Lab Session 1 Objectives: At the end of the session, the student should be 1. To be able to enter a schematic diagram into a Multisim worksheet. 2. To be able to perform basic analog simulation of a common-emitter amplifier. 3. Familiarize with the use of the following virtual instruments: a. multimeter b. oscilloscope c. bode plotter d. frequency generator 4. To be able to make voltage and time measurements using the virtual oscilloscope 5. To be able to plot the frequency response of a circuit using the Bode plotter 6. To be able to perform basic analog simulation of a non-inverting or inverting operational amplifier Guided Exercise: Simulating a C-E BJT Amplifier: 1) Open up a blank worksheet in Multisim and use the schematic editor to enter the following schematic diagram:
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Transcript
Lab Session 1
Objectives:
At the end of the session, the student should be
1. To be able to enter a schematic diagram into a Multisim worksheet.
2. To be able to perform basic analog simulation of a common-emitter amplifier.
3. Familiarize with the use of the following virtual instruments:
a. multimeter
b. oscilloscope
c. bode plotter
d. frequency generator
4. To be able to make voltage and time measurements using the virtual oscilloscope
5. To be able to plot the frequency response of a circuit using the Bode plotter
6. To be able to perform basic analog simulation of a non-inverting or inverting
operational amplifier
Guided Exercise:
Simulating a C-E BJT Amplifier:
1) Open up a blank worksheet in Multisim and use the schematic editor to enter the
following schematic diagram:
See the "Multisim Equipment Guide" for a reference on the icons used for identifying the
virtual equipment. Save the file as session01-1.msm.
Simulation:
1. Output display using an AC input signal
a. Double-click the signal generator and configure as
b. Double-click the oscilloscope and configure as
c. Flick on the power switch to begin the simulation session. You should get a
display similar to
d. Try setting the trigger control to Normal and Auto.
How would you differentiate the effect of the three trigger modes on the output waveform
as displayed in the screen?
e. Measure the peak amplitude of the output waveform by moving a cursor so that it
intersects the point in the waveform that you wish to measure. Using Cursor 1, for
example,
The peak amplitude is the value across VA1 given that the waveform is centered at 0
volts. If Cursor 2 was used, read VA2 instead.
f. Position so that Cursor 1 coincides with a peak and Cursor2 with the next peak.
This sets up the measurement of the period.
What is the measured period of the waveform? ______
g. Try increasing the value of the trigger level by increments of 1V. For each change
in trigger level, reset the simulation by turning off and on the power switch.
At what trigger level voltage will the display disappear? _____ Why?
Given the output waveform, what range of trigger level voltage do you expect to
see an output display?
2. Determining the Gain of the amplifier using oscilloscope measurements
a. Get the peak amplitude of the output signal.
b. Get the peak amplitude of the input signal by using the B Channel of the
oscilloscope.
c. Calculate the gain.
Gain = Vo / Vi = ____
3. Determining the bias conditions of the amplifier
a. Disconnect the signal generator from the input of the amplifier.
b. Connect a multimeter across the collector and emitter terminals of the transistor
and measure the DC voltage.
Vce = _____
c. Connect a multimeter in series with the R2 and the 12-volt supply and measure
the DC current.
Ic = _____
4. Determining the frequency response of the amplifier using the Bode plotter
a. Modify the circuit to the one shown below
Save the file as session01-2.msm.
b. Configure the Bode plotter as
c. Turn the power switch on to begin the simulation. The Bode plotter should
display
d. Use the cursor to determine half-power cut-off frequency.
cut-off freq = _____
What is the phase angle at the cut-off frequency?
angle = _____ degrees
- Put all the data asked by the procedures into a notepad file named as session01-1.txt.
- You need to submit the two multisim files and the notepad file.
Exercise:
Design a non-inverting amplifier using an LM324 opamp with a gain the same as the C-E
amplifier in the guided exercise. Verify the design using multisim.
In addition, set-up a multisim circuit so that a Bode plot covering a frequency range of
1Hz and 5MHz can be viewed when the simulation is run.
You also need to submit one multisim file (session01-3.msm) for the gain performance
verification, a notepad file (session01-2.txt) containing the design and performance info
for the opamp circuit, and one multisim file (session01-4.msm) for the plotting of the
frequency response.
Lab Session 2:
Objectives:
At the end of the session, the student should be able to use the following instruments
1. oscilloscope
2. bode plotter
3. wattmeter
4. multimeter
5. distortion meter
Guided Exercise:
1. Open up a blank worksheet in Multisim and use the schematic editor to enter the
following schematic diagram:
See the "Multisim Equipment Guide" for a reference on the icons used for identifying
the virtual equipment. Save the file as session02-1.msm.
Simulation:
Do the measurements specified below. Write down all the required data or answers to an
MS Word file. If you see [cap] beside an instruction relating to a virtual instrument, you
need to do a screen capture of the instrument window/display and paste it in your MS
Word document.
1. Using the Oscilloscope
a. Display the input and output waveforms. [cap]
b. Measure the voltage across the load resistor (R5) can calculate the rms
power dissipated.
c. Display Channel A waveform versus Channel B waveform (ie. Voltage vs
Voltage, not voltage vs time) [cap]
Make an observation relating to the transfer function of the CE amplifier
based on the resulting display. You should consider questions like "Does
the circuit introduce phase shifts?" or "Is the amplification process linear?"
and the whys.
2. Using the Multimeter
Measure the voltage and the current at the load resistor and calculate the power.
3. Using the Bode Plotter
a. Display the frequency response of the circuit. Make the necessary
adjustment to produce a relevant and appropriate display. [cap]
b. Determine the cut-off frequency (-3db from the passband level)
4. Using the Distortion Analyzer
Measure the Total Harmonic Distortion at the following levels of input
a. 50 mVrms
b. 100 mVrms
c. 200 mVrms
5. Using the Wattmeter
Measure the power dissipated by load at the following levels of input
a. 50 mVrms
b. 100 mVrms
c. 200 mVrms
Measure the power dissipated by the load at the following THD levels
d. 3%
e. 10%
Put all the data asked by the procedures into a MS Word file named as session02.doc.
You need to submit the one multisim file (session02-1.ms7) and the MS Word file.
(session02-1.doc)
Exercise:
Create a new multisim file for the schematic shown below and apply the same
measurements that you did in the guided exercise to this circuit.
The files to be submitted are:
• session02-2.ms7 [multisim file of the power amp circuit]
• session02-2.doc [MS word file containing the screen capture and data]
Lab Session 3
Objectives:
At the end of the session, the student should be familiar with the basics of using the
various analyses available with Multisim for simulating a circuit.
Guided Exercises:
Device Under Test 1:
Use this circuit to for the Spice analyses demonstrated on this page:
The circuit is an Audio Power Amplifier. Click on the schematic for a larger graphic.
A Multisim 2001 schematic file can be obtained at this link or link.
DC Bias Analysis:
The DC operating point analysis determines the DC operating point of a circuit. For DC
analysis,
AC sources are zeroed out and steady state is assumed, that is, capacitors are open
circuits
and inductors are short circuits.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->DC Operating
Point.
A window similar to the following will pop-up
2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select all the items from the list of variables in the
circuit (list on left) and click on the "Plot during simulation button.
3. Click on the "simulate" button to start the analysis. [Exercise note: capture results]
A sample result if Vcc = 48volts is
The first column lists the node numbers in the circuit and the second column indicates the
voltages at the nodes. "#branch" indicates current.
AC Analysis:
The AC analysis calculates the AC circuit response as a function of frequency. This is the
method at work when using the Bode Plotter.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->AC Analysis.
2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select node 2 for analysis.
3. Under the "Frequency Settings" tab, specify the following
4. Begin simulation. [Exercise note: capture result]
The following figure is a sample graph with node 18 selected and the grid option
of the analysis graph enabled
Transient Analysis:
In transient analysis, also called time-domain transient analysis, Multisim computes the
circuit’s
response as a function of time. This is the core functionality behind the virtual
oscilloscope.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->Transient
Analysis. 2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select node 18 for analysis.
3. Under the "Analysis Parameters" tab, specify the following
4. Begin simulation. [Exercise note: capture result]
A sample output looking at node 2 is
Device Under Test 2:
Use this circuit to for the Spice analyses demonstrated on this page.
The circuit is an Audio Power Amplifier. Click on the schematic for a larger graphic.
A Multisim 2001 schematic file can be obtained at this link or this.
Fourier analysis:
Fourier analysis is a method of analyzing complex periodic waveforms. Each frequency
component (or term) of the response is produced by the corresponding harmonic of the
periodic waveform.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->Fourier Analysis .
2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select node 10 for analysis.
3. Under the "Analysis Parameters" tab, specify the following
4. Set the output of the input source to 800mVpk.
5. Click on the "simulate" button to start the analysis. [Exercise note: capture results]
A sample result using node 2 for analysis is given by
DC Sweep:
The DC sweep analysis computes the DC operating point of a node in the circuit for
various values of one or two DC sources in the circuit. Using a DC sweep analysis, you
can quickly verify the DC operating point of your circuit by simulating it across a range
of values for one or two DC voltage or current sources.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->DC Sweep .
2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select noded 10, 11, and 12 for analysis.
3. Under the "Analysis Settings" tab, specify the following
4. Begin simulation. [Exercise note: capture result]
The following figure is a sample graph with node 18 selected and the grid option
of the analysis graph enabled
Sensitivity Analysis:
Sensitivity analyses help to identify the components which affect a circuit's DC bias point
the most. Sensitivity analyses calculate the sensitivity of an output node voltage or
current with respect to the parameters of all components (DC sensitivity) or one
component (AC sensitivity) in your circuit. Sensitivity analyses produce the relevant
parameters with their original values and their sensitivities. Sensitivity is expressed as the
change in output per unit change of input both in values and percentages.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->Sensitivity
Analysis. 2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select all resistor variables for analysis.
3. Under the "Analysis Parameters" tab, specify the following
4. Begin simulation. [Exercise note: capture result]
A sample output looking at node 18 is
4. This sample result shows that changing resistor R1 has the greatest effect on the
DC Bias at node 18.
Device Under Test 3:
Use this circuit to for the Spice analyses demonstrated on this page.
The circuit is an Audio Power Amplifier. Click on the schematic for a larger graphic.
A Multisim 2001 schematic file can be obtained at this link or this.
Parameter Sweep:
Using parameter sweep analysis, you can quickly verify the operation of your circuit by
simulating
it across a range of values for a component parameter.
Procedure:
1. From the Multisim menu, click on the Simulate->Analyses->Parameter Sweep .
2. Under the "Output Variables" tab, select node 2 for analysis.
3. Under the "Analysis Parameters" tab, specify the following
This settings specifies that the capacitance of C6 will be set to each of the values listed in
"Points to sweep"
4. Click on the "More" button and specify the following
This selects transient analysis to be done for each value of C6 specified in the previous
step.
5. Click on the "Edit Analysis" button an specify the following
This configures the transient analysis to be done under parameter sweep. The time plot
will start after 10 milliseconds from time zero and stops 2 milliseconds after. A zero
value was not chosen as the starting time to bypass startup effects.
6. Set the output of the input source to 600mVpk.
7. Click on the "simulate" button to start the analysis. [Exercise note: capture results]
This simulation should give you an output similar to the following
This result shows that the value of C6 has an effect on the clipping level of positive half-
cycle of the output signal. The output clips sooner if the value of C6 is lower. This is
expected because C6 is placed in the circuit precisely to reduce clipping in the positive
half-cycle. The process is called bootstrapping.
Other Analyses:
Explore the other analyses available in multisim by perusing the User's Guide or Help
facility as well as the sample files provided with Multisim (version 7 comes with samples
of using the analyses
Analyses Graph:
Explore all the options that allow that manipulation of the Analyses Graph.
Place all the data asked by the procedures into a MS Word file named as session03.doc.
You need to submit the one multisim file (session03-1.ms7) and the MS Word file
(session03-1.doc). When you save the multisim file, all the analyses settings will be
retained.
Application Exercise:
For each of the following. use the amplifier circuit in the guided exercise. You are not
allowed to use any of the virtual instruments. You must make all the necessary
measurements using the analyses only. All measurements that you supply as a response to
a query must be accompanied by a screen capture of the corresponding Analysis Graph
display.
The files to be submitted are:
• session03-2.ms7 [multisim file of the power amp circuit]
• session03-2.doc [MS word file containing the screen capture and data]
1. With the input voltage set at 500 mVrms, what is the amplitude of the output at
time t=3 ms?
2. Which unwanted harmonic component is greatest at the output when the input is
set to 1Vrms?
3. Produce a single graph showing the effects on the output of having C4 assume
these values: 5.1pF, 5.1 microFarad and 5.1 milliFarad.
4. Which of the capacitors in the circuit affect the low frequency cut-off? (use
qualitative analysis to eliminate the capacitors which do not have an effect)
5. Which of the capacitors in the circuit affect the high-frequency cut-off?e
qualitative analysis to eliminate the capacitors which do not have an effect)/li>
6. What are the values of the emitter current of Q5 if its temperature becomes 25,
100, and 150 degrees centigrade? What is the significance of the results for the
circuit designer?
7. Output waveform clipping during the positive half-cycle occurs because of at
least two reasons:
a. insufficient voltage at the base of Q3 (dependent on Vcc)
b. short-circuit protection activating
Short-circuit protection for the positive half-cycle is implemented by diodes D1a
D1b and D2b together with the base of Q3 and R10. During overload conditions,
this setup limits the voltage across R10 to around 1.2 volts thereby limiting the
current going to the load.
Identify using simulation if the clipping that occurs during the following cases is
due to "a" or "b" above:
- RL=3ohms, Vin=600mVrms
- RL=8ohms, Vin=800mVrms
8. Does changing the value of C6 alter the frequency response of the circuit?
Lab Session 4
At the end of the session, the student should be familiar with
• the use of hierarchical blocks
• measuring current at any circuit branch
• the use of interactive components during simulation
• the fault simulation facility of multisim
Hierarchical Blocks:
Hierarchical blocks allow circuits or subcircuits to be represented as a block. This
simplifies large and complicated circuits.
Circuits:
Circuit 1. Original Power Amplifier Circuit (link 1 or link 2)
Circuit 2. Modified Power Amp Circuit.
Circuit 3. Using the power amp block.
Procedures:
A. Circuit Preparation for Heirarchical Block Representation
To be able to represent a circuit as a block, the pin-outs of the block should be defined.
Transform the power amp circuit in Circuit 1 to that shown in Circuit 2. Save the
modified circuit as "pamp01-block.msm".
B. Using a Circuit as a Block element
1. Open a blank worksheet.
2. From "Place" menu item, click on "Place Heirarchical Block" to begin placing a
block element on the worksheet.
3. Select "pamp01-block.msm".
4. Place the the resulting block symbol into the worksheet.
5. Complete the schematic shown in Circuit 3 and save as "pamp01-block-
example.msm".
C. Verify the Circuit Operation
1. Display a time-domain waveform of the output signal and a frequency response
graph of Circuit 3. [cap]
2. Do the same for Circuit 1. [cap]
3. Compare the results for both circuits. Are the results identical?
Various Topics Set 1
Circuits:
Circuit 1. Voltage Regulator Circuit (link 1 or link 2).
Interactive Components:
Multisim has "interactive" components that allow their state to be changed while
simulation is in progress. Two examples are switches and potentiometers.
1. Open Circuit 1 in multisim. Adjust the wiper position of R5 to 37% by pressing 'a'
or 'A'.
2. Verify that the circuit file is in order by performing a dc sweep analysis of the
output node with V1 as the sweep source. V1 should increase from 0 volt to 50
volts. The resulting analysis graph should be identical to
• What is the input voltage (V1) required by the circuit to begin regulating at the rated
output voltage?
What is the change in the output voltage if the input voltage is changed from 20 volts to
50 volts?
• Click the simulation button and observe the reading of the voltmeter connected to the
output node.
• While the simulation is in progress, adjust the wiper position of R5 to 26%.
What is the voltmeter reading at the output node?
• Turn off the simulation button.
• Perform a dc sweep analysis of the output node with R5 at 26%. [cap]
Measurement Technique:
Task: Perform a dc sweep analysis on the current through R9.
Problem: There is no variable referring to the current at R9.
Solution: Add a 0-volt source.
1. Insert a 0-volt dc source in series with R9.
2. Perform a dc sweep analysis of the current through R9 with V1 as the sweep
source (0-50volts). [cap]
3. Determine the change in the R9 current when the input voltage is changed from
20 to 30 volts.
Fault Simulation and Troubleshooting
Multisim allows device faults to be simulated. This facility allows the user to observe the
effects of fault conditions on one or more components.
Circuits:
Circuit 1. Power Amplifier Circuit (link 1 or link 2).
Click on the schematic for a larger graphic.
Fault Simulation:
1. Open Circuit 1 in multisim.
2. Provide a reference set of measurements of the circuit when all components are in
proper working condition. Measure
o Time-domain waveform [cap]
o Frequency Response [cap]
o DC Operating Point (all variables) [list table contents]
for three nodes in the circuit including the output node.
3. Introduce a fault to Q3 in the form a short between the collector to emitter
junction. This can be done by double-clicking on Q3, selecting the "fault" tab,
selecting "short", and specifying the collector and the emitter pins.
4. Observe the effect on the following data:
o Time-domain waveform [cap]
o Frequency Response [cap]
o DC Operating Point (all variables) [list table contents]
at three nodes (same set as before) in the circuit, including the output node.
Note: After the above steps, don't forget to remove the fault.
Troubleshooting:
Multisim has a feature where it randomly selects a fault in the circuit. This is useful for
practicing troubleshooting techniques.
1. From the "Simulate" menu item, click on "Auto-fault".
2. Specify one unit of shorted component.
3. Using the multimeter, determine which component is defective and which of its
pins are involved. Specify the steps/measurements undertaken leading to the
isolation of the defective component.
4. Modify the "auto-fault" settings so that instead of a shorted component, one "any"
fault condition is selected.
5. Repeat step 3.
Issues:
• Often, more than one device is defective because when one breaks down, others
may break as well.
• Resistance checks often necessitates the removal of the component being checked
from circuit.
• Exhaustive checking of pairs of pins is very time consuming if done manually and
in many cases, analytical exploration of the circuit behaviour is preferred.
• It is the usual case that the type of fault condition is unknown.
Put all the data asked by the procedures into a MS Word file named as session04-1.doc.
You need to submit the followig multisim files:
• pamp01-block.ms*
• pamp01-block-example.ms*
• vreg01.ms*
• pamp01.ms* [fault/troubleshooting]
Application Exercise:
1. Set up an equivalent circuit for vreg01.msm using a heirarchical block and verify
identical results for both versions. Provide data for the verification measurements.