Computer and Communication H H H H HH HH H Toshitake ...

１９９７．８．１２

Toshitake Noguchi

AHSRA Task Force

Expectations for AHS by

Computer and CommunicationIndustries

1997 年 8 月 12 日 SAN DIEGO で開催された第 1 回 ITFVHA（北米における AHS に関す

るワークショップ）での発表論文です。

米国では、AHS(automated highway system)プロジェクトは 1991 年に制定された

ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act)に基づいて開始された. 1993

年秋から事前システム解析が 1 年間行われ、1994 年秋には全米 AHS コンソーシアム

(NAHSC)が結成された. NAHSC は, AHS に関するワークショップをいままでに 3 回開催し、

1997 年 8 月にはサンディエゴで AHS のデモを行った. 国内建設省では、ＡＨＳ研究歴史

として 1989 年に基礎的な検討が開始をされました。その後、1995 年には世界で始めて自

動運転の公開実験が土木研究所で実施されました。翌年、上信越道路の実道で１１台の車

具による自動運転の実験が行われました。これらの二つの実験成功によって、ＡＨＳのフ

ィジビリティが革新され、同年、1996 年 9 月 25 日に AHS 研究組合が設立されました。

組合の正式名称は、技術研究組合走行支援道路システム開発機構（略称：AHSRA:AHS 研

究組合）であり、国内での AHS は、走行支援道路システム（AHS）：Advanced Cruise-Assist

Highway Systems です。研究組合には、エレクトロニクス社、自動車、重工業、通信など

従来の業種を超えた民間企業によって構成をされた。組合組織は、５部で構成される研究

所のもとに、１７のリサーチチーム、ワーキンググループ、タスクフォースの研究チーム

が設定された。NEC は設立当初から主要組合員として参加しました。

SAN DIEGO DEM’97 終了後、8 月 11 日、12 日の 2 日間、第 1 回の ITFVHA が開催さ

れました（参加人員：101 名、内日本人 24 名、会場：Miramar College C100 教室）。そ

の中で取り上げられた「討議テーマ内容」の一つとして、Panel of Industrialists:

Technology/Performance Opportunities(VOLVO/Ulf Palmquist)がありました。この論

文は、その中で AHSRA のタスクフォースという立場で発表したものです。発表内容はまっ

たく NEC 単独独自のものでした。北米 FWHA の Dick Bishop から「論文のオリジナリテ

ィや内容について評価する」との個人的なコメントをもらったので、まずまずの内容であ

ったと思います。

１９９７．８．１２

Toshitake Noguchi

AHSRA Task Force

Expectations for AHS by

Computer and CommunicationIndustries

CONTENTS1. How have C&C industries been participating?

(1) Development of technologies(2) Participants in AHSRA

2. How have auto and C&C manufacturers been collaborating?

3. What are tasks for C&C manufacturers?(1) Communication network systems(2) Control network systems(3) Road network systems

4. What businesses are there for C&C industries?(1) Relationship between ITS & NII(2) AHS business(3) Spin-off business

5. What are the roles of the private sector?







Development of Technologiesfor ITS Evolution

NAVIＡＢＳ

ETC

PRESENT

OnboardElectronics

Mechanical

InformationInfrastructure& RoadsideElectronics

I T S

VICS

PAST FUTURE

A T

TechnologicalDevelopment

○◎

InformationProcessing(Computers)

Vehicle Telecommunications

OnboardElectronics

RadioWired

Network

Technologies

Manufacturers

AutomobileElectronics

Manufacturers

Automobile Manufacturers

Mechanical

◎

Computer&

CommunicationManufacturers

○

○

◎◎ ◎

Industries’ Involvement in ITS Development

Participants from Industries in AHSRA

・Denso・Fujitsu・Hitachi・Hitachi Cable・Honda Motor・Ishikawajima-Harima・Isuzu Motors・Matsushita Electric・Mazda Motor・Mitsubishi Electric・Mitsubishi Heavy

・Mitsubishi Motors・NEC・Nissan Motor・N T T・Oki Electric・Omron・Sumitomo Electric・The Furukawa Electric・Toshiba・Toyota Motor

21 Core Members

120 Cooperative Members

Participants from Industries in AHSRA

･Automobiles Honda, Isuzu, Mazda,Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota

･Automobile Electronics Denso, Matsushita, Omron, SEI

･Telecommunications Furukawa, Oki

･Computers Fujitsu, Hitachi, Mitsubishi,NEC, Toshiba

･Others Hitachi Cable, IHI, MHI

･Telecom Operator NTT

Communications Communicate(Recognize)

Compute

(Create)

Computers

Multimedia

（ITS）

Computer

Device

Network

C&C

NEC Corporate Concept







Development of AHS

Vehicle

CurrentState

Local Function Middle Level High Level

CruiseAssistance

AHS

[ ABS ] [Lane Maker Sensing] [ Obstacle Recognition ]

All throughthe Way

Local Area[ Fog,Tunnel]

Limited Place[Intersection]

[Sig

nal

,VM

S]

Rad

io S

igna

lLan

e M

arke

r[R

adio

Cel

l] INFRASTRUCTURECONTROLLED

Onboard Control

Rem

ote

Contr

ol &

Ass

ista

nce

Road

AUTONOMOUS







Tasks on Development of Intelligent Roads

① Communication Networks

Roadside to Vehicle Network (DSRC) & Backbone Network (FIBER, ATM,・・）・Mobile Data Communication (High-speed/Normal)・Real-time Transmission・Security

② Vehicle Control

Composite Control Loop System・Real-time Algorithm

③ Traffic/Road Condition Sensing

Sensing and Monitoring System・All-weather Sensor Fusion・Tracking & Monitoring Algorithm

.

.

Configuration of Communication Infrastructure towards AHS Realization

Continuation of communication area

Utilization of existing systems

Ｒ－ＶＲ－Ｖ

Ｖ－ＶＲーＶ

Two-wayMinimal Spot Zone

Communication

・Application・Service area

Two-wayWide Area ZoneCommunication

BACKBONE

ITS ATM Networkbased on SDH

Two-way Cellular orLeaky Co-ax Cable

Seamless Communication

・Cooperative operation・Shadowing counter-measure

・Redundant operation

3

RV (R-V,V-V)Communication

CenterProcessing

Driver

Control Configuration of AHS

CenterControl

RoadsideProcessing

RoadsideControl

OnboardProcessing

AutonomousControl

T

A

R

G

E

T

Vehicle Control(Brakes, Accelerator...)

Wide AreaLevel

Local AreaLevel

IndividualVehicleLevel

(Manual Loop)

(Short/Quick/Wide Loop)

(Middle Loop)

(Long/Slow/Narrow Loop)

[Vehicle]

[Info Gathering/Sensing/Comparison] [Information Processing]

Passengers

VariousInformation

[DSRC]

Server Gateway

Roadsidenetwork

Vehicle

Configuration of ITS Information and Communication Network

Backbone network

Radio basestation

Radio basestation

Radio basestation

SensorsSensorsSensors SensorsRadio basestation

Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle

Roadside-to-vehicle communication

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication

Server Server

Roadsidenetwork

Roadsidenetwork

RoadsidenetworkServer Server

Required Cruise Control for AHS

Slow

Quick

RequiredCruise ControlCapability

MechanicallyGuidedRoad

AHSDesignated

Road

OrdinaryHighway

OrdinaryRoad

RAILWAY DMT

Road Type

HOV

Cente

r C

ontr

ol

Road

side

Contr

ol

ControlResponse Abilities

MechanicalInfrastructureControl

ControlSystem

RequiredCruise ControlCapability







Backbone

Network

ＩＴＳ

ＮＩＩ

Radio

Access

ＶＯＤ

ＡＴＭ－ＬＡＮ

ＥＴＣ

Driver assistance

ＡＨＳ

Cooperative Driving

InternetFrame Relay

Multi-sensor

data fusion

Data

Moving Pictures

ＦＴＴＨ

ＡＴＭ－ＷＡＮ

ＦＰＬＭＴＳ

Mobile Satellite CommunicationＰＨＳ

Digital Cellular

1995 2000 2005 2010

ＦＭ Multiplex

ＭＢＳ

ＶＩＣＳ

1-Way Beacon

2-Way

Spot

Beacon

2-Way Seamless Beacon

ITS Relationship to NIIMultimediaNetwork

<FIBER>

<MOBILE>

Technologies for ITS Market

ITS Market

System Architecture, Telecommunications,

Seemless Cellular, Networking, Mobile Computing, Distributed Processing,

Parallel Processing, MM-DB, FM Multiplex, Image Sensing, Image Processing,

Security Technologies, Encryption Technologies, AI, HMI, OCN,

Internet, GEO/LEO, …

Current Multimedia Business

AutomobileTechnology

Road Technology

2000 2005

Communication Networks (2-way Systems)

Management Systems for AHS

Dedicated Networks for AHS

Sensing System<CAMERAS /RADAR>

Lane Markers/Radio Signal<SPECIAL PAINT STRIPES/MAGNETS>

Traffic Information Gathering Systems

Control Systems for AHS

Main BusinessTechnologies

Infrastructure Business for AHS

Market Size by AHS Development

Unit Total Mean

＄500K/km

1% of Road Construction Cost

＄700M/year

(５-year Period)

Infrastructure&

RoadsideElectronics

OnboardElectronics

＄1.5K/Vehicle

10% of VehiclePrice

＄20B

20% of 70M Vehicles

＄2B/year

10% of TotalVehicles

＄3.5B

7,000km Total Highway Length

2000 2005

Main Spin-off Technologies

Various informationservice

Markers forheavy snowfall roads

New traffic system forpublic transportation

Route guidance for ships

Guidance in airportsSafe guidance

in dense fog

Radio Signal

Many Other Services







1. Institutional /LegislativeIssues

2. Standardization(ISO,ITU-R ,etc)

3. Technological Development

4. Investment /Deployment (Infrastructure)(Onboard)

Roles of Private Sector for Development of AHS

PublicSector

ConsortiumPrivateSector

Institutional Issues

・Liability

・Social Equality

・Standardization

・Environment

・Land Use

・Private/Public Sector Roles

・Others

(a) Simple Target Methods

AutomaticC - mode

#N

ManualMode

AutomaticC - mode

#N+1

(b) Composite Target Methods

AutomaticC - mode

#N

State #N

AutomaticC - mode

#N+1

State #N+1

Automatic Cruise Control Algorithms

Hyper-automatic C-mode

Control

Location

Maｎual Mode

Stablepoint

Stablepoint

Control

Stablepoint

TrajectoryTarget

AHS Control Algorithm Development

International Collaboration

・Standardization

ISO, ITU-R, …

・International Workshops

Methodology, Formulation, …

・Demonstration Tests

・Data Disclosure

・Facility Sharing

・Education

ITS ExtensionGlobal information exchange abilities accompanied by ITS development

Global network infrastructure

Extended global multi-media service capabilities

AHS services

AHS - i

AHS - c

AHS - a

Warning information

Partial control(emergencies)

Full automatic

Spin-off services

General services

Reservation services・ airports/ports, railways, hotelsGuidance services・ route guidance・ sightseeingVisual services・ TV conferencesData services・ mobile Internet

overall route guidanceutility-fee payment system

SAFETY RELAXATION COMFORT

ＦｌｅｘｉｂｌｅＥｘｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ forＮｅ

ｗ Rｅqｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ

Ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ from ＡＨＳ

・Ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ inＴｒａｆｆｉｃＡｃｃｉｄｅｎｔs

・Efficient Ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ-atｉｏｎ of Goods

・Ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ inＴｒａｆｆｉｃＣｏｎｇｅｓｔｉｏｎ

・ＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏnＲｏａｄＣｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎs

・Ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ inＤｒｉｖｉｎｇＬｏａｄ

・ＩｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔNavigation Systems

ＩｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇＱｕａlｉｔｙｏｆＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ＰｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇＨｉｇｈly Ｉｎｔｅｌ-liｇｅｎｔ Cｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔiｏｎ

Ｃｈａｎｎｅｌs

ＰｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇＵｓｅｆｕｌａｎｄＵｐｄａｔｅｄＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ

Ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ from Hazardous Drivers

ＶｅｈｉcｌｅーｔｏーＶｅｈｉcｌｅＳｐａｃｉｎｇ

Incident Warning

ＬａｎｅＤｅｐａｒｔｕｒｅ Warning

ＣｏｌｌｉｓｉｏｎＡｖｏｉｄａｎｃｅ

Severe Ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ Support

ＡｕｔｏｍａｔｅｄＣｒｕiｓｉｎｇｏｎＣｏｎｇｅｓｔed Ｒｏａｄs

ＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆＡＨＳ

ＡｕｔｏｍａｔｅｄＣｒｕiｓｉｎｇduring Sｅｖｅｒe Ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ

ＡｕｔｏｍａｔｅｄＣｒｕiｓｉｎｇｏｎＨｉｇｈｗａｙs

AHS CONTENTS

AHS Services

１）Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓｆｏｒｄｒｉｖｅｒs

ａ）ＡＨＳＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｂ）ＥＴＣＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｄ）ＥｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｙＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｃ）ＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｅ）ＶｉsｕａｌＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｆ）ＤａｔａＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｇ）Ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎe Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｈ）ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｉ）ＲｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

ｊ）ＧｕｉｄａｎｃｅＳｅｒｖｉｃｅ

Ｐａｒｋｉｎｇｌｏｔｉｎｆo、Ｕｔｉｌｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｆo

Ｄｏｃｔoｒ/Ｎｕｒｓｅｃｅｎｔｅｒｉｎｆo、Ａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔs

Ｒｏａｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎs、Ｎｅｗｓ、ＰＡ／ＳＡ

Ｄａｔａｉｎｆo、ＧＩＳｉｎｆo

Ｍｏｂｉｌｅｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎes

ＫＡＲＡＯＫＥ、ＶーＶＣｏｍ、Ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｆo

Ｈｏｔｅｌs、Ｔｉｃｋｅｔs

Ｓｉｇｈｔｓｅｅｉｎｇ

Services Provided by AHS Development (1/2)

２）ＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ

ａ）ＤＭＴ

ｂ）ＴｒａｆｆｉｃＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ

ａ）Ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎes

ｂ）Ｖｉsｕａｌ

ｃ）Ｄａｔａ

３）ＲｏａｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ

４）ＰｅｄｅｓｔｒｉａｎＳｕｐｐｏｒｔＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ

５）ＰｕｂｌｉｃＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ

Ｖｅhicle ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ、Ａｒｒｉｖａｌｔｉｍｅ

Ｈｏｔーｌｉｎｅｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎe、ＨｏｔーｌｉｎｅＰＨＳ

ＴＶｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅs

Ｏｆｆｉｃｅａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｏｎ

Services Provided by AHS Development (2/2)

Development of the two-way beacon system using 5.8GHz or millimeter wave

Point:Frame structure which can be applied to the various service

Development of the wide area two-way communication system by the useof Mobile Satellite communications

Point:Utilization of GPS andterrestrial cellular system

Development of the ITS ATM networkbased on SDH optical communications

Point:Arrangement of the ITS service with nine development fields

Development of the vehicle to vehicle communication system and the roadside to vehicle LAN

Point:Realization of the highly reliable automatic driving support system

by the mutual complementing vehicle to vehicle communications and

roadside to vehicle communications

・The right application by the right communication media

・Mutual complementing of a service area

Development of the two-way roadside tovehicle communication systems using

cellular or leaked cable method

Point:High-speed data communication,shadowing etc.

・Cooperative operation for the joining and departing control

・Shadowing counter-measure・Redundant operation for the danger warning system etc.

Configuration of Communication Infrastructure towards AHS realization

Roadside to vehicle communicationfor the line-shaped zone

Vehicle to vehicle communication

Roadside to vehicle communication for minimal spot zone

Roadside to vehicle communicationfor wide area zone

Continuation of communication area

Utilization of existence system

Backbone communication network based on optical fiber

Computer and Communication H H H H HH HH H Toshitake ...

Documents