File fu FolderLku çku ð¾ík õ÷ef fhíkk File/Folder
Open ÚkkÞ Au.- Triple Clicky File/Folder/Rename ÚkkÞ Au.- Drag yLku Drop - File fu Folder Lku yuf søÞkyuÚke çkeS søÞkyu
÷E sðkLke r¢ÞkLku Drag yLku Drop fnu Au.- Control Panel îkhk Mouse Lkwt Setting çkË÷e þfkÞ Au.- Optical Mouse MkkiÚke Mkkhk Mouse Au.
3. Scanner :
- Photograph Lku Digital Form {kt Vuhððk
4. JoyStick :
- Gaming {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au.
5. Light Pen :
- Digital Sign fhðk.
6. OCR :
- Optical Character Recognition
7. OMR :
- Optical Mark Recognition
8. MICR :
- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
9. Web Cam :
- Video Chat fhðk ðÃkhkÞ Au.
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Output Devices
1. Printer :
- Printer {wÏÞ çku «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au. 1. Impact Printer
2. Non - Impact Printer
1. Impact Printer {kt Printing Ëhr{ÞkLk ðÄw yðks ÚkkÞ Au. - Dotmatric Printer : yk Pointer {kt Dots Lkk MðYÃk{kt Printing
ÚkkÞ Au. Speed Lku DPI (Dots Per Inch) {kt {ÃkkÞ Au. - Daisy Wheel Printer ¾qçk s Äe{wt «eLxh Au. - Line Printer : Drum ÃkhÚke Alphabets Print fhðk{kt ykðu Au.
2. Non-Impact Printer :
- Ink - Jet Printer :
yk Printer {kt fkŠxÍ yLku Colour Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.- Laser - Jet Printer :
- ÷uMkh xufLkku÷kìS, xkuLkh yLku ÃkkðzhLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au. - Speed : 50 - 500 PPM
- MkkiÚke ðÄw ÞkuøÞ Printer Au.
3. Monitor :
- çkeswt Lkk{ VDU Au. Visual Display Unit
(1) CRT - Cathod Ray Tube
(2) LCD - Liquied Crystal Display
(3) LED - Light Emitting Diode
4. Plotter : Lkfþk yLku {kuxk økúkVLke «eLx fkZðk WÃkÞkuøke Au.5. Projector : Computer Screen Lku {kuxk ÃkËzk WÃkh òuðk.
• Memory Management :
- 1 Bit = 0 or 1 Bit = Binary Digit
8 Bit = 1 Byte 4 Bit = 1 Nibble
8 Bit = 2 Nibble = 1 Byte
- 1024 Byte = 1 Kilo Byte = 210 Byte
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte = 220 Byte
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte = 230 Byte
1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte = 240 Byte
1024 TB = 1 Pera Byte = 250 Byte
• Number System :
1. Binary : 0 yLku 12. Decimal - 0, 1, .... 9
3. Octacal - 0,1, .... 7
4. Hexadecimal - 0,1, .... 9, A,B,C,D,E,F
fkuBÃÞwxhLkk {wÏÞ ½xf
(1) Hardware :
- fkuBÃÞwxhLkk yuðk ík{k{ ¼kiríkf ¼køk suLku MÃkþeo þfkÞ íkuLku
Hardware fnu Au.
- WËk. KBD, HDD, Monitor, Printer ðøkuhu ðøkuhu
(2) Software :
- Computer Lku ykÃku÷e Mkq[LkkLkk Mk{qnLku Software fnu Au.
- Software {wÏÞ ºký «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au.
1) System Software
2) Application Software
3) Utility Software
(1) System Software :
- Computer User yLku Hardware [÷kðk {kxu su Software ðÃkhkÞ
Au íkuLku System Software fnu Au.
(2) Application Software :
- User îkhk [ku¬Mk fkÞkuo fhðk Computer {kt Install fhðk{kt ykðíke
Software Lku Application Software fnu Au.
- Ex. MS-Office
(3) Utility Software :
- Computer Lkk Maintance {kxu ðÃkhkíkk Software fnu Au. - WËk. WinZip, Disk Clean up, Antivirus Software
Computer Languages
- Computer MkkÚku fk{ fhðk ðÃkhkíke ¼k»kkLku Computer LkeLanguage fnu Au.
• {wÏÞ çku «fkh : - High Level Language
- Low Level Language
(1) Low Level Language :
- User {kxu þe¾ðe yLku Use fhðe ½ýe y½he ¼k»kk nkuÞ Au.- Computer Lke ¼k»kkyu Machine Language Au. su 0 yLku 1 {wsçk
Au. su «Úk{ ÃkuZeLkk Computer {kt ðÃkhkíke níke.- íÞkhçkkË Assembly ¼k»kkLkku WÃkÞkuøk þY ÚkÞku. su{kt Assember Lkku
WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku.- yk{, Machine Language yLku Assembly Language «Úk{
ÃkuZeLkk Computer {kxu ðÃkhkíke níke.
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(2) High Level Language :
- yk ¼k»kk{kt Compiler yLku Interpreter îkhk ykÃku÷k code LkuMachine language {kt Vuhððk{kt ykðu Au.
- Compiler - yk¾k Program Lku yufeMkkÚku {þeLk ÷uøðus{kt fLðxo fhu.yLku Interpreter yk¾k ProgramLke yuf-yuf ÷kELkLku çkË÷u Au.
- WËk. Fortran, COBOL, Basic, Logo, Algol, C, C++, Java ðøkuhu
• Firmware :
- Hardware yLku Software Lkk r{©ýLku Firmware fnu Au.- WËk. BIOS
• Operating System (O.S.)
- yuf System Software Au su Hardware yLku User ðå[u Bridge LkwtfkÞo fhu Au.
• O.S. Lkk «fkh :1. Single User Single Task - DOS
2. Single User Multi Task - XP, Windows 7
3. Multi User Multi Task - Servers
• Driver :
- fkuBÃÞwxh{kt Install fhðk{kt ykðu÷k Hardware and Software ðå[uBridge Lkwt fk{ fhu Au.
• Windows :
- fkuBÃÞwxh [k÷w fÞko çkkË Ëu¾kíke Screen Lku Windows fnu Au.
• Desktop yu {wÏÞ ºký ¼køk{kt ðnU[kÞu÷wt nkuÞ Au.(1)Wallpaper
(2) Icon
(3) Taskbar
1. Wallpaper :
- Desktop {kt ykðu÷k Background Lku Wallpaper fnu Au.
2. Icon :
- File fu Folder Lkk r[ºkkí{f hsqykíkLku Icon fnu Au.
3. Taskbar :
- Desktop Lkk MkkiÚke Lke[uLkk Bar Lku Taskbar fnu Au su ºký ¼køk{ktðnU[kÞu÷k Au.(1) Start
(2) Quick Launch Bar
(3) Notification Bar
• Folder :
- By default Name - By Folder
- htøk - Ãke¤ku,- çkeswt Lkk{ - Directory
- {wÏÞ Folder - Parent Folder
- ytËhLkk Folder - Sub Folder fnu Au.
• Recycle Bin :
- Ëqh fhu÷e rçkLksYhe File/Folder Recycle Bin {kt ykðu Au.- Default Size : 10%
- File Lku nt{uþk {kxu Ëqh fhðk Empty Recycle fhíkk File nt{uþk {kxuËqh ÚkkÞ Au.
- Restore ykÃkíkk File ÃkkuíkkLkk Folder {kt {q¤ MÚkkLku ykðe òÞ Au.
• Notepad :
- Notepad yu Utility Program Au. suLkku WÃkÞkuøk LkkLkk Program
÷¾ðk ÚkkÞ Au.- Extension : .txt
- HTML Lkk Tag ðk¤e ¼k»kk ÷¾ðk WÃkÞkuøke Au.
• Switch User :
- [k÷w fk{ Ëhr{ÞkLk yuf Account {ktÚke çkeò Account{kt sðk{kxuLkwt Option Au.
• Turn Off :
- Computer Lku çktÄ fhðk {kxuLkw Option Au.
• Restart :
- Computer Lku çktÄ fhe Vhe [k÷w fhðk Restart Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.
• Computer {kt {wÏÞ çku «fkhLkk Account nkuÞ Au.(1) Administrator : Full Access Ähkðu Au.(2) Guest/Limited Account : Limited Access Ähkðu Au.
• Computer Network :
- ßÞkhu çku fu íkuÚke ðÄw Computer yÚkðk Device yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkEAu. íÞkhu íkuyku Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k Au íku{ fnuðkÞ.
• ¼kiøkkur÷f rðMíkhý «{kýu Network {wÏÞíðu ºký «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au. (1) LAN
(2) MAN
(3) WAN
1. LAN : Local Area Network
- yuf Y{, rçkÕzªøk fu {fkLk Ãkqhíkwt fhðk{kt ykðu Au.- 100 Meter MkwÄeLke Range nkuÞ Au.- Mkk{kLÞ heíku ðÄw «{ký{kt WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðkÞ Au.
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2. MAN : Metropolitan Area Network
- yuf þnuhe rðMíkkh{kt Vu÷kÞu÷k Network Lku MAN fnu Au.- yk Network ykþhu 50 KM {kt Vu÷kÞu÷ nkuÞ Au.
3. WAN : Wide Area Network
- ¾qçk s rðþk¤ rðMíkkh{kt Vu÷kÞu÷ nkuÞ Au.- WËk. GSWAN, Internet Network
• Protocol :
- Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k Hardware yLku Software su [ku¬Mk rLkÞ{ku{wsçk ¢{çkØ Data Lkwt Transfer fhu Au íku rLkÞ{kuLku Protocol fnuðk{ktykðu Au.
- {wÏÞ 5 «fkhLkk Protocol nkuÞ Au.(1) HTTP
(2) TCP
(3) IP
(4) FTP
(5) POP
• Node :
- Lkuxðfo{kt òuzkÞu÷k Ëhuf Computer Lku Node fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
• ISOC : Internet Society
• Server :
- sÞkhu Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k Device îkhk Request fhðk{kt ykðuíÞkhu Request Lkku Reply fhíkk, Computer Lku Server fnu Au.
• Client :
- Internet Network MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k Computer User Lku Client
fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
• Computer Topology :
- Computer Network {kt Ëhuf Network Device su ¼kiríkf òuzkýMkth[LkkÚke yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au íkuLku Network LkeTopology fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
1. Bus Topology :
- yk Topology {kt çktLku Auzu çktÄ yuðk yuf s fuçk÷{kt çkÄk Device
òuzkÞu÷kt nkuÞ Au.- yk Topology ¾qçk s ykuAk ¾[o{kt íkiÞkh ÚkkÞ Au.- yk Topology {kt Cable çktÄ ÚkE síkkt yk¾wt Network çktÄ ÚkE òÞ Au.
2. Ring Topology :
- yk Topology {kt çktÄ hªøk «fkhLkwt Network nkuÞ Au.- yk Topology {kt yuf Node çktÍ ÚkE síkkt yk¾wt Network çktÄ ÚkE
òÞ Au.- yk Network {kt ÍzÃk ¾qçk ykuAe nkuÞ Au.
3. Star Topology :
- yk Topology {kt yuf {æÞMÚk Device îkhk ík{k{ Node yufçkeòMkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au.
- yk Network {kt yuf Device çktÄ Úkíkk Network çktÄ Úkíkwt LkÚke.Ãkhtíkw òu {æÞMÚk Device çktÄ ÚkkÞ íkku yk¾wt Network çktÄ ÚkE òÞ Au.
4. Nesh Topology :
- yk Topology {kt çkÄk Node yuf çkeò MkkÚku Point - To - Point ÚkeòuzkÞu÷kt nkuÞ Au.
- yuf Node çktÄ ÚkkÞ íkku Ãký çkeò {køko îkhk Data Lkwt ðnLk ÚkE þfu Au.- ðÄw Cabeling fhðwt Ãkzíkwt nkuE ¾[o ðÄw ÚkkÞ Au.
5. Tree Topology :
- yk Topology {kt Ëhuf Node Tree Lke þk¾k heíku Network {ktòuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au.
- þk¾kLkwt {wÏÞ rzðkEMk çktÄ ÚkkÞ íkku Lke[uLkk Node çktÄ ÚkE òÞ Au.
• Network Device :
- Lkuxðfo{kt Node Lku yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzðk {kxu y÷øk-y÷økHardware Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au. su Lke[u {wsçk Au.
- Switch/HUB : {æÞMÚk Device íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au.- Router : çknkhLkkt Network Lkk Device íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au.- Modem : Modulator - Demodulator íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au.- RJ-45 : Network Connector Au.- NIC Card : Network Interface Card íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au. - Cabel : {wÏÞ ºký «fkhLkk fuçk÷ ðÃkhkÞ Au.
(1) Twisted Pair Cabel
(2) Co-axial Cable
(3) Fiber Optical Cable : yk fuçk÷{kt data Lkwt ðnLk «fkþLkk{kæÞ{Úke ÚkkÞ Au. ¾qçk s ÍzÃke {kæÞ{ Au.
- Modem : ModemLkku WÃkÞkuøk Analog Signal Lku Digital Signal LkuAnalog {kt Convert fhðk ðÃkhkÞ Au.
Internet :
- Internet Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ Interconnected Network Au.- ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ Internet Network yu ARPANET níkwt. su
E.Mk.1961 {kt U.S.A. Lkk Defence rð¼køk îkhk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwtníkwt.
- Internet {kt Data Lkwt ðnLk fhðk {wÏÞíðu su Protocol ðÃkhkÞ Au íkuLke[u {wsçk Au.(1)TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
(2)IP - Internet Address Protocol
(3)FTP - File Transfer Protocol
(4)HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
7
• IP Address :
- Internet Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k ík{k{ Node Lku yuf yòuz Address
ykÃkðk{kt ykðu÷ nkuÞ Au. yk Address Lku Internet Address
fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.- IP Address {wÏÞ çku Version {kt nkuÞ Au.
(1)IPV4 - 32 Bit
(2)IPV6 - 128 Bit
- IPV4{kt fw÷ 4 yçks IP Address Mk{kðe þfkÞ Au.- IP Address {wÏÞ [kh ¼køk{kt ðnU[kÞu÷wt nkuÞ Au. su 0-255Lke
Range {kt s nkuÞ Au.- WËk. 192.168.1.1.
8 Bit
• WWW - World Wide Web - W3
- ËwrLkÞk¼h{kt ykðu÷k fkuBÃÞwxh{kt hnu÷e {krníke yufçkeò MkkÚkuykÃk-÷u fhðk {kxu ÷tzLkLkk fkuBÃÞwxh ði¿kkrLkf yuðk Mkh xe{oçkLkoMk÷e îkhk yuf rðï ÔÞkÃke fkuBÃÞwxh LkuxðfoLkwt ò¤wt çkLkkððk{ktykðu yuðe þkuÄ fhðk{kt ykðe.
- yk þkuÄLku World Wide Web yuðwt Lkk{ ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞwt. ykWWW {kt òuzkÞu÷k Device {kt hnu÷e {krníke yufçkeò MkkÚkuHyperlink îkhk òuzkÞu÷ nkuÞ Au.
- yk WWW {kt Documents Lku Hyperlink Úke yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzðk{kxu ºký ytøkku sYhe Au.(1)HTML
(2)HTTP
(3)Web Browser
- suLke h[Lkk xe{ çkLkoMk ÷e îkhk fhðk{kt ykðe níke.- HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language - yk ¼k»kkLkku WÃkÞkuøk
Document, Files ðøkuhuLku Hyperlink Úke òuze Web Page çkLkkððkÚkkÞ Au.
- HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
yk Protocol îkhk Websites Lke {krníke Send yLku Receive fheþfkÞ Au.
- Web Browser : ðuçk çkúkWÍh yuðwt Software Au suLkk {kæÞ{ÚkeRLxhLkuxLke ËwrLkÞkLke ík{k{ Hyperlink Document Access fheþfkÞ Au.
- Mkki «Úk{ Web Browser Mosaic níkwt.- nk÷{kt «[r÷ík ðuçk çkúkWÍh{kt Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Safari ðøkuhu Au.- Web Browser Lku Refresh fhðk F5 Key Press ÚkkÞ Au. - ðuçk çkúkWÍh{kt òuÞu÷e ík{k{ ðuçkMkkExLku History {kt òuE þfkÞ Au.- Web Page : File fu su Audio, Video, Document fu Text MðYÃk{kt
nkuÞ íkuLku Hyper Media MðYÃk{kt çkLkkððk{kt ykðu Au. yk ËhufDocument Lku Web Page fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
- ykðkt ½ýktçkÄk Web Pages Lku Link îkhk yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzeWebsites çkLkkððk{kt ykðu Au.
- Website Lkk «Úk{ ÃkusLku Home Page fnu Au.- yuf Website WÃkhÚke çkeS Website WÃkh sðkLke r¢ÞkLku Surfing fnu Au.- su ®÷f îkhk Webpage yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au íkuLku
Hyperlink fnu Au.- Search Engine yuf ðuçkMkkEx Au. WWW.google.com
• zku{uELk (Domain) Name :
- Domain Lkk Lkk{ ÃkhÚke fkuE Website Lkku «fkh, ¼kiøkkur÷f Area
ðøkuhu òýe þfkÞ Au.
- Domain Name ÃkhÚke ðuçkMkkExLkku «fkh Au.(1).com - Commercial - ðuÃkkhe MktMÚkk - google.com
(2).net - Network Service - vsnl.net
(3).edu - þiûkrýf MktMÚkk - www.university.edu
(4).org - rçkLk ðuÃkkhe MktMÚkk - www.un.org
(5).gov - Mkhfkhe MktMÚkk - www.gswan.gov
- Domain Name ÃkhÚke ¼kiøkkur÷f rðMíkkh(1).in - India
(2).uk - United Kingdom
(3).us - United State
(4).au - Australia
• E-Mail :
- Ãkqhwt Lkk{ : Electronic Mail
- økwshkíke Lkk{ : rðòýwt xÃkk÷
- yuf user çkeò user Lku Digital {kæÞ{ îkhk xÃkk÷ {kuf÷ðkLker¢ÞkLku E-mail fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
- E-Mail {kuf÷ðk e-mail address Lke sYh Ãkzu Au. e-mail Lke MkuðkÃkqhe Ãkkzíke ftÃkLkeLku e-mail service provider fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
- Lkðku User {kxu Sign up fhðwt Ãkzu [email protected]
User Name Host Name Domain Name
- E-mail id yu “@” yLku “.” îkhk Aqxk Ãkkzðk{kt ykðu Au.- E-Mail Protocol
(1)POP3 - Post Office Protocol
(2)SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- Compose : Lkðku e-mail {kuf÷ðk {kxuLkwt option
- Inbox : Lkðku email yk Folder {kt ykðu Au.- Sent Item : User îkhk {kuf÷u÷ mail yk folder {kt nkuÞ Au.- Spam/Junk Box : rçkLksYhe/ðkÞhMkðk¤k Mail yk Folder {kt
ykðu Au.
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- Trash Mail : Delete fhu÷k mail yk folder {kt nkuÞ Au.- Draft : Lkk {kuf÷u÷k mail yk folder {kt nkuÞ Au.- CC : Carbon Copy
- BCC : Blind Carbon Copy
- To : {kuf÷ðk {kxu Address Bar
- Reply : E-Mail Lkku sðkçk ykÃkðk- Reply All : E-Mail {kuf÷Lkkh ík{k{Lku yufe MkkÚku sðkçk ykÃkðk- Forward : ykðu÷k Mail Lku çkeò fkuELku Forward fhðk- E-Commerce : fkuBÃÞwxhLkk {kæÞ{Úke Úkíkk ðuÃkkhLku E-Commerce
fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.- M-Commerce : Mobile Lkk {kæÞ{Úke Úkíkk ðuÃkkhLku M-Commerce
fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.
• E-Commerce yLku M-Commerce {wÏÞ Lke[u «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au.1. G 2 G : Government to Govt.
State and Center Govt ðå[uLkku ðuÃkkh/Transtition
2. G 2 B : Government to Business
E-Tender
3. G 2 C : Government to Customenr/Citizen
GSWAN, OJAS
4. B 2 B : Business to Business
Indiamart
5. B 2 C : Business to Customer
Amazon, Flipkart
6. C 2 C : Customer to Customer
Olx.com, Ebay.com
Computer
• VIRUS :
- Vital Information Resource Under Seige.
- Virus yuf «fkhLkku Software yÚkðk Program nkuÞ Au.- Virus Lkk {wÏÞ «fkh Lke[u {wsçk Au :
(1)Malware
(2)Torjan Horse
(3)Adware
(4)Worms
(5)Ransom Ware
(6)Spyware
- ¼khíkLkk «Úk{ VIRUS Lkwt Lkk{ rMkçkúuLk níkwt. su{kt “Happy
Birthday Joshi”yuðku Message níkku.- Computer Lku Virus Lke çk[ðk Lkkt¾ðk{kt ykðíkk Software Lku Anti
Virus Software fnu Au.- WËk. AVG, Norton, Quick Heal ðøkuhu.
• Microsoft Word :
- MS - Word yu yuf Word Processor Software Au. su{kt y÷øky÷øk ËMíkkðus çkLkkððk{kt ykðu Au.
- MS - Word [k÷w fhðk Start - Run - Winword ÷¾e [k÷w fhe
þfkÞ Au.
• Facts :
- Default Font Name + Size : Calibri, Size - 11 (2007)
Time New Roman, 12 (2003)
(Min - 8, Max-72)
- Default File Name : Document 1
- File Extention : .doc/docx
- Default Alignment : Left Justified
- Max File Size : 32 MB
- Max File Size For Open : 502 MB
- Default Page Size : Letter
- Book Binding {kxu Akuzðk{kt ykðu÷e søÞkLku “Gutter”fnuðk{kt
ykðu Au.
- Table {kt Default Row = 2, Coloum = 5 (ðÄw{kt ðÄw = 63)
1. Menu Bar :
• File Menu :
- New : Lkðe File Open fhðk
- Open : sqLke File Open fhðk
- Save : File Lku Save fhðk
- Save As : File Lku çkeò Lkk{u Save fhðk
- Page Setup : Page Lkwt Landscape fu Portrait View òuðk
- Print Preview : Print Lkku View òuðk
- Print : Print ykÃkðk
- Close/Exit : File Lku çktÄ fhðk
• Edit Menu :
- Cut : Select Word Lku fx fhðk : Ctrl + X
- Copy : Select Word Lku Copy fhðk : Ctrl + C
- Paste : Select Word Lku Paste fhðk : Ctrl + V
- Clipboard : Copy fhu÷k þçËku Clipboard {kt Mktøkún ÚkkÞ Au.
- Find : fkuE þçË þkuÄðk : Ctrl + F
- Go to : MkeÄk fkuE þçË yÚkðk Ãkus Lktçkh WÃkh sðk : Ctrl + G
- Replace : fkuE þçËLke MÚkkLku Lkðku þçË W{uhðk : Ctrl + H
- Select All : yk¾k Document Lku Select fhðk : Ctrl + A
9
• View Menu :
- Normal : doc Lku Mkk{kLÞ view {kt òuðk- Web Layout : ðuçkMkkExLkk view {kt òuðk- Print Layout : Print Out Lkk Layout {kt òuðk- Ruler : Page {kt Ruler Add fhðk- Zoom : doc Lku LkkLke-{kuxe fhe òuðk, Min=10%, Max = 500%
- Full Screen : F11 îkhk Screen Lku Full fhe þfkÞ Au.
• Insert Menu :
- Break : Page Lku Break fhðk- Page Number :
- Table : xuçk÷ Add fhðk- Clip Art : Clip Art Add fhðk- Hyperlink : Ctrl + K - Hyperlink ykÃkðk- Header : Header yLku Footer Add fhðk- Footer : Header yLku Footer Add fhðk
• Page Layout Menu :
- Margin : Margin Set fhðk- Orientation : Layout [uLs fhðk- Page Colour : Page Lkku Colour çkË÷ðk- Page Border : Page {kt Border Add fhðk- Paragraph Indent : Paragraph {kt Indent Add fhðk
• Format Menu :
- Font : Font dialogue Open fhðk - Spacing : Spacing ðÄkhðk- Bullet : Bullet Point Add fhðk- Drop Case : «Úk{ yûkh {kuxku fhðk- Water Mark : Water Mark Add fhðk
• Tool Menu :
- Spelling & Grammer : Doc {kt Spelling (F7) ¼q÷ [uf fhðk- Word Count : Word, Line ðøkuhu økýðk {kxu- Mail Merge : ½ýk çkÄkLku yufe MkkÚku Ãkºk {kuf÷ðk- Thesaurus : Mk{kLkkÚkeo þçËku þkuÄðk : Shift + F7
- Macro : {u¢ku hLk fhðk : Alt + F8
• Shortcut of MS : Word/Excel/Power Point :
- Ctrl + A : yk¾wt document select fhðk- Ctrl + B : Selected Word Lku Bold fhðk- Ctrl + C : Selected Word Lku Copy fhðk- Ctrl + D : Font Dialogue Box ¾ku÷ðk- Ctrl + E : Center Alignment fhðk
- Ctrl + F : Word Find fhðk- Ctrl + G : Go to Option Open fhðk- Ctrl + H : Replace Box ¾ku÷ðk- Ctrl + I : Italic Font fhðk- Ctrl + J : Justify Alignment fhðk- Ctrl + K : Hyperlink ykÃkðk- Ctrl + L : Left Alignment fhðk- Ctrl + M : Paragraph {kt Indent fhðk, «Úk{ ÷kELk- Ctrl + N : Lkðe File Open fhðk- Ctrl + O : sqLke File Open fhðk- Ctrl + P : Print ykÃkðk- Ctrl + Q : Paragraph Indent Ëqh fhðk- Ctrl + R : Right Alignment ykÃkðk- Ctrl + S : File Lku Save fhðk- Ctrl + T : Paragraph Úke «Úk{ ÷kELkLku Hanging fhðk- Ctrl + U : Selected Word Lke[u Underline fhðk- Ctrl + V : Paste fhðk- Ctrl + W : [k÷w File Lku çktÄ fhðk- Ctrl + X : Cut fhðk {kxu- Ctrl + Y : Action Lku Redo fhðk- Ctrl + Z : Action Lku Undo fhðk- Ctrl + ] : Font Size yuf LktçkhLke ðÄkhðk- Ctrl + [ : Font Size yuf LktçkhLke ½xkzðk- Ctrl + Shift + > = Font Size çku LktçkhLke ðÄkhðk- Ctrl + Shift + < = Font Size çku LktçkhLke ½xkzðk- Ctrl + Shift + + = Font Lku Super Script fhðk = H2O
- Ctrl + = = Font Lku Subscript fhðk = H2O
- Ctrl + Home = «Úk{ Paragraph Lke «Úk{ ÷kELk{kt sðk- Ctrl + End = AuÕ÷k Paragraph Lke AuÕ÷e ÷kELk{kt sðk- Alt + F4 = [k÷w Program Lku çktÄ fhðk- Alt + Tab = [k÷w Program ðå[u Switch fhðk- F7 = Spelling yLku økúk{h [uf Úkþu- F5 = Go to option ¾q÷þu- F8 = 2 ð¾ík «uMk fhíkk Word yLku 3 ð¾ík «uMk fhíkk Paragraph
Select Úkþu.- F12 = Save As Option ¾q÷þu.
• Microsoft Excel
- økkrýríkf fkÞo fhðk {kxu
• MS - Excel Facts :
- Default File Name : Book. xls
- Default Font Size and Name : Default Font Size, Callibri
- Extension : .xls/.xlsx
10
- Default Work Sheets : 3 Sheet
- Max Row : 10,48,576
- Max Column : 16,384
- Min Zoom : 10%
- Max Zoom : 400%
- su Cell {kt fMkoh nkuÞ íkuLku Active Cell fnu Au.- Default Cell Height = 15
- Default Cell Coloum = 8.3
• MS-Excel Data Analysis Function
- Data Sort
- Data Filter
- Chart
- Pivot Table
- MS-Excel {kt Chart W{uhðkLke Short Key F11 Au.
• Mkk{kLÞ heíku ðÃkhkíkk Function :
(1) = Sum (A1:A5) - Mkhðk¤ku fhðk
(2) = Average () - Average þkuÄðk
(3) = Min () - MkkiÚke LkkLke MktÏÞk þkuÄðk
(4) = Max () - MkkiÚke {kuxe MktÏÞk þkuÄðk
(5) = Count() - MktÏÞkLkku Lktçkh òýðk
(6) = today () - yksLke íkkhe¾ òýðk
(7) = now () - yksLke íkkhe¾ yLku Mk{Þ òýðk
• MS - Power Point :
- Default File Name : Presentation .Ppt
- Default Font Size : Heading - 44 (Calibri)
Content - 32 (Calibri)
- Extension - .ppt/.pptx
- Lkðe M÷kEz W{uhðk Ctrl + M ðÃkhkÞ Au.
- Duplicate Slide çkLkkððk Ctrl + D ðÃkhkÞ Au.
- yuf M÷kEz effect su çkÄe s slide {kt òuðk {¤u Au íku M÷kEzLku
Master Slide fnu Au.
- zkçke çkksw Ëu¾kíke Slide View Lku Slide Shorter View fnu Au.
- Presentation [k÷w fhðk {kxu F5 yLku çktÄ fhðk Esc Key Lkku
WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.
- Presentation {kt Slide çkLkkððk {kxu ykÃku÷e Lk{qLkk Slide Lku Slide
Template fnu Au.
- Ctrl + N fhðkÚke Lkðwt Presentation File ¾q÷þu.
• Shift + F3 Key Press fhðkLke Font Lkk Case çkË÷e þfkÞ Au.
1. Upper Case : çkÄk Fonts Capital ÚkkÞ Au.
2. Lower Case : çkÄk s Fonts Small Case {kt ykðu Au.
3. Sentence Case : ðkõÞLkku «Úk{ yûkh Capital {kt ykðu Au.
4. Title Case : Ëhuf þçËLkku «Úk{ yûkh Capital ÚkkÞ Au.
5. Toggle Case : Capital þçË Small yLku Small þçË Capital ÚkkÞ Au.
Full Form of Words
- HDMI : High Defination Multimedia Interface
- VPN : Virtual Private Network
- LED : Light Emnting Diode
- LCD : Liquid Crystal Display
- VGA : Video Graphics Array
- DPI : Dots Per Inch
- GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
- GPS : Global Positing System
- DTP : Desktop Publishing
- SMPS : Switch Mode Power Supply
- IC : Integrated Circuit
- BCR : Bar Code Reader
- OMR : Optical Characted Recognation
- MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognation
- LAN : Local Area Network
- WAN : Wide Area Network
- MAN : Metropolitan Area Network
- CC : Carbon Copy
- BCC : Blind Carbon Copy
- PPP : Point to Point Protocol
- SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- CPU : Center Process Unit
- MU : Memory Unit
- CU : Control Unit
- ALU : Arithmatic and Logical Unit
- CD : Compact Disk
- DVD : Digital Versatile Disk
- CD - ROM : Compact Disk-Read Only Memory
- KB : Kilo Bytes
- MB : Mega Bytes
- TB : Tera Bytes
- GB : Giga Bytes
- BIT : Binary Digit
- Modem : Modulator - Demodulator
- PDF : Portable Document Format
11
- WWW : World Wide Web
- TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
- IP : Internet Protocol
- FTP : File Transfer Protocol
- HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
- HTTPS : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
- HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language
- URL : Uniform Resource Locator
- URI : Uniform Resource Identifier
- UDP : User Datagram Protocol
- VOIP : Voice Over IP
- OSI : Open System Inter Connect
- ISO : International Standard Organization
- NIC : Network Interface Card
- UPS : Uninterputed Power Supply
- HDD : Hard Disk Drive
- FDD : Floppy Disk Drive
- LMB : Left Mouse Button
- RMB : Right Mouse Button
- CRT : Cathod Ray Tube
- USB : Universal Serial Bus
- CLI : Command Line Interface
- GUI : Graphical User Interface
- OS : Operating System
- MS : Microsoft
- KBPS : Kilo byte per Second
- VIRUS : Vital Information Resource Under Seize
- DBMS : Data base Management System
- ASCII : American Standard Code For Information Interchange
- BIOS : Basic Input Output System
- DOS : Disk Operating System
- RAM : Random Access Memory
- ROM : Read Only Memory
- SRAM : Static Random Access Memory
- DRAM : Dynamic Read Only Memory
- PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory
- EPROM : Erassable Programmable Read Only Memory
- EEPROM : Electrical Erassable Programmable Read Only
Memory
- EMail : Electronic Mail
- ENIAC : Electronic Numeric Integrator and
Computer/Calculator
- UNIVAC : Universal Automatic Computor
- FLOPS : Floting Point Operation Per Second
- MIPS : Millions of Instruction Per Second
- FORTran : Formula Translation
- COBOL : Common Business Oriented Language
- Basic : Beginner, All purpose symbolic Instruction code
- GIF : Graphical Interchange Format
- GIGO : Garbage In Garbage Out
- IT : Information Technology
- JPEG : Joint Photography Expert Group
- LSI : Large Scale Integration
- ULSI : Ultra Scale Integration
- MAC : Media Access Control Address
- MPEG : Multimedia Picture Expert Group
- PC : Personal Computer
- PDA : Personal Digital Assistant
- POST : Power On Self Test
- RTF : Rich Text Format
- SQL : Structure Query Language
- Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidility
- Li-Fi : Light Fidility
- WORM : Write Once Read Many Times
- XML : Xtensible Markup Language
- ZIP : Zone Information Protocol
- IBM : International Business Machine
- PIN : Personal Identificaion Number
- DFD : Data Flow Diagram
- AGOL : Algorithm Logic
- BPS : Bits Per Second
- ISP : Internet Service Provider
- CCC : Course of Computer Concept
- ISOC : Internet Society
- CDMA : Code Devision Multiple Access
- MIS : Management Information System
- SWAGAT : State Wide Attention on Grievances by
Application of Technology
- DSL : Digital Subscriber Line
- TAB : Tabular Key
- DNS : Domain Name System
- TOC : Table of Contents
- EDVAC : Electronic Discreate Variable Automatic Computer
- ATM : Automatic Teller Machine
- SATHI : System of Application of Technology for Human
Resource Improvement
- EDP : Electronic Data Processing
12
- PRAGATI : Pro-Active Governance And Timely
Implementation
- UMANG : Unified Mobile Application for New Edge
- TIBIL : Transitor Between Indian Language
- IME : Input Method Editor
- SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol
- FAT : File Allocation Table
Computer Software Extension
1. .doc/.docx - MS-Word File
2. .rtf - Report File
3. .txt - Notepad File
4. .ppt/.pptx - Power point presentation file
5. .mp3 - MP3 Audio File
6. .avi - Audio Video File
7. .MP4 - Mpeg - 4 Video File
8. .MPG - Mpeg Video File
9. .bmp - Bitmap Picture
10. .Gif - Graphical Interchange Format File
11. .pdf - PDF File
12. .xps - XPS Document
13. .xls/.xlsx - Spreadsheet File
14. .html - Website File
15. .bak - Backup File
Important Facts
- Computer Lku rnLËe{kt Mktøkýf fnu Au.- MkkiÚke ðÄw Computer Ähkðíkku Ëuþ U.S.A. Au.- ¼khíkLkwt Mkki«Úk{ fkuBÃÞwxh rMkØkÚko níkwt. su Electronic Corporation
of India îkhk rLkŠ{ík níkwt.- ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ MkwÃkh fkuBÃÞwxh PARAM-8000 níkwt. su C-DAC
(Center for Developing Advance Computing) îkhk rLkŠ{ík níkwt.suLkwt Head Quarter ÃkwLkk ({nkhk»xÙ){kt Au.
- «Úk{ fkuBÃÞwxh çkìtø÷kuhLke yuf Post Office {kt {qfðk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt.- ¼ksÃkk (BJP) îkhk Mkki «Úk{ Political Website 1996{kt
çkLkkððk{kt ykðe níke.- ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ rMkr÷fkuLk ðu÷e çkìtøk÷whw Au.- Internet WÃkh «Úk{ Newspaper “The Hindu” îkhk þY fÞwO níkwt.- Internet Lkku {kr÷f fkuE LkÚke.- ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ ISP yu VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd) níkwt.- rçkxfkuELk yu r¢ÃxkuøkúkrVf fhLMke Au suLkku Concept fkuE y¿kkík
ÔÞÂõík îkhk ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku níkku.
- Wi-Fi {kt Data Lkwt ðnLk Radio Wave {kt ÚkkÞ Au. - Li-Fi {kt Data Lkwt ðnLk «fkþLkk {kæÞ{Úke ÚkkÞ Au.- Mkki«Úk{ E-Mail Mkuðk Mkççkeh ¼krxÞk îkhk fhðk{kt ykðe níke suLkwt
Lkk{ Hotmail níkwt.MS-Office Open Office
Word Processing MS-Word Writer
Calculation MS-Excel Calc
Presentation MS-Power Point Impress
Database MS-Excess Base
• Function Key :
- F1 : Help Open fhðk- F2 : Rename fhðk (File fu FolderLku)- F3 : Search fhðk- F4 : AuÕ÷u fhu÷k Action Lku Repeat fhðk/Alt + F4 = Close fhðk- F5 : Page Refresh fhðk- F6 : URL Bar {kt sðk- F7 : Spelling and Grammar [uf fhðk- F8 : Reboot Option/Safe Mode {kt sðk- F10 : MS-Word Lke Short Cut Activate fhðk- F11 : Full Screen
- F12 : Save As fhðk
One Liner
1. Computer Lkk yøkíÞLkk ¢r{f Step fÞk Au ?- Input, Process, Output
2. CPU Lke yktíkrhf {u{he fE Au ?- Register
3. ASCII {kt fw÷ fux÷k Code ykðu÷k Au ?- 256
4. Computer {kt þçËLke ÷tçkkE þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- çkex5. {u{heLkku MkkiÚke {kuxku yuf{ ?- YB (yotha Bytes)
6. Computer {kt ¾k{e MkòoÞ íkku íkuLku þwt fnu Au ?- çkøk7. Computer [k÷w fhíkkt OS þu{kt Load ÚkkÞ Au ?- RAM
8. Start Menu Lku [k÷w fhðkLke Short Cut Key ?- Ctrl + Esc
9. fkuBÃÞwxhLku Restart fhðk {kxu fE feLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Ctrl + Alt + Del
10. fkuEÃký Program Lke MkkiÚke WÃkh fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Title Bar
11. xkEx÷ çkkhLke Lke[u fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Menu Bar
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12. Menu Bar Lke Lke[u fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Tool Bar
13. Computer {kt MkkiÚke Lke[u fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Task Bar
14. Computer Screen Ãkh [k÷w «r¢ÞkLkku Photo ÷uðk {kxu fE feLkkuWÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?
- Print Screen
15. {krníkeLkku Mktøkún fÞk yuf{{kt ÚkkÞ Au ?- File
16. Notepad {kt íkkhe¾ yLku Mk{Þ {kxu fE feLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- F5
17. Control Panel þwt Au ?- System Folder
18. Folder Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Directory
19. Screen Saver {kt {n¥k{ yLku ÷½w¥k{ Waiting Mk{Þ þwt Au ?- Min=1 Minute, Max = 9999 Minute
20. Auto Save {kt {n¥k{ fux÷ku Mk{Þ ykÃke þfkÞ Au ?- 120 Minutes
21. MS-Excel {kt Column Lke Height {n¥k{ fux÷e hk¾e þfkÞ Au ?- 409 cm
22. MS-Powerpoint Lke «Úk{ M÷kEzLku þwt fnu Au ?- xkEx÷ M÷kEz23. Modem Lke ÍzÃk þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- Kbps
24. ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ Ãkufux nMíkkhý Lkuxðfo fÞwt níkwt ?- ykE{ux25. SMS Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Short Message Service
26. Digilocker Lke Tag Line þwt Au ?- Your Document, Any Time, Anywhere
27. Antivirus yu fÞk «fkhLkwt slw Au ?- rMkõÞwrhxe Þwrx÷exe slw
28. Computer Virus yu þwt Au ?- yuf «fkhLkku Computer Program Au.29. CD {kt ÷¾ðkLke «r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Data Burn Process
30. Java ¼k»kkLke þkuÄ fE ftÃkLke îkhk fhðk{kt ykðe níke ?- Sun Microsystem
31. PDF File òuðk fÞk slw Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Acrobate Reader
32. Dos {kt File Lkwt Lkk{ {n¥k{ fux÷k yûkhLkwt hk¾e þfkÞ Au ?- 8 yûkhLkwt33. Internet WÃkh {¤íkk Free Software Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Freeware
34. Telnet Lku çkeò fÞk Lkk{u yku¤¾kÞ Au ?- he{kux ÷kuøkeLk
35. InternetLkk {kæÞ{Úke ¼ýkðkLke «r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- E-Learning
36. ¼khík îkhk çkLkkðu÷ «Úk{ Search Engine Lkwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Khoj
37. ykWxÃkwx fux÷k «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au ?- 2 «fkh38. «Úk{ Smart Phone Lkwt Lkk{ þwt níkwt ?- Simon
39. Internet Lke þkuÄ fÞk Ëuþ{kt ÚkE Au ?- U.S.A.
40. fkuEÃký Program Mkki«Úk{ fÞkt Load ÚkkÞ Au ?- Loader {kt41. Hard Disk Lke Speed þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- RPM (Rotation Per Minute)
42. Monitor Lkwt Resolution þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- Pixel
43. C - yu fÞk «fkhLke ¼k»kk Au ?- «kuMkeÍh÷ ¼k»kk44. Network {kt ykuAk{kt ykuAk fux÷k fkuBÃÞwxh nkuÞ Au ?- 2
45. yuf s Content ðk¤ku Ãkºk y÷øk-y÷øk MkhLkk{k ðk¤ku çkLkkððkfÞk Option Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?
- Mail Merge
46. Program {kt ¾qxíke {krníke fÞk Box îkhk {ktøkðk{kt ykðu Au ?- Dialogue Box
47. Fiber Optics Lke ÍzÃk fux÷e nkuÞ Au ?- 1000 MBPS
48. MS-Word {kt File {kt MkwÄkhk ðÄkhk fhðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Editing
49. MS-Word Program fux÷e heíku [k÷w fhe þfkÞ Au ?- 4
50. MS-Word fux÷e heíku çktÄ fhe þfkÞ Au ?- 3
51. Keyboard {kt yûkhkuLkku ¢{ zkçke çkkswÚke s{ýe çkksw fÞk ¢{{ktnkuÞ Au ?
- Qwerty
52. MS-Word/Excel ðøkuhu{kt fw÷ fux÷k «fkhLkk Graph W{uheþfkÞ Au ?
- 14 «fkhLkk Graph
53. r[ºkLku ¾U[eLku {kuxwt fhðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Stretch yLku Skew
54. Email yufe MkkÚku fux÷k ÷kufkuLku {kuf÷e þfkÞ Au ?- yMktÏÞ ÷kufkuLku55. Website òuðk fÞk Software Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Web Browser
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56. Computer yu fuðwt Þtºk Au ?- Electronic Þtºk Au.57. Computer fE ¼k»kk Mk{su Au ?- Machine Language
58. ENIAC Computer fE Lktçkh ÃkØrík WÃkh fkÞo fhíkwt níkwt ?- Decimal
59. fkuE ÃkusLku ykzwt fu Q¼wt fhðwt yuLku þwt fnuðkÞ ?- Page Orientation
60. E-Mail ID {kt User Name yLku Host Name þuLkk îkhk y÷øk Ãkzu Au ?
- “@” r[ö îkhk
yøkkWLke Ãkheûkk{kt ÃkqAkÞu÷k «&™ku1. Bit-Coin þwt Au ?- Digital Currency Au.2. Computer çktÄ fhíkk þu{ktÚke {krníkeLkku Lkkþ ÚkkÞ Au ?- RAM (Random Access Memory)
3. {kuçkkE÷ Lkuxðfo{kt ykðíkwt 2G, 3G, 4G Lkk Mkt˼o{kt G þwt Mkq[ðu ?- G = Generation
4. IT Lkwt Silicon-Velly fÞkt ykðu÷wt Au ?- MkkLk £kÂLMkMfku5. fkuBÃÞwxhLkk rLkÞtºký {kxu Windows {kt fE MkwrðÄk WÃkÞkuøke Au ?- Control Panel
6. Optical Fibre þuLkk {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- MktËuþk ÔÞðnkh {kxu7. Cut yLku Copy fhu÷e {krníke fk{[÷kW heíku fÞkt Store ÚkkÞ Au ?- Clipboard
8. Computer {kt fkuE þçËLke ÷tçkkE þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- çkex (Bit)
9. LCD Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Liquid Crystal Display
10. fuþ {u{he (Cache Memory) fÞkt fk{ fhu Au ?- RAM yLku CPU Lke ðå[u11. USB Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Universal Serial Bus
12. Computer {ktLke Lkfk{e VkE÷ku Ëqh fhðk fÞk ykuÃþLkLkku WÃkÞkuøkÚkkÞ Au ?
- Disk Cleanup
13. MS-Office Software {kt fÞk Softwares Lkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au ?- MS-Word + MS-Excel + MS-Power Point + MS-Access +
MS-Outlook
14. Mouse Lke Click çkË÷ðk fÞk Option {kt sðwt Ãkzu Au ?- Control Panel
15. Computer þY fhíkk Úkíke «r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Booting
16. 1 MB çkhkçkh fux÷k çkkEx ÚkkÞ Au ?- 10,48, 576 çkkEx17. MkkiÚke ÍzÃke Printer fÞwt nkuÞ Au ?- Laser Printer
18. yuf Úke ðÄw Processor Ähkðíkk PC Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Multiprocessor
19. fkuBÃÞwxh{kt Data fÞk MðYÃk{kt Store ÚkkÞ Au ?- çkkÞLkhe20. VkuLk ÷kELk{kt Digital Signal {kuf÷ðk fÞwt Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Modem
21. O.S. yu fÞk «fkhLkwt slw Au ?- System Software
22. Memory Lkku Wíkhíkku ¢{ fÞku Au ?- Register, Cache, Main Memory, Hard Disk
23. High Level ¼k»kkLkwt Lkk{ sýkðku.- Fortran, COBOL, JAVA, C, C++
24. Notepad Lkwt Extention þwt Au ?- .txt
25. Blue Ray Disk Lke Mktøkún þÂõík fux÷e nkuÞ Au ?- 25 GB - 50 GB MkwÄe26. IC çkLkkððk þwt ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Silicon
27. øku{ h{ðk fÞw Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Joy Stick
28. HDMI Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- High Defination Multimedia Interface
29. File Lku nt{uþk {kxu delete fhðkLke Short key fE Au ?- Shift + Del.
30. 1 Lkeçk÷ çkhkçkh fux÷k çkex Au ?- 4 Bits
31. Banking, Airline {kt fÞk «fkhLkk Computers ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Main Frame Computers
32. þwt Font Style LkÚke ?- Superscript/Subscript
33. MS-Word {kt VkELz f{kLzLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe þwt - þwt þkuÄe þfkÞ Au ?- Character/Symbol/Word
34. Lkk{ yLku MkhLkk{k ¼uøkk fhe Ãkºk {kuf÷ðkLkk Option Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Mail Merge
35. MS-Word yLku MS-Excel {kt Mail Merge Data Integration {ktMS-Word þwt çkLku Au ?
- Client
15
36. MS-Excel {kt Mouse fu Aero Key Lkku WÃkÞkuøk fÞko rMkðkÞ A1
Ãkh sðkLke þkuxo fe fE Au ?- Ctrl + Home
37. fE Keys Keyboard {kt MkkiÚke WÃkh ykðu Au ?- Function Keys
38. ALU Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Arithmetic and Logical Unit
39. Presentation {kt Ãknu÷uÚke s íkiÞkh Lk{qLkk VkE÷Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Templete Slides
40. WWW ÃkhÚke {krníke «ËŠþík fhðk Web Browser fE ¼k»kkLkwtyÚko½xLk fhu Au ?
- HTML
41. MS-Excel {kt Formula Ãknu÷k fE rLkþkLke Add fhðk{kt ykðu Au ?- “=”42. Capital yLku Small {kt yMíkÔÞMík ÷¾u÷k Words Lku fÞk Formula
îkhk Mkh¾kðe þfkÞ Au ?- = Proper ()
43. DRAM Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Dynamic Random Access Memory
44. fE MkŠfx Memory Device íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Flip Flop
45. Vlookup þuLkk {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Relered Record þkuÄðk {kxu46. GUI Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Graphical User Interface
47. Computer {kt fÞk «fkhLke Memory Võík ðkt[e þfkÞ Au ?- ROM
48. User Account Lkwt Lkk{ fÞktÚke çkË÷e þfkÞ Au ?- Control Panel
49. OS Lkk Lkk{ sýkðku.- Windows, IOS, Linux, Unix
50. yuf ðuçkMkkEx ÃkhÚke çkeS ðuçkMkkEx WÃkh sðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Mk‹Vøk51. MS-Word {kt Page Number fÞkt Add fhe þfkÞ Au ?- Header/Footer
52. MS-Excel {kt [kxo çkLkkððkLkwt {uLkw fÞwt Au ?- [kxo ðeÍkzo53. Desktop {kt ykðu÷k Shortcut Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Icon
54. MS-Word {kt Spelling Lke ¼q÷{kt fÞk htøkLke ÷exe ykðu Au ?- ÷k÷ htøkLke55. WAN Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Wide Area Network
56. fkuEÃký ðuçkMkkExLkk «Úk{ ÃkusLku þwt fnu Au ?- Home Page
57. MS-Word {kt F8 çku ð¾ík Ëçkkðíkk þwt Select Úkþu ?- þçË rMk÷uõx Úkþu.58. fE Programming ¼k»kkLku Convert fhðe Ãkzíke LkÚke ?- Machine Language
59. Computer Lkwt ÓËÞ fkuLku fnuðk{kt ykðu Au ?- Micro Processor
60. 1 MB çkhkçkh fux÷k KB ÚkkÞ ?- 1024 KB
61. SMPS Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Switch Mode Power Supply
62. GIF Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Graphical Interchange Format
63. Fastest Data Transmission fÞk Au ?- Kbps, Mbps, Gbps
64. Wi-Fi þuLkk WÃkh fk{ fhu Au ?- Radio Wave
65. Phone ÷kELk{kt fÞwt Network Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Modem
66. fE OS yu Multitasking LkÚke ?- MS DOS
67. MS-Word {kt Fonts Lku {kuxk fhðkLke Short Key fE Au ?- Ctrl + Shift + >
68. MS - Word {kt Default Font Size þwt Au ?- 11
69. CC yux÷u þwt ?- Carbon Copy
70. DTP yux÷u þwt ?- Desk Top Publishing
71. Key Board Lke Key Lke «Úk{ ÷kELkLkku ¢{ - QWERTY
72. Computer Lke Main Memory fE Au ?- Primary Memory
73. Mkki «Úk{ ðuçk çkúkWÍh fÞwt níkwt ?- {kuÍuEf çkúkWÍh74. 1024 Bits : fkuE Lkrn75. URL : Uniform Resource Locator
76. Famous Search Engine Lkk Lkk{ sýkðku.- Google, Yahoo, Ask.com
77. MS-Office {kt rðãkÚkeoykuLkk Lkk{ MkhLkk{k Store fhðk fÞwt slw
ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Access
16
78. OCR : Optical Character Recognation
79. Pdf : Portable Document Format
80. ISP : Internet Service Provider
81. MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Reader
82. LED : Light Emitting Diode
83. HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
84. yuf ðuçk Ãkus ÃkhÚke çkeò ðuçk Ãkus Ãkh sðkLke MkwrðÄk fkuý ykÃku Au ?- Hyperlink
85. Function Key Lke MktÏÞk : 12
86. Presentation [k÷w fhðkLke Short key : F5
87. IP : Internet Address Protocol
88. rçkLk sYhe Mail fÞk Folder {kt nkuÞ Au ?- Spam Folder
89. DNS : Domain Name System
90. Windows {kt Free Chat {kxu fÞwt slw ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Windows Messanger
91. Outlook Express fÞk «fkhLkwt slw Au ?- E-Mail Client
92. Computer Lkwt {øks - CPU
93. VkuxkuøkúkVLku Digital çkLkkðíkwt Device
- Scanner
94. E-Mail Lkwt økwshkíke Lkk{ þwt Au ?- rðòýwt xÃkk÷95. Pen Drive fÞk Port {kt ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- USB
96. Computer çktÄ fhðk fÞku Option ðÃkhkÞ Au ? - Turn Off
97. Folder Lku Default f÷h fÞku Au ? - Ãke¤ku htøk98. CD-ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Memory
99. E-Mail ID {kt @ çkkË fÞwt r[ö ykðu Au ? - “.”100. Microsoft Lkwt Default Web Browser
- IE
101. E-Mail Lke Mkuðk ykÃkíke ftÃkLke - E-Mail Service Provider Host Company
102. Macro Lke Short Cut Key
- Alt + F8
103. Monitor Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- VDU
104. {kuxe VkE÷Lku LkkLke çkLkkððk fÞwt slw ðÃkhkÞ - WinZip
105. Virtual Memory
- RAM Lke Memory (Hard Disk Memory)
106. Mouse Lkwt Mku®xøk çkË÷ðk
- Control Panel
107. [k÷w Screen çktÄ fhðk Short Key
- Ctrl + F4, Alt + F4
108. Notepad Lkwt Extension
- .txt
109. MS-Window Lke þYykík fÞkhu ÚkE níke ?
- 1985
110. [email protected]{kt abc þwt Au ?
- User Name
111. LAN
- Local Area Network
112. Mouse Lku çku ð¾ík õ÷ef fhðwt yux÷u ?
- Double Click
113. CD Lke Mktøkún ûk{íkk ?
- 650/700 MB
114. CD/DVD {kt Data fÞk MðYÃk{kt Store ÚkkÞ Au ?
- Digital
115. Slw Lke Lkðe ykð]r¥kLku þwt fnu Au ?
- yÃkøkúuz116. Folder Lkwt Lkk{ çkË÷ðk fÞwt Option ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykðu Au ?
- Rename
117. MS-Word {kt Page Lku Q¼wt çkíkkððk- Portrait
118. Delete fe Ëçkkðíkk fMkohLke fE çkkswLkku Word Delete Úkþu ?- s{ýe çkksw119. Thesauras Key Lke Short Key fE Au ?- Shift + F7
120. 1 yûkh : 8 Bit
121. PC {kt hnu÷e Temporary File Ëqh fhðk {kxu - Disk Cleanup
122. Folder Lkwt by default Lkk{ þwt nkuÞ Au ? - New Folder
123. MS-Word {kt Font yLku Size çkË÷ðk fÞk Menu Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Format Menu
124. E-Mail ID {kt Host Name ÃkAe fÞwt r[ö ykðu Au ?]- “.”125. MS-Excel {kt fÞk Option îkhk Row Lke {krníke Coloum yLku
Coloum Lke {krníke Row {kt ykðu Au ?- Transpose
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126. økxh {kSoLk yux÷u þwt ?- Binding {kxu Document {kt Akuzðk{kt ykðu÷e søÞk.127. Internet WÃkhÚke File PC {kt ÷uðkLke «r¢Þk - Downloading
128. MS-Presentation {kt Lkðe Slide W{uhðk- Ctrl + M
129. Excel {kt ðíko{kLk íkkhe¾ Lkkt¾ðk - = today()
130. VkE÷, Folder Lkk r[ºkkí{f YÃkLku þwt fnu Au ? - Icon
131. Presentation {kt çkÄe s M÷kEz yufe MkkÚku òuðkLkku çkkh - Slide Shorter View
132. Ctrl + W
- Word Lke VkE÷ çktÄ fhðk133. Error Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{ - Bug
134. fÞk Program îkhk VkE÷Lke Size ½xkze þfkÞ Au ?- WinZip
135. HTML þuLkk {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- ðuçkÃkusLkk Programming {kxu136. Login Name yLku Password Enter fhðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnuðkÞ Au ?- Authentication
137. Private Network Lku çknkhLkk Attack Úke çk[kððk- Firewall
138. OS fÞwt fk{ fhíkwt LkÚke ?- Virus Attack yxfkððkLkwt139. Internet
- Network of Networks
140. fE xkuÃkku÷kuS MkkiÚke rðïMkLkeÞ nkuÞ Au ?- {uÃk xkuÃkku÷kuS141. CD-ROM þwt Au ?- ykuÃxef÷ {u{he142. Printer Lke Quality þuLkk ÃkhÚke Lk¬e ÚkkÞ Au ?- DPI
143. fÞk rzðkEMk îkhk PC Lkuxðfo{kt òuzkÞ Au ?- NIC
144. Digital Signature yux÷u þwt ?- RrL¢Ãxuz {krníke145. Access {kt çkLkkðu÷e VkE÷Lkwt Extension
- .mdb
146. WçkLxw{kt [k÷w {kMk òuðkLkku f{kLz- $cal
147. ykuÃkLk ðuçk MkðohLkwt Lkk{- Apache
148. fÞwt Media Player LkÚke ?- Word Media Player
149. HTML yu þwt Au ?- M¢eÃxªøk ¼k»kk150. IPV4
- 32 Bit
151. MS-Paint Lkwt Extension
- .bmp
152. RAM yLku ROM fÞk «fkhLke Memory Au ? - «kÞ{he {u{he153. xÙuf yLku Mkuõxh þuLkk MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k þçËku Au ? - Hard Disk
154. CD Write fhðkLke Process
- Burn Process
155. VGA
- Visual Graphic Array/Adapter
156. Linux {kt MKdir
- Lkðe Directory çkLkkððk157. Animation {kxu fÞwt slw use ÚkkÞ Au ?- Maya
158. SQL
- Structure Query Language
159. MS-Excel {kt Default Sheet
- 3 Sheet
160. «Úk{ ÃkuZeLkk PC {kt þuLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku ?- ðuõÞw{ xâwçk161. çkuxhe Back up ykÃkðkLkwt fk{ fhíkwt Device
- UPS
162. Dot Matric Printer fÞk «fkhLkwt Printer Au ?- Impact Printer
163. MkkiÚke Ãknu÷wt Calculating Device
- yçkkõMk (Abacus)
164. Bit
- Binary Digit
165. VkuLk yLku Modem MkkÚkuLkk RLxhLkux òuzkýLku þwt fnu Au ? - Dial Up Internet
166. £e Software Foundation Lkk þkuÄf- rh[kzo Mxku÷{uLk167. Server WÃkh File {qfðkLke «r¢Þk- Uploading
168. Webpage Lku Refresh fhðkLke Key
- F5
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169. Computer Lke Speed þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ? - MIPS
170. JPEG
- Joint Photography Expert Group
171. CRT
- Cathod Ray Tube
172. «Úk{ Electronic Computer
- ENIAC
173. ÃkkMkðzo Mkk{kLÞ heíku fux÷k yûkhkuLkku nkuÞ Au ?- 6 yûkh174. Mktøkýf yux÷u þwt ?- Computer
175. .RPT Format
- heÃkkuxo File
176. Powerpoint {kt Date {kxuLke Key
- Alt + Shift + D
177. Remote Login Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{- Telnet
178. IP Address Lke Range
- 0-255
179. ISOC
- Internet Society
180. CDMA
- Code Division Multiple Access
181. Power Point Lke «Úk{ Slide
- xkEx÷ M÷kEz182. SLIP
- Serial Line Internet Protocol
183. PPP
- Power to Point Protocol
184. Network Lkk Ëhuf Device Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Node
185. ÃkkMf÷kELk þkuÄf- çkuEÍ ÃkkMf÷ (£ktMk)
186. Binary ytfLkk þkuÄf
- Augsta Ada
187. VDU
- Monitor
188. Laptop fÞk «fkhLkwt Computer Au ?
- Micro Computer
189. WWWW {kt AuÕ÷ku W
- Worm
190. IPV6
- 128 Bit
191. MS-Word Lkk Font Lke {n¥k{ Size
- 1638
192. MS-Word {kt Screen Split fhðk- View - Window - Split
193. MS-Word {kt çkeò Para Lke «Úk{ ÷kELk{kt sðk - Ctrl + Down Key
194. DHCP
- Dynamic Host Control Protocol
195. F8 Key 3 ð¾ík «uMk fhíkk- yk¾w ðkõÞ Select Úkþu.196. Drop-Cap Lke Default Line Cover fhu Au ?- 3 ÷kELk197. Control Panel {kt fÞku Option nkuíkku LkÚke ?- My Account
198. XML
- Xtensible Markup Language
199. Open Office {kt Word suðwt fkÞo fhíkwt slw
- Writter
200. Network {kt hnu÷k Device Lku ykÃkðk{kt ykðíkk Address Lku þwtfnu Au ?
- IP Address
201. .org, .gov ðøkuhu þwt Au ? - Domain
202. fkuBÃÞwxhLke {krníkeLku LkwõMkkLk ÃknkU[kzLkkh - Hacker
203. fkuBÃÞwxhLke fkÞ{e Memory
- HDD/FDD/ROM
204. IME
- Input Method Editor
205. MPEG4 Video Lkwt Extension
- .mp4
206. MS-Word {kt fux÷k Alignment nkuÞ Au ?- 4
207. CD/DVD {kt Data Lkwt MðYÃk- Digital
208. Formula Bar fÞk slw {kt nkuÞ Au ?- MS Excel
209. AuÕ÷u fhu÷ku VuhVkh Ëqh fhðkLkwt Option
- Undo
210. Recycle Bin {ktLke File Lku Permanent Delete fhðkLke Key
- Empty Recycle Bin
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211. .com
- ðuçkMkkEx fku{ŠþÞ÷ Au.212. MS-Powerpoint Lke File Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Presentation
213. fÞk Printer {kt Toner WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðkÞ Au ?- LaserJet
214. MS-Excel {kt ykðu÷e ykze/Q¼e ÷kELkLku þwt fnu Au ? - Grid Line
215. Hard Disk {kt hnu÷ku Data ÔÞðÂMÚkík økkuXððkLke r¢Þk - Defragment (rz£uø{uLx)216. Software
- yk¿kkykuLkku Mk{qn, OS, Computer Program
217. AuÕ÷u fhu÷ fkÞo heÃkex fhðkLke Key
- F4
218. Hyperlink Lkku f÷h- Blue
219. JPEG
- Joint Photography Expert Group
220. MS-Excel Lke Formula fux÷k yûkh ÷ktçke nkuE þfu Au ?- 255
221. MAC
- Media Access Control
222. fkuBÃÞwxhLke ¾krMkÞík- ÍzÃke, [kufMkkE, MktøkúnþÂõík223. PC {kt Audio Mkkt¼¤ðk fÞk Program Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ? - Window Media Player
224. Macro Lke ShortKey
- Alt + F8
225. DPI
- Dots Per Inch
226. BIOS
- Basic Input Output System
227. Taskbar Lke zkçke çkksw fÞwt çkxLk ykðu Au ?- Start Button
228. [k÷w VkE÷Lku çkeò Lkk{u Save fhðk fÞwt Option ðÃkhkÞ Au ? - Save As
229. fMkohLke Movement Control fhðk fÞwt Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ? - Track Ball (Mouse)
230. Internet WÃkh Computer îkhk fhðk{kt ykðíkku ðuÃkkh
- E - Commerce
231. Ctrl yLku Shift fuðe Key Au ?
- Modifier Key
232. MS-Word, Excel, Powerpoint {kt fÞku Option File Menu {kt
òuðk {¤íkku LkÚke ?
- Cancel
233. Full Screen Short Key
- F11
234. MS-Word {kt fE Facility {¤íke LkÚke ?
- Live Streaming
235. ðuçkMkkEx
- HTML Pages Lkwt Collection
236. World Lke «Úk{ ðuçkMkkEx fkuýu çkLkkðe níke ?
- xe{ çkLkoMk÷e
237. MS-Word {kt fÞk Bar {kt Command yLku Option ykðu÷k nkuÞ Au ?
- Menu Bar
238. MS-Word {kt fÞk Bar Lkku Mk{kðuþ Úkíkku LkÚke ?
- Task Bar
239. Ctrl + M
- «Úk{ ÷kELkLku Indent fhðk
240 FTP
- File Transfer Protocol
241. Hard Disk {kt hnu÷e {krníke fuðk «fkhLke nkuÞ Au ?
- MÚkkÞe (Non Volatile)
242. Software yÚkðk Program {kt Error [uf fhðkLke «r¢Þk
- Debugging
243. MS-Word {kt fÞw Option ykðíkwt/nkuíkwt LkÚke ?
- Center Indent
244. Refresh {kxuLke Short Key
- F5
245. {kWMkLke Key çkË÷ðk {kxu
- Control Panel
246. PC çktÄ fhíkk Save Data fÞk Store ÚkkÞ Au ?
- Hard Disk
247. PC ßÞkhu Hang ÚkkÞ íÞkhu PC çktÄ fhðk fE Key ðÃkhkÞ Au ?
- Ctrl + Alt + Delete
248. fkuBÃÞwxhLkk fkuEÃký Software çktÄ fhðkLke Key
- Alt + F4/ Ctrl + F4
249. økrýík ûkuºku {kLkð fkuBÃÞwxhLkwt rçkhwË {u¤ðu÷
- þtfwLíkkËuðe
250. IT ûkuºku ÞkuøkËkLk {kxu òýeíkk økwshkíkLkk ÃkLkkuíkk Ãkwºk
- Ëuðktøk {nuíkk
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