Computer ArchitectureFall 2008 © August 18 th, 2008 Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture 1 – Introduction.

Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

August 18th, 2008

www.qatar.cmu.edu

Introduction to Computer Architecture

Lecture 1 – Introduction


Teaching Staff

• Instructors- Prof. Majd F. Sakr ([email protected])- Prof. Nael Abu-Ghazaleh ([email protected])

• TA- Adnan Majeed ([email protected])


Where Do We Find a Computer/Processor?

Cell phones

ATMs

Medical (MRI)

Cars

Microwave

TrafficController

ipod PDA

Planes

Watch

Robots

Cameras

MusicDesign &Engineering

Games


Why Did We Develop Computers?

Problem

Solution

Implementation

Computer

Result

A solution to a problem!

While thinking of a solution,think about:

• Cost $$$

• Speed

• Energy/Power

• Size

• Efficiency

• etc…


Types of Computers

°Personal Computer°Workstation°Server°Supercomputer°Embedded


290

933

488

1143

892

1354

862

1294

1122

1315

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200M

illi

on

s o

f C

om

pu

ters

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Embedded

Desktops

Servers

Number of Computers Sold


Computer Architecture

Problem

Solution

Implementation

Computer

Result

Compiler

Our Area of Focus

Our Area of Understanding


Architecture

Where is “Computer Architecture and Engineering”?

*Coordination of many levels of abstraction

I/O systemProcessor

CompilerOperating

System(Windows XP)

Application (MediaPlayer)

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Datapath & Control

transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler


Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer

Personal Computer

Processor

Computer

Control(“brain”)

Datapath(“work”)

Memory

(where programs& data live whenrunning)

Devices

Input

Output

Keyboard, Mouse

Display, Printer

Disk (where programs & data live whennot running)


Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!

°Processor• 2X in speed every 1.5 years (since ‘85); 100X performance increase in last decade.

°Memory• DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96); 64x size improvement in last decade.

°Disk• Capacity: 2X / 1 year (since ‘97)• 250X size increase in last decade.


Tech. Trends: Microprocessor Complexity

2 * transistors/Chip Every 1.5 to 2.0 yearsCalled “Moore’s Law”


Architecture & Organization

°Computer Architecture• What the “low level” programmer sees

- Types of Instructions- Number of Registers- Types of Operations

°Computer Organization• How the designer Implements the Design

- Layout- Interconnection (wires)


Computer Architecture and Organization

I/O systemProcessor

CompilerOperating

System(Windows XP)

Application (MediaPlayer)

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Datapath & Control

Transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler

Layout & Technology

Organization

Architecture


Architecture & Organization 1

°Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer

• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.

• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

°Organization is how features are implemented• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated

addition?


Architecture & Organization 2

°All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture

°The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture

°This gives code compatibility• At least backwards

°Organization might highly differ between different versions


Course Path

Computer Architecture Fall ‘08

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2HI register(16x2 bits)

2

01

3 4 Arithmetic

Memory Systems

I/O

YOUR

CPU

µProc60%/yr.(2X/1.5yr)

DRAM9%/yr.(2X/10 yrs)

1

10

100

1000

19

80

19

81

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

DRAM

CPU

19

82

Processor-MemoryPerformance Gap:(grows 50% / year)

Time

“Moore’s Law”

Performance

Datapaths &

Control

opcode rs rt offset

rd functshamtopcode rs rt

opcode rs rt immediate

rd functshamtopcode

rs rt

rd functshamtopcode rs rt

Instruction Sets


Homeworks and Projects

°Quizzes (weekly)°Assignment (every ~2 weeks)°Project (every ~3-4 weeks)

°End of Semester Project: • Demo • Oral Presentation • Head-to-head Race• Final Report


Course Exams

°Reduce the pressure of taking exams• Exam I• Exam II• Final

°Goal• Our goal: test knowledge vs. speed writing(no memorization)

• Review meetings: before?


Grading°Grade breakdown• Exam I: 10%• Exam II: 10% • Final: 20% • Projects 40%• Homeworks 10%• Quizzes 5%• Attendance/Participation: 5%

°No late homeworks or projects!°Written request for changes to grades


Our Goals

° Show you how to understand modern computer architecture in its rapidly changing form

° Show you how to design by leading you through the process on challenging design problems and by examining real designs

° Learn application analysis and new design techniques


Text

°Required: Computer Organization and Design, 3rd Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD)

° Reference: Computer Organizationand Architecture, 6thEdition, William Stallings

• Readings on web pagehttp://williamstallings.com/COA6e.html

° Reference: Structured Computer Organization, 4th Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum


The Big Picture


Types of Processors


Hardware/Software Divide

Hardware

System Software

Application

ExcelInternet Explorer

Visual Studio

Windows XPLinux

SolarisOS X

PCMACSUN


Compiler

Assembler

Program Path to Execution

High Level Language Program (.c file)

Assembly Language Program (.asm file)

Binary Machine Language Program (.exe file)


The Five Components of a Computer


The Motherboard:

ALU &

CU

Input&

Output

M

The five von Neumann components:


Motherboard


Inside the Processor


Manufacturing Process


An 8-inch (200-mm) Diameter Wafer


Modern Fabs°Current minimum feature size is 45nano meters (45x10-9 meters)

°Can fit over a million transistors on the tip of a hair

°Fab facility costs 3 billion US $• Many chip designers are fab-less

°Employs 100s of employees°Yield on the order of 30%


Computer’s History 1st generation: Vacuum Tubes

°During World War 2 the Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory employed more than 200 people to solve essential ballistics equations using desktop calculators.


1st generation: Vacuum Tubes

Professor Mauchly (EE) & his gradate student Eckert proposed to build a general purpose computer using vacuum tubes for the Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL)

http://www.seas.upenn.edu/


ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)° ENIAC built in World War II was the first general purpose computer

• Used for computing artillery firing tables• 24 meters long by 2.5 meters high and several meters wide• Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 1 meter long

– Since then:

Moore’s Law:

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months


1st generation: ENIAC Completed in 1946° Decimal (not binary)

° 20 accumulators of 10 digits

° Programmed manually by switches & cables

° 18,000 vacuum tubes

° 30 tons

° 15,000 square feet

° 140 kW power consumption

° 5,000 additions per second

Programming the ENIAC

1 2 34

56

87

90


The von Neuman machine - Completed 1952

°Stored Program concept

°Main memory storing programs and data

°ALU operating on binary data

°Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing

° Input and Output equipment operated by control unit

Scientist at the Institute of Advanced Studies


Structure of von Neumann Machine

Main Memory

Input/Output Equipment

Arithmetic –Logic Unit

Program Control Unit

Central Processing Unit CPU

CC

CA

MI/O

R


Commercial Computers

°1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

°1st successful machine: UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)

°Commissioned by the US Bureau of Census for the 1950 calculations

°Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation

°Late 1950s - UNIVAC II• Faster• More memory• Upward Compatibility


2nd Generation: Transistors

°Replaced vacuum tubes°Smaller & Cheaper°Less heat dissipation°Solid State device (silicon) °Invented 1947 at Bell Labs

The First Transistor


Transistor Based Computers

°Second generation machines°NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines

°IBM 7000°DEC - 1957

• Produced PDP-1


Microelectronics

°Literally - “small electronics”°A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections

°These can be manufactured on a semiconductor

°e.g. silicon wafer


Growth in CPU Transistor Count


Moore’s Law

° Increased density of components on chip°Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel°Number of transistors on a chip will double every

year°Since 1970’s development has slowed a little

• Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

°Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged


Moore’s Law - Cont’d

°Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance

°Smaller size gives increased flexibility

°Reduced power and cooling requirements

°Fewer interconnections increases reliability


Moore’s Law—Will it continue?

°A number of “walls” on the horizon• Physical process wall: impossible to continue shrinking transistor sizes

- Already leading to low yield, soft-errors, process variations

• Power wall- Power consumption and density have also been

increasing• Other issues:

- What to do with the transistors?- Wire delays- Memory and I/O walls - New architectures? Multi-cores


Yield Trends with Process Size




Computer Generations

Generation Dates Technology Operations per Second

1 1946-1957 Vacuum Tube 40,000

2 1958-1964 Transistor 200,000

3 1965-1971 Small & Medium Scale Integration

1,000,000

4 1972-1977 Large Scale Integration (LSI)

10,000,000

5 1978-… Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

100,000,000


And in conclusion...°Continued rapid improvement in Computing

• 2X every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.0 year in disk capacity; Moore’s Law enables processor, memory (2X transistors/chip/ ~1.5 ro 2.0 yrs)

• But the going is getting tough

°5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output}

Processor

Computer ArchitectureFall 2008 © August 18 th, 2008 Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture 1 – Introduction.

Documents

computer architecturefall

computer architecture

modern computer architecture

introduction slide

basic architecture

moores law slide

area of understanding

design layout