Compressor Sites

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COMPRESSOR SITES

Necessities andExpectations

Glenn Wininger

Project Engineer

ENGlobal Engineering, Inc.

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Basic Understanding of GasCompression

Gas Compression

pumping up the pressure at designedlocations along the pipeline route

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Basic Understanding of GasCompression

The need for constant pressurization

1. Distance of pipeline

2. Elevation Changes

3. Gas Hydraulics related to Gas Flow

4. Gas Viscosity

5. Gas Compressibility

6. Deliverable Pressures

7. And more

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Basic Understanding of GasCompression (cont.)

Gas flows from the beginning of a line witha high pressure

As hydraulics and distance supersede, thepressure drops considerably.

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Typical Compressor Station Layout

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Components of a Compression Site

Station Piping

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Typical Compressor Station PlotPlan

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Compressor Engine Exhaust

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Compressor Station Piping

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Types of Compression Units

Positive Displacement and Centrifugal

Compressors used in a natural gas environmentsystem are either

Centrifugal (CF) type or

Positive Displacement (PD) type.

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Types of Compression Units

Positive Displacement and Centrifugal

The Positive Displacement (PD) type.

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Reciprocating CompressorPositive Displacement (PD)

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Reciprocating Compressor (PD)with Gas Driven Engine

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Cross Section of a PD ReciprocatingCompressor

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Types of Compression Units

Centrifugal and Positive Displacement

Centrifugal Compressors (CF)

Centrifugal Force due to Rotation of Wheel

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Types of Compression Units

Centrifugal and Positive Displacement

Centrifugal Compressors (CF)

Operate at High Speeds

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Single Stage CentrifugalCompressor (CF)

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Cross Section of CentrifugalCompressor (CF)

Inlet/discharge flanges

High-strength alloy steel

casing

Rotor

Tandem dry gas seal withseparation seal

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Industry Necessity and RelatedFactors for Gas Compression

Total Pressure Required to Transport Gas

Hydraulics

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Industry Necessity and RelatedFactors for Gas Compression (cont.)

Total Pressure Required to Transport Gas

Hydraulics

Certain equations used in calculating the gas flow

can include: Mass Flow Rate

Erosion Velocity

Reynolds Number in Gas Flow

Friction Factor Transmission Factor

Elevation Factor

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Increased Compression Throughoutthe Lifetime of a Well

Compressor stations will increase as wellsget older

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Air Quality Concerns Related toCompressor Stations

Composition of Air Emissions

Air emissions typically found during shalenatural gas drilling and production

PA DEPs sampling did not find concentrationsof any compound that is likely to trigger air-related health issues associated with Marcellus

Shale drilling and production activities in thenorth central region.

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Air Quality Concerns Related toCompressor Stations

Composition of Air Emissions

Methane(CH4),

Nitrogen Oxides(NOx)

Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs), Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes(BTEX),

Carbon Monoxide

Sulfur Dioxide(SO2)

Particulate Matter

Ozone,

Hydrogen sulfide(H2S),

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Noise Concerns Related toCompressor Sites

Station Piping Noise Producing Mechanisms Mechanism #1 - Sound is produced by fully

developed flow at high velocities through

turbulence Mechanism #2: Turbulent flow past non-

straight pipe or in-pipe disturbances

Mechanism #3: Acoustic and mechanical

resonances Mechanism #4: Pipe wall vibrations caused by

turbulent flow

Noise Concerns Related to

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Noise Concerns Related toCompressor Sites

A Mitigation Process

Natural Gas CompressorStation with installed noisecontrol measures (i.e., laggedpipes and lagged valves)

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Questions?

Thank you

Glenn WiningerProject Engineer

Englobal Engineering, [email protected]