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Computer Functions and Applications
Presenter: Paul I. Lin, P.E.http://www.etcs.ipfw.edu/~lin
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Purdue University Fort Wayne CampusJan. 14 2009
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Outline
Computer BasicsKey Events in the History of ComputingClasses of
Computer SystemsThe Evolution of Operating SystemsComputer Networks
and InternetsComputer ApplicationsProgramming Language
DevelopmentMicroprocessorsMicrocomputersNetworking Equipments
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Computers Basics
Definition:Computer: Websters dictionary: a programmable
electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data
Related Disciplines (hardware/software/firmware)
Electrical Engineering/Electrical Engineering TechnologyComputer
Science, Computer Engineering, Computer Engineering
TechnologyInformation System, Information Technology
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Computers Basics
Von Neumann ArchitectureUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe first
stored-program computer that allowed storing of instructions and
data in the same memory (4096 x 40 bit wide)An ALU (arithmetic and
logic unit)A control unit (60 op-codes/commands)
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Computers Basics
Improvement on von Neumann Architecture
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)Control
UnitMemoryInput/output
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Computers Basics
Types of modern computersMainframe, Super Computer (parallel
processors)Minicomputer (phased out), Super MiniMicroprocessor,
MicrocontrollerMicrocomputer, Personal ComputersSpecialized
processors (digital signal processors)
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Key Events in the History of Computing
Prepared by J.A.N. Lee, Stanley Winkler with Copy by Merlin
Smith for the IEEE Computer Society for distribution in 1996 as
part of the 50th anniversary
activitieshttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/50th/30.minute.show.html
The Abacus
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Key Events in the History of Computing
Algorithm 12th centuryDeveloped a concept in process of counting
and arithmetic to achieve some goalsby Mukhammad ibn Musa
Al'Khowarizmi, a Tashkent cleric
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Key Events in the History of Computing
Adding Machine - 1642
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1801: in France, Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an Automatic
Loom for the control of patterns in fabrics
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1822: Charles Babbage, England, invented the Difference Engine
for the purpose of computing
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1835-38: Konrad Zuse, in Berlin, Germany, invented Z1, a relay
computer, using binary arithmetic
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1836-39: John Vincent Atananasoff and John Berry, developed the
ABC Computer at the University of IowaLinear equations
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1946: ENIAC, the first true computer, University of
Pennsylvania
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain
invented the device called Transistor (transfer resistance)
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1948: T. J. Watson Sr, IBM, ordered Selective Sequence Control
Computer
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1949:The National Bureau of Standards, US, worked on two
computers:
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) SWAC (Standards
Western Automatic Computer)
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Key Events in the History of Computing
SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer)
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1951: The Whirlwind, Real-Time Processing Computer, MIT
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1951: Core Memory (RAM) of the Whirlwind Computer
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Computer History (continue)
1952: John von Neumann and his ENIAC Computer at Princeton
University
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1959: ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting), General
ElectricMagnetic Ink Recognition (MICR)ATM
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1964: IBM System/360, 32-bit CPU, 16K to 1M memory, 16 32-bit
registers, 24-bit address bus, 128-bit data bus
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Key Events in the History of Computing
1965: Time-Sharing Computer, GE650
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Key Events in the History of Computing
Minicomputers (1960s)Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) PDP-8
(Programmed Data Processor): using integrated circuits, 12-bit
($25,000), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8PDP-11: 16-bit
time-shared, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11
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Key Events in the History of Computing
Cray Super Computer (1986)
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Key Events in the History of Computing
Microprocessors (CPU on a chip)INTEL (Integrated Electronics)
founded by Bobert Noyce and Gordon Moore, in 1968Intel
Microprocessor Chip
4001, a 2K ROM, 4-bit I/O port 4002, 320-bit RAM, 4-bit output
port4003, 10-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register4004, 4-bit
processor (1971), 2250 transistors
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Classes of Computer Systems
Single Instruction, Single Data StreamComplex Instruction Set
Computer (CISC)Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)SIMD (Single
Instruction, Multiple Data Stream) ComputerMISD (Multiple
Instruction, Single Data) Processing N ProcessorsMIMD (Multiple
Instruction, Multiple Data) Processing N Processors
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Evolution of Operating Systems
Simple batch (IBM OS 360)Multiprogrammed batched
Time-SharingMulti-user (UNIX)Personal computer (Apple OS, IBM
DOS/OS2, MS DOS and Windows)Real-Time systemsNetwork OSDistributed
systems (resource sharing, speedup, reliability, communication)
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Computer Networks and Internets
ARPA Networking Research (late 1960s) - U.S. Department of
Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)TCP/IP Protocols
Suites (some examples)
Error reporting mechanism: ICMPRemote host access: TELNETFile
transfer: FTPRemote procedure call: RPCNetwork management:
SNMPInitialization: BOOTP, DHCPEmailWorld Wide Web Pages and
Browsing (hypermedia, hypertext)
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Computer Networks and Internets
TCP/IP protocolsIP (Internet Protocol Address)
Datagram forwarding and routing; 32-bit, IPv6
(128-bit)Initialization: BOOTP, DHCPNetwork management: SNMPError
reporting mechanism: ICMP
TCP (reliable transport service)UDP (user datagram protocol)
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Computer Networks and Internets
Local Area NetworksEthernet, Token ring
Other Communication LayersModem, Cable modem,
ASDLTwisted-pairsFiber opticsWirelessRadio
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Computer Applications
Scientific research,
R&DBusinessTelecommunicationsEntertainmentMilitary/defense
communications and controlsIndustrial automation and
manufacturingNetworking and distributed processingInternet and Web
applications (e-commerce and e-business)
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Programming Language Development
Machine code Assembly language1954: FORTRAN, (John Backus) for
IBM 704 computer to express problems in mathematical formula1960s:
Programming Language Development
Fortran (Formula Translation) - IBMNatural language-like
(LISP)COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed under
NISTALGOL60 (Mathematical language)APL (IBM)BASIC
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Programming Language Development
Scientific and industrial programming
applications1970s/1980s
C (AT&T Bell Lab)PascalForthPL/IADA (US Defense
Department)Parallel Fortran, C (for super computer)
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Programming Language Development
Internet and Web Applications1990s
C++ JavaHTML/XMLScript languages
2000sC#, VB.NETOthers
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Microprocessors
Intel 8008, 8-bit Microprocessors (1972)8-bit Microprocessors
(1974), 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus, 64k memory
Intel 8080Motorola MC 6800, (Metal Oxide Semiconductor
technology)6502Zilog Z-80
1976: Intel 8085, 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus
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Microprocessors
Advanced MPU1978, Intel 8086, 40-pin, 10 MHz, 16-bit DB, 20 AB,
16-bit registers1979, Intel 8088, 40-pin, 10 MHz, 8-bit DB, 20-bit
AB, 16-bit registers1982, Intel 80286, 68-pin PGA, 12.5 MHz, 16-bit
DB, 24-bit AB, 16-bit registers1985, Intel 80386, 132-pin PGA, 33
MHz, 32-bit DB, 32-bit AB, 32-bit registers1989, Intel 80486,
168-pin socket 3, 50 MHz, 32-bit DB, 32-bit AB, 32-bit
registers
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Micro-Computers
Earlier Microcomputers1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen Basic
compiler for Altair 8800 (6502 MPU)1976: Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak, Apple II Microcomputer (6502 MPU)Radio Shack, TRS-801980s
(Open Architecture): IBM PC (8088 MPU), IBM PC XT (8088), IBM PC AT
(80286), and PC compatibles
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Advanced MPUs64-bit MPU for Super Microcomputers1993, Pentium
P5, 3.1 million transistors, 273-pin, socket 4/5, 66 MHz, 64-bit
DB, 32-bit registers, 32-bit ABPentium MMX (1997), Pentium Pro
(1995), Pentium II (1997), Celeron (1998)Pentium III (1999), 9.5
million transistors, 0.25 microns, 550/100 MHz, 64-bit DB, 32-bit
registers, 36-ABMany other new MPU with integrated capabilities:
wireless, etc
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MPU Manufactures
Intel http://www.intel.com/intel/product/index.htmIntel Pentium
4 ProcessorMobile Intel Pentium III Processor-MIntel Xeon
ProcessorIntel Itanium ProcessorFreescale Semiconductors
Inc/Motorola www.motorola.com/semiconductors
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Embedded Processors
Fujitsu, www.fma.fujitsu.comPIC Microchip,
http://www.pic.com/Philips, www.semiconductors.philips.comNational
Semiconductors, http://www.national.com/Cyclone Microsystems
http://www.cyclone.com/TI, www.ti.com
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Specialized Processors
Digital Signal ProcessorTexas Instrument
http://www.ti.com/Analog Device http://www.analog.com/
Special ApplicationsMAXIM www.maxim-ic.com
AI Techniques & Applications (Neural net, fuzzy,
expert-systems)
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Specialized Processors
Ethernet-Enabled MPUhttp://www.rabbitsemiconductor.com/
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Programmable Chips
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)ALTERA www.altera.comXILINX
http://www.xilinx.com/Cypress www.cypress.com
Software Design ToolsSynopsys www.synopsys.com
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Application Processors
PDAPalmPocket PCCell Phone
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Networking Equipments
CISCO Systems http://www.cisco.com/3COM
http://www.3com.com/index2.htmlNortel Networks
http://www.nortelnetworks.com/index.html
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Computers for Automation and Measurement
SIXNET http://www.sixnetio.com/OPTO22
http://www.opto22.com/National Instrument www.ni.com
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Distance Learning Environment -1999-2001 by Prof. Paul Lin
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Internet Networking/Control Applications (1999-2001) by Prof.
Paul Lin
LMC4 Controller 149.164..36..51Lab Web Server
149.164.36.204Linux Server 149.164.36.10SNAP Brain Ethernet
149.164.36.52Wireless SNAP Brain 149.164.36.55LA3021 PC Card Client
149.164.36.50Access Point Wireless Hub 149.164.36.56Web Cam
149.164.36.19Linux 7.0 Server 149.164.35.5 ECET_Apps
149.164.35.2Server in a box 149.164.36.20