Comprehensive Materials Finishing - UMEXPERT · 2.5 Laser Beam Processing for Surface ... Comprehensive Materials Finishing is the primary reference source for researchers at ...

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ElsevierThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB225 Wyman Street, Waltham MA 02451

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CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES

VOLUME 1 – Finish Machining and Net-Shape Forming

Conventional Finish Machining

1.1 Factors Affecting Surface Roughness in Finish

1.2 Effect of Cutting Variables on Boring ProcessKC Bala, and SS Lawal

1.3 Finish Machining of Hardened Steel SK C

1.4 Review of Gear Finishing Processes NK Ja

1.5 Robotic Polishing and Deburring Fengfen

1.6 Precision Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and PQinghua Zhang, Jian Wang, Qiao Xu, and Hui

Advances in Finish Machining

1.7 Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: Aand M Sayuti

1.8 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Types,Measurement SM Sapuan, KF Tamrin, Y NSNA Aziz

1.9 Effect of Electrical Discharge Energy on WhiteAAD Sarhan, and H Marashi

1.10 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide UsiImprove MRR, EWR, and Hole Quality MM Sayuti

1.11 Micromachining MY Ali and WNP Hung

1.12 Laser Machining Processes BS Yilbas

1.13 ELID Grinding and EDM for Finish Machinin

Finishing Process Using Net Forming

1.14 Laser Peening of Metallic Materials S Gen

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ron,

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rning MM Ratnam 1

Review SA Lawal, MB Ndaliman,26

udhury and S Chinchanikar 47

and AC Petare 93

eff Xi, Tianyan Chen, and Shuai Guo 121

t-Processing of Optical Glass Yaguo Li,154

view H Marashi, AAD Sarhan, I Maher,

velopment, Manufacturing Process, andman, YA El-Shekeil, MSA Hussin, and

203

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.15 Micro Plastic Part Filling Capabilities throughMicro Gear Shape M Azuddin, Z Taha, and

.16 Net-Shape Microfabrication Technique by MicMolding AA Abdullahi, N Nahar, M Azuddi

.17 Review of Miniature Gear Manufacturing N

OLUME 2 – Surface and Heat Treatment Processes

.1 Fundamentals of Heat Treating Metals and All

.2 Hardenability of Steel AK Bhargava and MK

T Saleh and R Bahar 364

Irizalp and N Saklakoglu 408

ulation and Experiment: A Case Study onChoudhury 441

etal Powder Injectionand IA Choudhury 466

Jain and SK Chaubey 504

s MK Banerjee 1

anerjee 50

1

1

1

V

2

2

er Thickness of WEDM Process I Maher,231

Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio toourmand, AAD Sarhan, MY Noordin, and

267

322

344

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xii Contents of All Volumes

2.11 Thermal Treatment for Strengthening TitaniuNR Bandyopadhyay

2.12 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys HM

2.13 Solutionizing and Age Hardening of Aluminu

2.14 Heat-Treating Copper and Nickel Alloys A

2.15 Cryogenic Treatment of Engineering Material

VOLUME 3 – Surface Coating Processes

3.1 Electroless Plating of Pd Binary and TernaryApplication in Hydrogen Separation AM

3.2 Tuning of the Microstructure and Surface TopCoatings SMA Shibli and R Manu

3.3 Surface Finish Coatings P Sahoo, SK Das,

3.4 Residual Stresses in Thermal Spray Coating

3.5 Laser Texturing of Materials and Surface Hyd

3.6 Surface Texture Properties of Co–Ni Alloys FoPlating J Vazquez-Arenas, I Romero-Ibarra,

3.7 HVOF Coating of Nickel Based Alloys: Surfac

3.8 Laser-Based 3D Printing and Surface Texturin

3.9 Hydrophobicity and Surface Finish A Ow

3.10 Atomizers and Finish Properties of Surface C

3.11 Gas Nitriding of H13 Tool Steel Used for ExtExperimental Investigation SS Akhtar, AFM

3.12 Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process F Ozturk, Z

3.13 Finishing and Post-Treatment of Thermal Spr

3.14 High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying and SurfaceN Bala

3.15 Electroless Plating as Surface Finishing in Ele

3.16 Hard Coatings on Cutting Tools and SurfaceC Kurbanoglu

3.17 Topological Evaluation of Surfaces in Relatio

288

Rashed and AKM Bazlur Rashid 337

Alloys G Quan, L Ren, and M Zhou 372

Bhargava and MK Banerjee 398

T Slatter and R Thornton 421

oys and Surface Characteristics forditi, ML Bosko, and LM Cornaglia 1

raphy of Hot-Dip Galvanized25

d J Paulo Davim 38

AFM Arif, KS Al-Athel, and J Mostaghimi 56

hobicity BS Yilbas 71

ed with Unipolar and BipolarLara, and FS Sosa-Rodríguez 86

nd Mechanical Characteristics BS Yilbas 96

A Selimis and M Farsari 111

, M Khaled, and BS Yilbas 137

tings R Ray and P Henshaw 149

sion Dies: Numerical andrif, and BS Yilbas 158

is, and S Kilic 178

Coatings MM Verdian 191

nish H Singh, M Kaur, and207

onic Packaging MA Azmah Hanim 220

230

o Surface Finish P Demircioglu 243

teel MMA Bepari 71

khzadeh and A Edrisy 107

s BS Yilbas 137

A Smalcerz 154

ent S Ismail, Q Ahsan, and171

neering Applications MK Banerjee 180

, CA Barbosa, and AR Machado 214

246

Alloys A Sinha, S Sanyal, and

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2.3 Carburizing: A Method of Case Hardening of

2.4 Surface Hardening by Gas Nitriding K Fa

2.5 Laser Beam Processing for Surface Modificatio

2.6 Surface Induction Hardening J Barglik and

2.7 Recent Advances in Mechanical Surface TreatmASMA Haseeb

2.8 Heat Treatment of Commercial Steels for Eng

2.9 Heat Treatment of Tool Steels RA Mesquit

2.10 Heat Treatment of Cast Irons I Chakrabar

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Contents of All Volumes xiii

3.18 Evaluation of Surface Finish Quality Using CP Demircioglu

3.19 Effect of Surface Roughness on Wetting Prop

3.20 Surface Preparation and Adhesion Tests of Co

3.21 Powder Metallurgical Processing of NiTi UsinJ Butler, AA Gandhi, and SAM Tofail

3.22 Spark Plasma Sintering of Lead-Free FerroelecK Kowal, E Ul-Haq, and SAM Tofail

3.23 Electrochemical Processing and Surface Finish

Index

puter Vision Techniques I Bogrekci and261

es H Mojiri and M Aliofkhazraei 276

ings M Jokar and M Aliofkhazraei 306

park Plasma Sintering K McNamara,336

c Ceramic Layers M Karimi-Jafari,347

NK Jain and S Pathak 358

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1

Preface

Introduction to Finish Machining and Net-Shape For

VOLUME 1 – Finish Machining and Net-Shape Forming

Conventional Finish Machining

1.1 Factors Affecting Surface Roughness in Finish

1.2 Effect of Cutting Variables on Boring ProcessKC Bala, and SS Lawal

1.3 Finish Machining of Hardened Steel SK C

1.4 Review of Gear Finishing Processes NK Ja

1.5 Robotic Polishing and Deburring Fengfen

1.6 Precision Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and PQinghua Zhang, Jian Wang, Qiao Xu, and Hui

Advances in Finish Machining

1.7 Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: Aand M Sayuti

1.8 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Types,Measurement SM Sapuan, KF Tamrin, Y Nu

1.9 Effect of Electrical Discharge Energy on WhiteAAD Sarhan, and H Marashi

1.10 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Usito Improve MRR, EWR, and Hole QualityM Sayuti

1.11 Micromachining MY Ali and WNP Hung

1.12 Laser Machining Processes BS Yilbas

1.13 ELID Grinding and EDM for Finish Machinin

Finishing Process Using Net Forming

1.14 Laser Peening of Metallic Materials S Gen

1.15 Micro Plastic Part Filling Capabilities throughMicro Gear Shape M Azuddin, Z Taha, an

1.16 Net-Shape Microfabrication Technique by MiMolding AA Abdullahi, N Nahar, M Azudd

1.17 Review of Miniature Gear Manufacturing

xvii

ng xix

rning MM Ratnam 1

Review SA Lawal, MB Ndaliman,26

udhury and S Chinchanikar 47

and AC Petare 93

eff Xi, Tianyan Chen, and Shuai Guo 121

t-Processing of Optical Glass Yaguo Li,154

view H Marashi, AAD Sarhan, I Maher,171

velopment, Manufacturing Process, andan, YA El-Shekeil, MSA Hussin, and SNA Aziz 203

er Thickness of WEDM Process I Maher,231

Microelectrode with High Aspect RatioHourmand, AAD Sarhan, MY Noordin, and

267

322

344

T Saleh and R Bahar 364

p Irizalp and N Saklakoglu 408

mulation and Experiment: A Case Study onA Choudhury 441

metal Powder Injectionand IA Choudhury 466

K Jain and SK Chaubey 504

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PREFACE

Finish manufacturing processes are final stage processing technare ready for marketing and putting in service. Over recent ddeveloped by researchers and technologists. Some of these newand collectively in relation to application in specific areas. Thchanges to these processes, and the precision with which they cafragmentary, and this reference work provides a more connecte

Comprehensive Materials Finishing is the primary reference souin academia and industry. This reference work encompasses tcomprehensive work. Containing a combination of review articdevelopment activities in both industrial and academic dommanufacturing processes are advantageous for a broad range ofcosts, and practicability of implementation. A wide range of mcovered.

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surface coating processes. Surface treatment refers to properthe physical dimensions of the surface. Finish machining prosurface by various machining type processes to render improthe surface properties are improved by adding fine layer(s) of mlife of the surface being coated. Each primary surface finishingmany of the following relevant specific processes as follows:

Volume 1: Finish Machining and Net-Shape Forming: developmpolishing, burnishing, and deburring), fine grinding, free EDchemical honing (ECH), electrochemical discharge grinding ((ECT), micro-machining process, and high-speed machining.Volume 2: Surface and Heat Treatment Processes: This containshardening, tempering, austempering, martempering, carburizin(gas and plasma), salt bath (boriding, chromizing, cyaniding(induction, flame, laser, electron beam, and anodizing).Volume 3: Surface Coating Processes: Plating (electroplating,copper and tin, gold, silver and other precious metals, zinc aselective/brush plating, surface finish coatings, air spray paintin

Finishing processes are at the core of successful productionfinishing technologies and science as well as covering recentfinishing of products for applications in all areas of engineerinand control. The in-depth study of these finishing processes as pselection, design, and usage of materials, whether required in s

The initiations for this project began in 2014 and by JanuaChoudhury, and Shahjahan Mridha and we met with Gemma Tin Oxford to finalize the table of contents and plan the projectselect topics to be covered, invite authors, and review their mthe end of 2015. In 2016, authors returned their proof correctiomost in-depth reference ever published on materials finishingauthors, editors, and the team at Elsevier. I would like to thaessential reference for materials scientists and engineers. Eachexperts in their fields, whose knowledge and expertise have prdedication to making their volume an exhaustive and relevant reon behalf of myself and the volume editors, I would like to tsupport, cooperation, and good humor throughout this project –

es which are deployed to bring products to a stage where theydes, a number of finish manufacturing processes have beencesses have been documented and illustrated both individuallydvancement of tools of physics has resulted in considerablee applied. The reporting of these developments are sometimesnd thorough review of these processes.for researchers at different levels and stages in their career bothknowledge and understanding of many experts into a single,case studies, and research findings resulting from research ands, this reference work focuses on how some of these finishnologies. These include applicability, energy and technologicalrials such as ferrous, nonferrous, and polymeric materials are

g processes: surface treatment, finish machining processes, andof a material being modified without otherwise changinges involve a small layer of material being removed from thed surface characteristics. Surface coating processes are whererials with superior surface characteristics to improve the servicecess is presented in a separate volume, comprising chapters on

s in conventional finish machining processes (honing, lapping,laser finishing, electrical discharge grinding (EDG), electro-G), electrochemical grinding (ECG), electrochemical turning

ects of heat treatments, stress relieving, annealing, normalizing,(pack, liquid, gas, and post carburizing treatments), nitridingd carbonitriding), phase transformation of the outer surface

oys (bronze/brass and others), chromium, dense chromium,nickel, electroforming, electroless nickel, hot dip galvanizing,and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)).

marketable products and address recent progress in materialselopments in specific manufacturing processes involved withiomedical, environmental, health and safety, and monitoringnted in these volumes will assist scientists and engineers in thell- or large-scale uses across industries.2015, I had selected the volume editors – Bekir Yilbas, Imtiazalin, Joanne Williams, and Graham Nisbet at the Elsevier officeroughout 2015, the volume editors and I worked resolutely toscripts, eventually getting all content ready for production byand final files were produced. To create a work of this scale, theocesses and surface engineering, relies on a collaboration ofthe many dedicated authors, whose contributions will be anpter has been reviewed by one of the volume editors, leadingd invaluable. I am indebted to each volume editor and theirrce for the scientific community for many years to come. Finally,k Gemma Tomalin and Joanne Williams at Elsevier for theirm the first meeting in early 2015, to the publication mid-2016.

MSJ HashmiEditor-in-Chief

Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

iqependrchleatea

This work details the three foremost and distinct types of finish

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xvii

1.10 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with HighAspect Ratio to Improve MRR, EWR, and Hole QualityM Hourmand, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaAAD Sarhan, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptMY Noordin, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MalaysiaM Sayuti, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

r 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1.10.1 Introduction 2681.10.2 Material Removal Processes 2681.10.2.1 Conventional Process 2681.10.2.2 Nonconventional Process 2681.10.2.3 Hybridized Process 2701.10.3 EDM and Micro-EDM Processes 2701.10.3.1 Electrical Discharge Machining 2701.10.3.2 Sparking and Gap Phenomena in EDM 2711.10.3.3 Function and Types of Micro-EDM Process 2721.10.3.4 Pulse Generators/Power Supply 2741.10.3.4.1 Transistor-type pulse generator 2741.10.3.4.2 RC-type pulse generator 2741.10.3.4.3 Pulse waveform and discharge energy 2751.10.3.5 Electrode Material for EDM 2761.10.3.5.1 Copper 2761.10.3.5.2 Copper tungsten 2761.10.3.5.3 Graphite 2761.10.3.5.4 Brass 2771.10.3.5.5 Copper graphite 2771.10.3.5.6 Zinc alloys 2771.10.3.5.7 Silver tungsten 2771.10.3.5.8 Tungsten 2771.10.3.5.9 Tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) 2771.10.3.6 Electrode Material for Micro-EDM 2771.10.3.7 Dielectric Medium in EDM 2781.10.3.7.1 Mineral oil 2781.10.3.7.2 Kerosene 2781.10.3.7.3 Mineral seal 2781.10.3.7.4 Transformer oil 2781.10.3.7.5 Water-based dielectrics 2781.10.3.7.6 Powder-mixed EDM 2781.10.3.7.7 Dry EDM 2791.10.4 EDM and Micro-EDM Process Parameters 2791.10.4.1 EDM Performance Measure (Machining Characteristics) 2801.10.4.1.1 MRR 2801.10.4.1.2 EWR 2801.10.4.1.3 Surface roughness 2801.10.4.2 Micro-EDM Performance Measure (Machining Characteristics) 2801.10.4.2.1 MRR 2801.10.4.2.2 EWR 2801.10.4.2.3 Overcut 2811.10.4.2.4 Surface integrity 2821.10.4.3 Various Fabrication Processes of Microelectrode 2821.10.4.3.1 WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.1 Radial-feed WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.2 TF-WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.2.1 Principle of TF-WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.2.2 Analysis of TF-WEDG 2841.10.4.3.1.3 Twin-wire EDM system 2851.10.4.3.1.4 Fabrication of microelectrode for batch production by WEDM 286

Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Volume 1 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09155-4 267

dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09155-4

1.10.4.3.1.5 Compliant microelectrode arrays were fabricated by WEDM 2861.10.4.3.1.6 Fabrication of series-pattern micro-disk electrode 2881.10.4.3.2 Rotating sacrificial disk 2901.10.4.3.3 Stationary BEDG 2901.10.4.3.4 MBEDG 2911.10.4.3.5 Micro-turning process 2921.10.4.3.6 EDM of micro-rods by self-drilled holes 2931.10.4.3.7 Reverse EDM 2941.10.4.3.8 Hybrid process 2941.10.4.3.8.1 Micro-turning–micro-EDM hybrid machining process 2941.10.4.3.8.2 Self-drilled holes–TF-WEDG hybrid machining process 2961.10.4.3.8.3 Continuous machining process of array micro-holes 2971.10.4.3.8.4 LIGA–micro-EDM hybrid machining process 2981.10.5 Prospective on Process Selection 3001.10.6 Methodology 3031.10.6.1 Experimental Setup 3031.10.6.2 Micro-EDM of WC–Co 3041.10.7 Results and Discussions 3051.10.7.1 Analysis of Results on Micro-EDM of WC–Co 3051.10.7.1.1 Overcut 3051.10.7.1.2 MRR and EWR 3061.10.7.1.3 Surface roughness 3111.10.7.1.4 Micro-crack 3121.10.7.1.5 Material migration 3141.10.8 Conclusions 318Acknowledgment 318References 318

1.10.1 Introduction

According to the CRIP committee of physical and chemicalprocesses, micro-machining is considered as one of the mostfundamental technologies to manufacture and miniaturizeproducts and parts with a dimension between 1 and 999 mm.1

Miniaturized products and parts are mainly used in bio-technology, information technology, environmental, medicalindustries, electric devices, miniaturized machines, and so on.2,3

With the recent advancements in Microelectro Mechanical Sys-tem, micro-machining is being more and more popular day-by-day.4 A lot of studies have already been done about thefabrication of functional micro-structure and component.4,5

Basically, micromachining has been classified into threeprocesses including conventional material removal processes,non-conventional material removal processes, and hybridizedprocesses.

1.10.2 Material Removal Processes

1.10.2.1 Conventional Process

Mechanical force and energy are required for conventionalmaterial removal processes where shear force removes thematerial. Shear refers to simple machining process by physicalcontact between material and cutting tools.6,7 Traditionalmaterial removal processes such as micro-turning, micro-milling, micro-drilling, and grinding use a single-point dia-mond cutter or very fine-grit-sized grinding wheels to producemachine parts. They can be used for machining of the most of

the materials; for example, ferrous and non-ferrous metals,semiconductors, and plastics. The products with any shapesuch as flat surfaces, arbitral curvature, long shaft, and so oncan be fabricated by conventional material removal pro-cesses.8,9 Figure 1 presents the experimental setup for micro-turning, micro-milling, and micro-grinding.10–13

1.10.2.2 Nonconventional Process

In the nonconventional process, other sources of energy suchas light energy, spark energy, vibration energy, electrolysisenergy, energy beams (laser beam, electron beam, or ionbeams), mechanical energy (based on erosion mechanism),etc., are used to remove the material.7,14–16 Techniques basedon energy beams (beam-based micromachining) or solidcutting tools (tool-based micromachining) can be used formicro-machining. There are some constraints due to poorcontrol of 3D structures, low material removal rate (MRR) andlow aspect ratio in the beam-based micro-machining by usingthe laser beam, ion beams, or electron beam. Furthermore,special facilities are required for these processes and themaximum achievable thickness is relatively small.15,16 Also,due to its quasi-three-dimensional structure, there are somelimitations in using photolithography on silicon substratesincludes its low aspect ratio and limitation of the workmaterial. High aspect ratio of three-dimensional submicronstructures by very high form accuracy can be produced deep X-ray lithography using synchrotron radiation beam (LIGA)process and focused-ion beam machining process. While thespecial facilities are required for these processes and the

268 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio

Figure 1 (a) Micro-turning setup,10 (b) Close view of the micro-milling experimental setup,11 (c) Micro-grinding system setup.12,13

Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio 269

MAC_ALT_TEXT Figure 1

1.10.8 Conclusions

This work describes EDM and micro-EDM comprehensivelyand compares the types of pulse generators, electrodes andmethods for calculating MRR, EWR, overcut, and surfaceroughness for these methods. Various fabrication and mea-surement processes of microelectrode are explained as well.Moreover, this research work was carried out to characterizethe effects of micro-EDM drilling of WC–16%Co with a CuWmicroelectrode by using EDM machine. The results show that:

• Various machining conditions produced different amountsof overcut.

• ANOVA analysis illustrated that MRR increased withamplifying current, rotating speed and capacitor, anddecreasing voltage and pulse-ON time. The current andcapacitor were the most significant factors, but the effect ofthe capacitor was greater than current. It can be concludedthat the capacitor had the greatest impact on improvingMRR. Moreover, EWR increased by increasing current andpulse-ON time and decreasing pulse-OFF time. The effect ofpulse-ON time on EWR was more prominent than otherparameters.

• It was found there were direct relationships between thesurface finish of micro-holes, burr-like recast layer at thetop surfaces and MRR. It can be concluded that surfaceroughness enhanced and the amount of burr-like recastlayer at the top surfaces decreased with decreasing current,rotating speed and capacitor, and increasing voltage andpulse-ON time. The current and capacitor were the mostsignificant factors; however, the effect of the capacitor wasgreater than current.

• Pulse-OFF time and rotating speed had no effect on theamount of micro-cracks due to the insignificant effect onelectrical discharge energy. On the other hand, the electricaldischarge energy depends on the voltage, current, pulse-ONtime, and capacitor. It can be concluded that amount of themicro-cracks decrease with increasing voltage and decreas-ing current, pulse-ON time and capacitor. The voltage,current, pulse-ON time, and capacitor were significant fac-tors contributing to the amount of micro-cracks. However,the effects of voltage, current, and capacitor were strongerthan pulse-ON time.

• Al was added to the recast layer at the wall of the micro-holes, and because aluminum powder was used in thedielectric, aluminum migrated to the machined surface andrecast layer. The amount of C and O in the recast layerincreased because oil-based dielectric was used. As a result,it is suggested to use powder that is more similar in termsof elemental composition to the workpiece in dielectric.Finally, various machining conditions produced differentamounts of overcut.

• In conclusion, EDM can be used confidently for producingmicro-holes.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the University ofMalaya for providing the necessary facilities and resources forthis research. This research was funded by the University ofMalaya Research Grant (UMRG) Program No. RP039B-15AETand Postgraduate Research Grant (PPP) Program No. PG027-2015A.

See also: 1.7 Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: A Review

References

1. Masuzawa, T.; Tönshoff, H. Three-Dimensional Micromachining by MachineTools. CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Techn. 1997, 46, 621–628.

2. Goda, J.; Mitsui, K. Development of an Integrated Apparatus of Micro-EDMand Micro-CMM. Measurement 2013, 46, 552–562.

3. Rahman, M.; Asad, A.; Masaki, T.; Saleh, T.; Wong, Y.; Senthil Kumar, A. AMultiprocess Machine Tool for Compound Micromachining. Int. J. Mach. ToolManu. 2010, 50, 344–356.

4. Asad, A.; Masaki, T.; Rahman, M.; Lim, H.; Wong, Y. Tool-Based Micro-Machining. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 2007, 192, 204–211.

5. Lim, H.; Wong, Y.; Rahman, M.; Lee, M. E. A Study on the Machining ofHigh-Aspect Ratio Micro-Structures Using Micro-EDM. J. Mater. Process.Tech. 2003, 140, 318–325.

6. Masuzawa, T. State of the Art of Micromachining. CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Techn.2000, 49, 473–488.

7. Weller, E. J. Nontraditional Machining Process ; Society of ManufacturingEngineers: Dearborn, MI, 1984.

Figure 85 Percentage of elements.


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MAC_ALT_TEXT Figure 85

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Index

Note

This index is in letter-by-letter order, whereby hyphens and spaces within index headings are ignored in the alphabetization, and it

is arranged in set-out style, with a maximum of three levels of heading.

Cross-reference terms in italics are general cross-references, or refer to subentry terms within the main entry (the main entry is not

repeated to save space).

Location references refer to the volume number, in bold, followed by the page number.

Major discussion of a subject is indicated by bold page numbers; page numbers suffixed by ‘F’ and ‘T’ refer to figures and tables,

respectively.

A

AA see Aluminum Association (AA)

AA sample see artificially aged (AA) sample

AA6061 alloy 2:357

ab initio methods 3:86

ABAQUS 1:354, 3:100–101, 3:101, 3:162,

3:163–164, 3:164

Abbe Criterion 3:244–245

abrasion 1:77

resistance 3:156

abrasion resistant high-alloy white irons

2:276–279

heat treatment

of high-chromium white irons

2:280–281

of nickel–chromium white irons

2:277–279

abrasive belt grinding 3:194

abrasive flow machining (AFM) 1:98, 1:116F

advantages 1:115–116

applications 1:116–117

gear finishing by 1:115

limitations 1:116

machines 1:113

components of 1:113–115

parameters of 1:115

types 1:112

one-way AFM 1:112, 1:114F

orbital AFM process 1:113, 1:115F

two-way AFM 1:112–113, 1:114F

working principle of 1:112

abrasive fluidized bed (AFB) 3:216

abrasive jet machine (AJM) 1:178–180

abrasive material 1:98–99

abrasive waterjet machining system

1:157–158

abrasive-assisted wire 1:249, 1:249F

ABS 1:443–444

AC see alternating current (AC)

acceptance test on fasteners 2:307

AC-HVAF see assisted combustion high

velocity air fuel (AC-HVAF)

acoustic emission (AE) 1:6

acrylate photopolymers 3:118, 3:118–119

active compliance toolhead 1:134, 1:139,

1:140F, 1:144

adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

(ANFIS) models 1:198, 1:233–234,

1:253–258, 1:254T

ANFIS-based model 1:233

development 1:253–258

results and discussion 1:258–259

electrical parameters effect on WLT

1:259

wire electrode parameters effect on WLT

1:260–262

workpiece parameters effect on WLT

1:262

verification 1:258

adding and altering methods 3:256–257T

additive agents 3:376

additive manufacturing (AM) 3:111

stereolithography (SLA) 3:111–112

selective laser sintering (SLS) 3:112

additive process for miniature gear

manufacturing 1:511–513

die casting 1:514

injection compression molding (ICM)

1:518–519

lithography, electroforming and molding

1:521–522

metal injection molding (MIM) 1:516–518

micro-powder injection molding (m-PIM)

1:519–521

powder metallurgy (P/M) process

1:511–513

adhesion 1:65–66, 1:77, 3:306–307, 3:311

disruption 3:306–307

physical and chemical reasons 3:307F

resistance 3:306–307

adhesion strength of coating 3:51–52

adhesion testing for coatings 3:51–52

ADI see austempered ductile iron (ADI)

advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) 2:180,

3:185, 3:185F, 3:186F, 3:187F

AE see acoustic emission (AE); algorithm

effort (AE); assisting electrode (AE)

aerated liquid atomization 3:152

aerospace materials 2:424

AF1410 steel

heat treatment 2:185–186, 2:185F

high-temperature of AerMet 100 steel

2:187F

microstructures of AerMet 100 steel 2:186F

AFB see abrasive fluidized bed (AFB)

AFM see abrasive flow machining (AFM);

atomic force microscope (AFM);

atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Ag electroless process 3:7

AG40L Sodick electrical discharge machine

1:302F

age hardening 2:9, 2:353–354

age-hardening treatment 2:32–34

aging 2:181–182, 2:185–186, 2:204, 2:207,

2:353–356, 2:373–374, 2:374–375,

2:377–378, 2:377F, 2:378F, 2:388,

2:389

artificial 2:356–357, 2:357F

determination 2:388–389

factors affecting 2:390

composition of alloy 2:390

plastic deformation 2:390

solutionizing treatment system 2:390

ultrasonic 2:390

natural 2:354–356, 2:355F, 2:356F

operation 2:390

parameters 2:389, 2:389F

pre-conditions and property requirements

2:388

quality control 2:389–390

key points of operation 2:390

properties of aluminum alloys 2:390

stress aging 2:389

temperature 2:389, 2:390

time 2:389

treatment

effect 2:328–333

processes 2:387–388

AGMA standard see American Gear

Manufacturers Association (AGMA)

standard

AHSS see advanced high-strength steels

(AHSS)

air assist atomizer 3:152, 3:152F

air blast atomizer 3:152

air cylinder pressure control modeling

1:137

air patenting 2:22

air plasma spray (APS) 3:214

YSZ coatings 3:198

381

air spindle speed control modeling

1:137–138

aircraft coatings 3:150

air-hardening, medium-alloy cold-work tool

steels 2:217–218T, 2:219–221T

AISI see American Iron and Steel Institute

(AISI)

AISI 304 steel 1:352

AISI 1050 carbon steel 1:233–234, 1:251T,

1:252, 1:261F

AISI 4140 steel 2:188, 2:189F

AISI D2 tool steel 2:427

AISI H13 tool steel 3:159–160, 3:164,

3:166–167, 3:170–171, 3:175–176,

3:176

AISI tool steels, chemical composition of

2:217–218T

AJM see abrasive jet machine (AJM)

Al–4Cu alloy 2:378–380, 2:379F

algorithm effort (AE) 1:87

alkali niobates 3:353, 3:354–355

alkaline soak cleaning 3:222

Al–Li alloy system 2:358

alloy carbides 2:228

alloy steels 2:11

carburization of see carburization of alloy

steels

for gear manufacturing 1:97

alloy(s) 2:357, 3:368, 3:369T

5456-H39 2:338–339

composition 2:266, 2:306, 2:390,

3:86–87, 3:86

layers 3:25–26

alloying

effects on annealing soaking time

2:251–252, 2:252T

elements effect on hardenability 2:65–66,

2:65F, 2:66F, 2:67T

system of Ti alloys 2:290

a stabilizers 2:290

b stabilizers 2:290

neutral elements 2:290

alloying elements 2:11, 2:11–12

classification 2:11–12

effect of 2:12–15

individual alloying elements in

summarized form 2:14–15

on TTT and CCT curves 2:15–20

on eutectoid temperature of steel 2:13F

on hardness of steel 2:12F

all-purpose aluminum alloys 2:374, 2:374F

a alloys see a-Ti alloysalpha brass, stress corrosion cracking in

2:408F

a phase 2:290

formation of equilibrium 2:306

wires 1:243, 1:243F

a stabilizers 2:290

alpha–beta aluminum bronzes 2:409–410

a/b alloys see a/b-Ti alloysa/b-Ti alloys 1:243–244, 2:291–292

heat treatment 2:301–305

annealing 2:305

change of microstructures during

thermochemical process 2:305F

decomposition of metastable b 2:306

normalizing 2:305

quenching 2:305–306

tempering 2:306

thermal treatment effect 2:306

a-Case 2:125–126

a-Ti alloys 2:290–291

see also b-Ti alloysfully a-Ti alloys 2:290–291

maximum stress and steady-state stress

2:297F

near a-Ti alloys 2:291

alternating current (AC) 3:361–362

alternative rate cooling 2:387

alumina 1:4, 1:12–13, 3:72, 3:74,

3:307–308, 3:371

tiles 3:72–73, 3:78–81

cross-section laser-treated workpiece

3:80F

laser-treated surfaces 3:79F

microhardness at work piece 3:81T

optical photograph 3:78F

x-ray diffractogram 3:80F

aluminum 1:281, 2:14–15, 2:337


heat treatment techniques

digital modeling 2:391

new short T6 heat treatment 2:390–391

novel multi-stage solutionizing

2:392–393

thermo-mechanical treatment

2:391–392

thermo-mechanical treatment for

non-ferrous alloy 2:392, 2:392F

water–air spray cooling 2:391, 2:391F

aluminum alloys 2:337, 2:340–341, 2:373,

2:390

see also Co–Ni alloys

7050–T7451 aluminum alloy 2:173

designation system 2:337–338, 2:338T

heat treatment 2:341–347, 2:373

aluminum matrix composites

2:395–396, 2:396F

multi-heat treatment on aluminum

2:393–395

novel techniques 2:390–391

purpose and principles 2:374

tempers nomenclature 2:382

inspection and quality assurance

2:368–369

processes of aging treatment 2:387–388

progress in heat treatment 2:390–391

properties


plastic deformation 2:390

solutionizing treatment system 2:390

temperature of aging 2:390

ultrasonic 2:390

technological characteristics of solution

treatment 2:383–384

temper designations 2:338–340

Aluminum Association (AA) 2:337–338

aluminum bronzes, heat treatment of

2:409–410

aluminum casting die 2:244

aluminum castings 3:42

aluminum extrusion die 3:158

aluminum nitride 2:93, 2:108–109, 2:113

aluminum oxide see alumina

aluminum/PMMA mold 1:448F

aluminum–brass wire 1:240, 1:240F

aluminum–phosphate 3:199–200

AM see additive manufacturing (AM)

American Gear Manufacturers Association

(AGMA) standard 1:507

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

2:61–62, 2:215

American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) 2:337–338

ANSI 35.1 standard 2:338

ammonia dissociation 2:114

amorphous polysaccharide 1:205

analysis of variance (ANOVA) 1:13–14,

1:29, 1:182–183, 1:306–308

analysis 1:19, 1:21, 1:22

for EWR 1:308T

for MRR 1:307T

ANFIS models see adaptive neuro-fuzzy

inference system (ANFIS) models

animal fiber 1:208

ANN see artificial neural network (ANN)

annealing 2:2, 2:9, 2:20, 2:181, 2:188,

2:190, 2:281, 2:305, 2:368,

2:368T

annealing soaking time, alloying effects on

2:251–252, 2:252T

diffusion 2:24

of ductile irons 2:262, 2:266T

full 2:20

of gray irons 2:251

effects of alloying on annealing soaking

time 2:251–252

types of annealing 2:251

homogenization 2:24

incomplete 2:22

intercritical 2:22–23, 2:23

isothermal 2:20–22

patenting 2:21–22

recrystallization 2:24–27

spheroidizing 2:23–24

subcritical 2:27

treatments 2:300–301

anode 3:361

anodic coatings 3:199

anodizing 3:42

anomalous behavior 3:86, 3:86–87, 3:88,

3:89

ANOVA see analysis of variance (ANOVA)

ANSI see American National Standards

Institute (ANSI)

ANSYS CFX flow model 1:450–451, 1:452,

1:457, 1:457–458

Ansys package 2:167

anti-galling 3:323

antiphase boundary (APB) strengthening

2:418–419

APB strengthening see antiphase boundary

(APB) strengthening

applied Wilhelmy plate methodology

3:279F

APS see air plasma spray (APS)

aqueous solutions 2:54, 3:199–200

arc spray coatings 3:43

382 Index

arc spraying (AS) 3:207

aromatics-based binder system 1:476

array micro-holes, continuous machining

process of 1:296–298

Arruda–Boyce constitutive model

1:147–148, 1:148

ARs see aspect ratios (ARs)

artificial aging 2:356–357, 2:357F

artificial neural network (ANN) 1:20, 1:195,

1:484

artificially aged (AA) sample 2:356

AS see arc spraying (AS)

‘as hot-rolled’ sample 1:18–19

asbestos 1:209

as-cast matrix 2:260

aspect ratios (ARs) 1:173

asperities see local maxima

as-quenched castings 2:264

assisted combustion high velocity air fuel

(AC-HVAF) 3:212–213

assisting electrode (AE) 1:334

as-sprayed coating 3:192

as-sprayed surface finish 3:213

automobile industry 3:213

power generation industry 3:213

surface roughness of bondcoats in TBCs

3:213–215

ASTM A681-94 Standard 2:215

ASTM C1327-99 standard 3:74

ASTM D3359-09e2 3:155–156

ASTM D7027-05 standard 3:75

atomic force microscope (AFM) 3:142,

3:144–145

micrographs 3:142–143

surface topography 3:142–143

texture profile micrographs 3:143–144

atomic force microscopy (AFM) 1:421, 3:87,

3:90–94, 3:91F

surface topography 1:424F, 3:244, 3:245F,

3:247, 3:247F, 3:261–262,

3:282–283, 3:288

atomic hydrogen mechanism 3:223

atomization 3:150–151

aerated liquid 3:152

centrifugal 3:152

ultrasonic 3:153

atomizers

droplet formation and fate 3:150

basic mechanism 3:150

coating formation on the surface 3:151

formation of droplets 3:150–151

spray air contact 3:151

and finishing properties 3:153–156

types and requirements of 3:151–153

atoms, diffusion of 2:400

austempered ductile iron (ADI) 2:264

austempering 2:44–45, 2:253–254,

2:266–267

of ductile irons 2:264–266

metallurgical variables on properties of

ADI 2:264–266

two-step austempering heat treatment

2:268–269

of gray iron 2:253–255, 2:254F, 2:255F

case studies 2:255, 2:255F

heat treatment 3:198

austenite 2:4–5, 2:92–93, 3:336

characteristic features of 2:92–93

effect of austenite composition 2:93

excessive retained 2:93

effect on properties 2:93

major cause 2:93–94

reducing retained 2:94

austenite grain size 2:93, 2:94, 2:95F, 2:96F,

2:97, 2:97F, 2:234F

austenite stabilizer 2:5

austenitic grain growth 2:9F

austenitic graphitic irons 2:269–271

case studies on 2:272–273

effects of composition 2:270–271


austenitic stainless steel 2:200–204

austenitization 2:10–11, 2:10F, 2:154,

2:154F, 2:156, 2:162, 2:185, 2:192,

2:193, 2:195, 2:196, 2:200, 2:205,

2:224–226, 2:233, 2:266

austenitizing temperature 2:10, 2:63–64

austenitizing time 2:50, 2:63–64, 2:252

Australian Gear standard 1:507

autoclave moulding 1:220

automobile industry 3:213

auxiliary equipment and application 1:474T

auxiliary mode 1:41

average method 1:132, 1:132T, 1:133

average roughness 1:15

avian fiber 1:208

axial stiffness 1:147

axial/conventional rotary gear shaving

1:107, 1:107F

Axioplan 2 imaging optical microscope

3:160

axisymmetric 2D model 1:195

axisymmetric 3D thermo-physical model

1:195–196

AZ91 alloy 3:311–312, 3:313F

AZ91D magnesium 3:320

B

bainite formation, in steels 2:42–43

mechanism of 2:42–43

bainite reaction curve 2:15

bainitic heat treatment of malleable irons

2:258

bainitic transformation 2:7–8

bake hardening 2:209, 2:210–211

ball burnish machining (BEDM) 1:398,

1:399F

barium strontium titanate (BST) 3:354

barium titanate (BT) 3:352–353, 3:353,

3:353–354

barreling 1:355

barrier coating 3:27

batch hot-dip galvanizing processes

3:181–183, 3:182F

batch production mode of mass micro-

holes 1:286F

Battenfeld Microsystem 50 1:443

BCC see body centered cubic (BCC)

bcc crystal structure see body-centered cubic

(bcc) crystal structure

BD see bore deviation (BD)

BE/PM see blended elemental powder

metallurgy (BE/PM)

bearing steel 2:196–197, 2:197F, 2:197T

comparison of ELID performance with

finishing processes for 1:379F

cylindrical ELID I grinding, for 1:378F

effect of finishing operation on 1:378T

BEDG see block electrical discharge grinding

(BEDG)

BEDM see ball burnish machining (BEDM)

benzoic acid 3:286

Bertsch system 3:113–114, 3:114

beryllium bronzes, heat treatment of

2:410–413

beryllium–copper alloys 2:415

b alloys see b-Ti alloysb phase 2:290

separation 2:306

beta phase wires 1:243–244

cross-section of wire 1:244F

different processing steps 1:245F

wires with different coating thickness

1:245F

X and D types of wire electrodes 1:244F

b stabilizers 2:290

o phase 2:290

beta–gamma phases 1:243–244

b-quenching 2:35

b-Ti alloys 2:292

see also a-Ti alloyscomposition, category, transus

temperature, source, and year of

introduction 2:314T


deformation in aþ b-phase field

2:317–321

deformation in b-phase field 2:313–317

deformation parameters 2:316T

grain coarsening in b-phase field 2:321F

sequence of events during restoration

process 2:320F

SMAs 2:321–322

variation in b-transus temperature

2:313F

pseudo-binary b-isomorphous phase

diagram 2:292F

stabilizers 2:293F

steady-state stress 2:296F

b-transus temperature 2:312

(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 3:355–356

(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-BaTiO3 (BNT-BT) 3:355

bicomponent injection 1:467

‘billet’ 1:524

binary NiTi

fabrication of 3:340–342

spark plasma sintering of 3:340–342

biodegradability 1:204

biomedical microdevices 3:121

biomimetics 3:294

bipolar pulse 3:361–362

blackheart malleable iron 2:257

blended elemental powder metallurgy

(BE/PM) 2:304

blistering, in surface coatings 3:154

blob analyses 3:273F, 3:274

Index 383

block electrical discharge grinding (BEDG)

1:282

BMC see bulk moulding compound (BMC)

BNT-BT see (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-BaTiO3

(BNT-BT)

body centered cubic (BCC) 2:5

body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure

2:112, 2:290

Boltzmann constant 1:147–148

bonnet polishing 1:160

bore 1:26

bore deviation (BD) 1:39

boring process 1:26, 1:41–42

application in building of tunnel 1:39–41

boring bar 1:26–27, 1:27

dynamic properties 1:34T

with passive damper and accelerometer

1:30F

cast iron boring machining operation

1:32T

cutting force measured at Smart Tool 1:38F

disk cutters 1:43F

dynamic simulation 1:34F

experimental and simulated cutting force

values 1:36F

experimental conditions 1:30T, 1:31T

experimental results 1:30T, 1:31T

internal turning operation 1:27

model parameters 1:37T

monitoring variables 1:37T

operations 1:26, 1:27–39, 1:27F, 1:43–44

surface roughness with passive damper

1:40T

test trails 1:29T

boron hardenability effect 2:67–69, 2:68F

bound-abrasive CMP 1:162

bound-abrasive polishing 1:162

Bragg’s law 1:415

braiding 1:218

brass 1:277

heat treatment of 2:406–408

wire 1:239–240, 1:240F

electrode 1:257T, 1:259, 1:260F, 1:261F

Brinell hardness number (HB) 1:131–132

Brinell test model 1:131–132

brines 2:54

British Standards Institute (BSI) standard

1:507

bronzes, heat treatment of 2:408–409

aluminum bronzes 2:409–410

beryllium bronzes 2:410–413

silicon bronze 2:413–414

tin bronzes 2:409

BSI standard see British Standards Institute

(BSI) standard

BST see barium strontium titanate (BST)

BT see barium titanate (BT)

BUE see builtup formation (BUE)

BUEHLER Wirtz Vickers test apparatus

3:160

buffing process 3:194

builtup formation (BUE) 1:1, 1:11–12,

3:230, 3:237

bulk micromachining 1:329–330

bulk moulding compound (BMC) 1:219

burnishing 3:194, 3:308

burr 1:139–140

geometry 1:141T

reduction 1:144F

C

CA see contact angle (CA)

Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 see hydroxyapatite

(HAp)

CACO technique see continuous ant colony

optimization (CACO) technique

CAD see computer aided design (CAD)

cadmium coatings 3:49

CAE applications see computer aided

engineering (CAE) applications

CAH see contact angle hysteresis (CAH)

calcium stearate 3:285

CAM see coverage area map (CAM)

capacitor 1:274, 1:279

capillary rheometer 1:477

capsule free-HIP (CF-HIP) 3:339

carbide tools 3:230–231

carbon 2:265, 2:269, 2:271

content hardenability effect 2:64–65,

2:64F

content in matrix 2:248–249

carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF-PEEK)

3:200

carbon nano tubes (CNTs) 3:49

carbon steels 2:222

carburization, methods of 2:73–74

gas carburization 2:78

advantages 2:79

atmospheric conditions for 2:78–79

carbon potential 2:79

carburizing process 2:78

carburizing reactions 2:78

carrier gases 2:79

disadvantages 2:79

safety measures for 2:79–80

liquid carburization 2:76–77

advantages 2:77

carburizing process, high temperature

baths 2:77

carburizing process, low temperature

baths 2:76–77

disadvantages 2:77

safety precautions 2:77–78

plasma carburizing 2:80–81

advantages 2:81

carburizing process 2:80–81

control of carbon supply and case depth

2:81

solid/pack carburization 2:73–74



chemical reactions 2:74

decarburization 2:74–75

disadvantages 2:76

vacuum carburizing 2:80

advantages 2:80



2:80

disadvantages 2:80

carburization, problems during 2:102–103

cracking and exfoliation 2:104

prevention 2:104

distortion 2:103–104

drastic quenching 2:104

high temperature hardening 2:104

rehardening 2:104

release of internal stresses 2:104

uneven heating 2:104

grinding cracks 2:105

prevention 2:105

insufficient case depth 2:103

prevention 2:103

low hardness 2:103

decarburization 2:103

higher case depth 2:103

retained austenite 2:103

nonuniform carburizing 2:103

prevention 2:103

soft spots 2:104

prevention 2:104

sooting 2:103

prevention 2:103

uneven case depth 2:103

prevention 2:103

carburization, theory of 2:81–82

controlling factors of carburization

2:82–85

flow of carbon from the supply source

2:85–86

flow of carbon in iron 2:82–85

equilibrium state for chemical reaction

2:82

Fick’s laws of diffusion 2:81–82

carburization of alloy steels 2:94

austenitic stainless steel, low temperature

carburization of 2:98–99

activation 2:99–100

carburizing atmosphere 2:101

microstructure of low temperature

carburized layer 2:101

processing temperature ranges

2:100–101

low alloy steels 2:94

chromium–nickel steel 2:94

molybdenum–nickel steel 2:94–96

microalloyed steels 2:96–98

niobium-microalloyed steel 2:98

vanadium-microalloyed steel 2:97–98

tool steels, carburization of 2:101–102

cold working tool steel 2:102

hot working tool steel 2:101–102

mold steel 2:102

shock resisting tool steel 2:102

carburized components, processing

sequence for 2:105

carburized steels, microstructures of

2:90–91

austenite 2:92–93

characteristic features of 2:92–93

effect of austenite composition 2:93

excessive retained 2:93

reducing retained austenite 2:94

martensite 2:90–91

formation 2:90–91

morphologies 2:91–92

384 Index

tempering, effect of 2:92

transition carbides, role of 2:92

carburizing 2:73, 2:73F, 2:204

diffusion of carbon in iron during 2:84F

heat treatment after carburizing and

properties of carburized parts

2:86–87

direct quench technique 2:89

double hardening 2:87–89

heat treatment of gas-carburized steels

2:90

quenchants for carburized steels

2:89–90

single hardening with core refinement

2:87, 2:88F

single hardening without core

refinement 2:87, 2:87F

subzero treatment 2:90

packing of workpieces in a box for 2:73F

carburizing agent 2:79

Carreau model 1:492

Carreau viscosity model 1:445

Carreau–Yasuda viscosity model 1:445–446

Case see diffusion zone

case depth

insufficient 2:103

prevention 2:103

uneven 2:103

prevention 2:103

Cassie state 3:278

Cassie–Baxter states 3:139–140, 3:146–147

Cassie-impregnated state 3:141

cast alloys 2:340–341, 2:341T, 2:342T,

2:344–345T, 2:368

heat treatment scheme 2:358–363, 2:363T,

2:364F, 2:365–366T

cast and forged aluminum alloy parts,

tempers for 2:383, 2:385T

cast irons 2:436–437, 2:247

see also gray irons; malleable irons



matrix structures 2:248T

types 2:247–248

cast magnesium alloys 2:36

cast steel, for gear manufacturing 1:97

castability 2:270

casting methods 3:337

casting route 2:289

Castro Macosko viscosity function 1:445

cathode

gear 3:373–374, 3:373F, 3:374F

sputtering 2:114

cathodic coatings 3:199

Cauchy–Green deformation tensor

1:147–148

caul plate 1:219

CBN see cubic boron nitride (CBN)

cBN–TiN-coated carbide tools 1:63

CCD array see Charge–Coupled Device

(CCD) array

CCD method see central composite design

(CCD) method

CCGA see cooperative coevolutionary

genetic algorithm (CCGA)

CCR see critical cooling rate (CCR)

CCT see continuous cooling transformation

(CCT)

CCT see cooling transformation (CCT)

CCT diagram see classical time temperature

cooling (CCT) diagram

CD’s injection mold 2:223F

cellulose 1:205, 1:205F

cemented carbides 1:55

centering collar 1:150F

central composite design (CCD) method

1:225

centrifugal atomization 3:152

ceramic coatings 3:43, 3:49

ceramic injection molding (CIM) 1:467

ceramic matrix composites (CMC) 1:173,

1:212

ceramic(s) 2:442, 3:14

coatings 3:196

composite tools 1:8

ELID grinding for 1:370–373

fibers 1:209

tool materials 1:55–56

cermets 1:55, 2:449, 3:347

CFD see computational fluid dynamics

(CFD)

CF-HIP see capsule free-HIP (CF-HIP)

CF-PEEK see carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK

(CF-PEEK)

Charge–Coupled Device (CCD) array 1:296,

3:245–246

chatter vibration 1:5

chemical and textural analyses 3:87–88

chemical bed deposition 3:294F

chemical etching 3:308

material removal by 3:59

chemical mechanical polishing (CMP)

1:159–160, 1:365

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 1:12–13,

1:328, 3:39, 3:41, 3:44T, 3:121,

3:141, 3:199, 3:200, 3:210, 3:230,

3:231

CVD-SiC film 1:378F

nitride coatings 2:132

process 3:232

chip formation 1:60–61

chip load 1:323

chipping, in surface coatings 3:154

chopped fibers 1:213

chopper gun 1:220

chromate 3:313–320

conversion coating, substrate, coating

contents 3:321–322T

non-chromic coatings, substrate, coating

contents 3:324T

chromate coatings 3:42

chromated zinc 3:313–320

chromium 2:13–14, 2:13F, 2:14,

2:124–125, 2:271, 2:277–278, 3:184

carbides 1:65

chromium–molybdenum steel 2:192

chromium coppers 2:414

chromium hot work tool steels 2:217–218T

chromium nitride 2:116

chromium plating electrolytes 3:48

chromium–nickel steel, carburization of

2:94

CIM see ceramic injection molding (CIM)

CIP process see cold isostatic pressing (CIP)

process

classical time temperature cooling (CCT)

diagram 2:155

c-LBM see cover plate laser beam machining

(c-LBM)

cleaning system 3:372

closed die forging 1:525

CLSM see confocal laser scanning

microscopy (CLSM)

CMC see ceramic matrix composites (CMC)

CMM see computational micro-mechanics

(CMM)

C-Mold software 1:472–473

CMP see chemical mechanical polishing

(CMP)

CNC see computer numerical control

(CNC)

CNTs see carbon nano tubes (CNTs)

CO2 laser 2:138, 3:74

Co-alloys 3:195

coarse powder (INV1) feedstock 1:476,

1:476F

coated carbide

inserts 1:10

tools 1:48, 1:50, 1:56, 1:59

coated EDM wires 1:240–241

double-layer-coated wires 1:241, 1:242F

multilayer-coated wires 1:241–243,

1:242F, 1:243F

single-layer-coated wires 1:240–241,

1:241F

coated wire electrode 1:259–260, 1:260F,

1:261F

coating as a method of surface finishing

3:45–46

miscellaneous surface finish applications

3:49

biomedical applications 3:50

conformal coatings 3:49–50

electrical and magnetic properties 3:50

hydrophobic coatings 3:49

optical coatings 3:50

rough coatings 3:50

thermal coatings 3:50

surface finishing facets of coating 3:46

barrier protection 3:47

cathodic protection 3:47–48

generating smooth and lubricious

surface 3:49

improving esthetic appeal 3:46

protection against corrosion 3:46–47

resistance to wear 3:48–49

coating for surface finish applications,

selection of 3:54

coating methods

advantages and limitations for 3:44T

coating morphology and metallurgical

changes 3:101–102

single layer coating 3:101–102

two layer coatings 3:102–103

coating parameters and process

optimization, influence of 3:50–51

coating processes, types of 3:39–40

conversion coatings 3:42

Index 385

coating processes, types of (continued)

anodizing 3:42


phosphate coatings 3:42

diffusion coatings 3:42

electrochemical techniques 3:40

electrodeposition 3:40

electroless coatings 3:40–41

galvanizing 3:41

powder coatings 3:41–42

thermal spraying 3:42–43

electric arc spray 3:43

flame spray 3:43

high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 3:43

plasma spray 3:43

vapor depositions 3:41

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:41

physical vapor deposition (PVD) 3:41

plasma enhanced CVD technique 3:41

coating structures, existing design of

3:43–45

duplex coatings 3:45

graded coatings 3:45

multicomponent coatings 3:45

multilayered coatings 3:45

sandwich coatings 3:45

single-layer coatings 3:45

superlattice coatings 3:45

coating thickness 3:51

coating(s) 3:178, 3:188, 3:208–209, 3:235,

3:323

see also thermal barrier coatings (TBCs);

thermal spray coating(s)

coating-diffusion method 3:8

conversion 3:311–320, 3:314–319T

deposition process 3:57

electro deposition 3:330–332

element 3:178

hot-dip galvanized 3:184

metallic 3:183

polyurethane 3:325–327, 3:327T

sample’s surface preparation 3:307

sol–gel 3:327–330, 3:329T

surface 3:178

system 3:328F

technology 1:56

thickness 3:181

cobalt 2:14, 2:206

cobalt-bonded tungsten carbides 2:449–451

cocoa fiber composites 1:225, 1:225T

cocoa pod husk (CPH) 1:204

fiber 1:224–225

coconut oil 1:2

coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 3:57

coherence scanning interferometry (CSI)

3:246, 3:246F

coherency strains 2:381

coil coatings 3:150

coir fiber-reinforced composite 1:212

cold chamber die casting process 1:514

cold compression moldings 1:219

cold forming 2:405

cold isostatic pressing (CIP) process 1:512

cold rolling effect 2:326–328

cold spraying (CS) 3:207

cold work tool steels 2:216, 2:222F

cold working tool steel, carburization of

2:102

cold-worked (CW) samples 2:327, 2:328F,

2:329

colloid accumulation and layer method

3:293

colloidal gels 3:328

colloidal micro- and nano-particles 3:141

Colocasia esculenta 3:295F

combination technology 1:54–55

combined control system 1:138–139

combustibility 1:204

commercial purity titanium (CP Ti) 2:131,

2:290, 2:291, 2:294F

grade 2 flow curves 2:293–294, 2:295F,

2:299F

heat treatment in 2:292–293

Co–Mo interaction lends 2:207

compact manufacturing system 1:53–54

comparative evaluation 1:117

compliant microelectrode array fabrication

1:286–288

composite solid–liquid–air interface

3:296–297

composite(s) 1:206–207, 1:207

advantages and merits 1:207–208

membranes 3:14

compound layer 1:48, 1:49, 1:72–74,

2:120–121

compression ratio (CR) 1:470

compressive principal stress 1:134

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 1:490

computational micro-mechanics (CMM)

3:66

computed tomography (CT) 3:261–262

X-ray based 3:262

computer aided design (CAD) 3:111,

3:111–112

computer aided engineering (CAE)

applications 1:490

computer modeling applications 1:490F

computer numerical control (CNC) 1:27,

1:51

controllable component 1:232

machine 1:527–529

computer simulation and molded part

quality enhancement 1:490–491

computer vision (CV) 3:263, 3:263F

basics of image acquisition for 3:263–266

basics of image processing and analysis for

3:267

surface evaluation methods with 3:265F,

3:267–273

2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

3:271–273

2D Wavelet Transform (WT) 3:273

blob analyses 3:274

edge enhancement and detection

3:274

line scanning 3:273

morphological evaluations 3:274

speckle infusion 3:273–274

confined ablation 1:409, 1:409–410, 1:410F,

1:411, 1:413F

confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)

3:244–245, 3:245

confocal microscopes, working principles of

3:246F

confocal microscopy 3:244–245

conformal coatings 3:49–50

Co–Ni alloys 3:86

see also aluminum alloys

atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3:90–94

chemical and textural analyses 3:87–88

Co–Ni plating 3:86

electrochemical plating 3:88–89, 3:89F,

3:89T

incorporation of adatoms and adions 3:87

mass transfer effects 3:87

plating 3:87

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

3:90–94

X-ray diffraction (XRD) 3:89–90

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

3:89–90

conical gears, finishing of 1:111

by grinding 1:111

form or non-generative gear grinding

1:111

generative gear grinding 1:111

by lapping 1:111–112

connecting rod hot forging die 2:243–244,

2:243F

constant-pressure method 1:104

contact angle (CA) 3:138, 3:278F, 3:282

analysis of 3:295


3:296–297

effect of edge and variation of surface

slope 3:297–298

flat surface 3:295

and corrosion resistance 3:282

effect of surface area on 3:295–296

hysteresis 3:278–279, 3:297–298

measurement 3:279–280

contact angle hysteresis (CAH) 3:140

contact area 1:121–122, 1:122–124

Contact Area Map 1:124, 1:125

contact area-based path planning 1:121–122

contact area 1:122–124

contact mechanics 1:121–122

continuous polishing path 1:124–126

coverage area map (CAM) 1:124

polishing path planning 1:126–129

step-over size 1:126

contact force 1:140–141


contact stress modeling 1:134–135

contact stress-based control 1:133–134


1:137


1:137–138



friction torque modeling 1:135–136

polishing parameter planning 1:136–137

pressure tracking control 1:139

robotic deburring control 1:139–143

robotic polishing/deburring system 1:134

contact surface measurement techniques

3:243

386 Index

atomic force microscopy 3:244, 3:247F

portable handheld surface finish

instrument 3:243, 3:244F

stylus profilometer (SP) 3:243–244,

3:244F

continual induction hardening

computation of 2:164F

numerical model for analysis of 2:165,

2:166F

software 2:166F

continuous ant colony optimization

(CACO) technique 1:198

continuous cooling transformation (CCT)

2:255, 2:304, 2:304F

curve 2:224

of steels 2:227F

diagram 2:11

continuous hot-dip galvanizing processes

3:181–183, 3:182F

continuous phase plate (CPP) 1:164


continuous surfaces 1:71

control block diagram 1:134F

closed-loop tool length 1:142F

close loop pressure tracking 1:140F

controlled thermal expansion 2:270

convective stage see liquid cooling stage

conventional grinding 3:193–194

conventional lap grinding 1:385F

conventional loose-abrasive grinding

1:154–157

conventional machining processes

3:365–366

conventional material removal process

1:268

conventional metallurgy process

2:216–218

conventional processes 3:359

conventional sintering (CS) 3:338–339,

3:347, 3:348F

SPS advantages 3:349

conversion coatings 3:42, 3:311–320

see also polyurethane (PU) coating

anodizing 3:313–320

chromate 3:313–320


hexavalent and trivalent chromes

comparison 3:322–323

hexavalent non-chromic coatings 3:320

phosphate coatings 3:42

phosphating 3:323–325

replacement schedule 3:320

type, substrate, coating contents

3:314–319T

weight reduction curve 3:323F

cooling

quenching medium 2:386

rate 2:386–387, 2:387F

techniques 1:80–83, 2:387, 2:387F

temperature range 2:387

cooling transformation (CCT) 2:195

cooperative coevolutionary genetic

algorithm (CCGA) 1:43

copolycondensation 1:217

co-powder injection molding (2C-PIM)

1:467

copper 1:4, 1:173, 1:186, 1:276, 2:265,

2:271, 3:3, 3:7–8

graphite 1:277

wire 1:238–239, 1:240F

copper, heat treatment of 2:405–408

brasses, heat treatment of 2:406–408

bronzes, heat treatment of 2:408–409

aluminum bronzes 2:409–410

beryllium bronzes 2:410–413

silicon bronze 2:413–414

tin bronzes 2:409

chromium coppers 2:414

copper-base shape memory alloys

2:415–416

copper–chromium–zirconium alloys

2:415

copper–nickel–silicon–chromium alloy

2:415

cupronickels 2:414

zirconium–copper alloys 2:414–415

copper and copper alloys 2:398–400,

2:399–400

annealing 2:401–405

homogenization 2:400–401

stress relieving treatment 2:405

copper oxide 1:4

copper tungsten 1:392–393, 1:393

copper–beryllium alloys 2:410–411, 2:412

copper–tungsten 1:276

copper–zinc alloy wire electrodes 1:232

copper–zinc phase diagram 2:405F

core refinement

single hardening with 2:87, 2:88F

single hardening without 2:87, 2:87F

corrosion 3:25, 3:32

corrosion properties, laser peening

1:427–429

-like electrochemical techniques 3:53

measurement of 3:52–54

protection against 3:46–47

barrier protection 3:47

cathodic protection 3:47–48

resistance 1:410, 1:427–429, 2:270, 3:27,

3:282

coating 3:194

effect of gas nitriding on wear and 2:131

high silicon irons heat treatment

2:273–276

testing of coating 3:109

tests 3:99

of zinc 3:48F

counter measures 1:42–43

coupling 1:209

cover die 1:514

cover plate laser beam machining (c-LBM)

1:268–270

coverage area map (CAM) 1:124, 1:125F,

1:126F

CP Ti see commercial purity titanium

(CP Ti)

CPH see cocoa pod husk (CPH)

CPP see continuous phase plate (CPP)

CQ see cryo-quenching (CQ)

CR see compression ratio (CR)

cracked die, microstructure in 2:240F

cracking, in surface coatings 3:154

cracking and exfoliation 2:104

prevention 2:104

cracking in laser polishing 1:166

cratering, in surface coatings 3:154

crawling, in surface coatings 3:154

critical cooling rate (CCR) 2:3–4

critical diameter 2:56–57, 2:57F

evaluation 2:59, 2:59F

critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) 2:328

cross ‘þ ’ micro channel, experiments and

simulation for 1:455–456

cross viscosity model 1:445, 1:492

cross-exponential Macosko viscosity model

1:445–446

cross-linked polymers 1:217

crowding 1:126

CRSS see critical resolved shear stress

(CRSS)

cryogenic machining 1:80–83

cryogenic treatment (CTs) 2:279, 2:285,

2:422, 2:422–423, 2:424–425,

2:425–426

cryogenic processing

of ferrous alloys 2:426–427

of nonferrous alloys 2:445–447

industrial context 2:423–424

cryogenic processing industry

2:423–424

current uses of CT process 2:424

future of CT and applications 2:424

optimizing CT process 2:426

technology 2:425

traditional heat treatment 2:422

cryonics 2:422

cryo-quenching (CQ) 2:425

CryoTech 2:423

cryotreatments see cryogenic treatment (CTs)

crystallite

refinement 1:429

size 1:417–418

crystallization 1:217

crystallization process of polycarbonates

3:138

CS see cold spraying (CS); conventional

sintering (CS)

CSI see coherence scanning interferometry

(CSI)

CT see computed tomography (CT)

CTE see coefficient of thermal expansion

(CTE)

CTs see cryogenic treatment (CTs)

cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1:7, 1:48, 3:217,

3:230–231, 3:239

cupronickels 2:414

Curie temperature 3:353

curing process 1:220

current density 3:367, 3:369

current efficiency 3:86–87, 3:88, 3:92

curvature method 3:59, 3:59–60, 3:97–98

residual stress measurements by 3:98–99

custom-made vertical injection molding

machine 1:447–448

injection mechanism 1:448

mold design 1:448

plasticizing unit and injection mechanism

1:447–448

Index 387

cut quality assessment 1:351

cutting

edge

geometry 1:56–58

preparation 1:57F

errors 1:74–75

forces 1:35–36, 1:58–60, 1:59F, 3:230,

3:237, 3:238F

modeling 1:75–76

machine specification 1:225, 1:225F

process monitoring method 1:37

speed 1:81

cutting fluids 1:1–4

boric acid 1:4

coconut oil 1:2

extensive research 1:1–2

NDM 1:3

in turning 1:4

twisted nematic liquid crystals 1:3–4

cutting tool(s) 1:27, 2:225F, 3:230, 3:232

dimensions 3:235

factors due to 1:6–9

BUE formation 1:11–12, 1:12F

tool coating 1:12–13

tool geometry 1:6–9

tool wear 1:9–11

type of tool edge preparation 1:7F

materials 1:55–56

Cu–Zn–Al alloys 2:415–416

CV see computer vision (CV)

CVD see chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

CW samples see cold-worked (CW) samples

cyanide bath, liquid carburization in 2:76F

cyanide-free plating bath 3:11

cyclic process 2:388

cyclic yield strength 1:431

D

‘d vs. sin2C’ technique 1:415

DC see direct current (DC); dislocation cells

(DCs)

DC polarization method 3:53

DCL see double-ceramic-layer (DCL)

DCT see deep cryogenic treatments (DCT)

DDWs see dense dislocation walls (DDWs)

deburring 1:339–340

decomposition of metastable b 2:306

deep cryogenic treatments (DCT) 2:425

deep rolling (DR) 1:419, 1:432, 1:432–433,

1:432F

deep X-ray lithography (DXL) 1:521

deformation 1:298, 1:425–427

aging 2:389

in aþ b-phase field 2:317–321

in b-phase field 2:313–317

parameters 2:316T

processes for miniature gear


extrusion process 1:524

forging 1:525

hot embossing 1:526

stamping 1:522–523

deionized water 1:175

delamination, in surface coatings 3:154

dense dislocation walls (DDWs) 1:425–426,

1:427, 2:176

dense metallic membranes 3:14

Density Functional Theory (DFT) 3:16

dental implant 3:113F

deposition 3:306–307

of hard coatings 3:232–233

stresses 3:57

depth of cut (DOC) 1:27, 1:33

design of experiment (DOE) 1:251, 1:483,

1:484, 1:486, 1:487

for investigation of molded part quality

1:488T

designation system of aluminum alloys

2:337–338, 2:338T

design-to-manufacturing cycle 1:75

destabilization treatment 2:279, 2:281–282

destructive method

see also nondestructive methods

hole-drilling method (HDM) 3:58–59,

3:58F

layer removal (LR) 3:58–59

material removal by chemical etching 3:59

deterministic microgrinding (DMG)

1:158–159

detonation-gun (D-gun) 3:207

Deutsches Instut fur Normung (DIN)

standard 1:507

dezincification process 3:28

DF see duty factor (DF)

DFT see Density Functional Theory (DFT)

D-gun see detonation-gun (D-gun)

Diamalloy 4010 and 2002 powders 3:102,

3:102–103, 3:103, 3:109

diamond grinding 1:366

Diamond Jet Hybrid (DJ Hybrid)

3:207–208

diamond-like carbon (DLC) 2:132, 3:232

coatings 3:239

DIC see digital image correlation (DIC)

die casting process 1:514


applications 1:516

limitations 1:516

types 1:514

die sink (DS) EDM 1:384–385

dielectric fluid 1:233, 1:279–280,

1:334–335, 1:390

dielectric liquid 1:175, 1:271

dielectric medium 1:174–177

fluid 1:175–177

gas 1:177–180

medium in EDM 1:277–278

dielectric vibration 1:174

differential dilatometric technique 2:18,

2:19F

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

1:477, 2:329, 3:340–341, 3:341–342

diffraction method 3:60

neutron diffraction 3:60

synchrotron XRD 3:60

XRD 3:60

diffusion

annealing 2:24, 3:198–199, 3:199

of atoms 2:400

inward diffusion 2:122–123

diffusion coatings 3:42

chemical gas diffusion 3:42

liquid diffusion 3:42

solid-state diffusion 3:42

diffusion processes 3:44T

diffusion zone 2:122–123

diffusional transformation 2:3–4, 2:6–7

diffusion-annealed coated wires 1:243

alpha phase wires 1:243

beta phase wires 1:243–244

epsilon phase wires 1:247, 1:248

gamma phase wires 1:244–247, 1:245F

diffusion-controlled process 2:117

digital image correlation (DIC) 3:59

digital micromirror devices (DMDs) 3:114,

3:115F

digital modeling 2:391

digital numbers (DNs) 3:266

digitizing 3:266

dilute medium 2:124

dimensional accuracy 1:74–75

dimensional stability 2:271–272, 2:340T,

2:347, 2:358, 2:368

dimensional stabilization see dimensional

stability

dimethylamine borane (DMAB) 3:3

DIN standard see Deutsches Instut fur

Normung (DIN) standard

direct ablation mode 1:409, 1:410F,

1:411–413

direct blending of molten bath 3:29

direct current (DC) 3:233

supply 3:359–360, 3:360, 3:372

direct laser interference patterning (DLIP)

3:125

direct quench technique 2:89

discharge current 1:235–236

discharge voltage 1:235–236, 1:279

disk and ball specimens, wear rate of

1:377F

disk scanning confocal microscopy (DSCM)

3:244–245, 3:245

dislocation 1:408, 1:417–418, 1:418,

1:419–420, 1:425–426, 1:426–427,

1:433

mechanisms 2:381–382, 2:382F

theory 2:382

dislocation cells (DCs) 2:176

dislocation lines (DL) 1:422F, 1:425

dislocation tangles (DTs) 1:419–420,

1:422F, 2:176

dispersed metal oxide 3:25–26

dispersion hardening 2:381–382, 2:382F

displacement deposition process 3:1

dissolution, in surface coatings 3:154

distortion 2:103–104

DL see dislocation lines (DL)

DLC see diamond-like carbon (DLC)

DLIP see direct laser interference patterning

(DLIP)

DMAB see dimethylamine borane (DMAB)

DMDs see digital micromirror devices

(DMDs)

DMG see deterministic microgrinding

(DMG)

DNs see digital numbers (DNs)

388 Index

DOC see depth of cut (DOC)

DOE see design of experiment (DOE)

double dipping 3:181

double shielded TBMs 1:42

double-ceramic-layer (DCL) 3:66

double-end dipping 3:181

double-layer-coated wires 1:241, 1:242F

double-stage process 2:109, 2:120–121

DP steels see dual phase (DP) steels

DR see deep rolling (DR)

drawdown phenomenon 1:522–523

droplet formation and fate 3:150

basic mechanism 3:150

coating formation on the surface 3:151

formation of droplets 3:150–151


DRX see dynamic recrystallization (DRX)

dry cutting 1:2–3, 1:80

dry EDM 1:177–180, 1:278–279

dry etching 1:330

dry machining 1:80–83

dry post-processing 1:167

DSC see differential scanning calorimetry

(DSC)

DSCM see disk scanning confocal

microscopy (DSCM)

DTs see dislocation tangles (DTs)

dual frequency induction surface hardening

2:169

dual phase (DP) steels 2:208–210, 2:209T,

3:185

bake hardened 2:210–211

dislocations around martensite particle

2:210F

ferrite–martensite structure 2:210F

rapid heating producing ultrafine grained

2:209–210

transmission electron micrograph 2:210F

dual-phase alpha–beta brasses 2:408

ductile irons 2:248, 2:260

see also high-alloy irons


annealing 2:262

austempering 2:264–266

considerations for 2:261–262

hardening and tempering 2:264

normalizing 2:262–264

stress relieving of ductile irons 2:269

surface hardening 2:269

microstructure 2:266F

ductile mode machining 1:372

ductile regime machining 1:325–326

duplex coatings 3:45

duplex stainless steel 2:204, 2:204F, 2:204T

duty factor (DF) 1:235, 1:236, 1:279

d-values 3:164

DXL see deep X-ray lithography (DXL)

dynamic recrystallization (DRX) 1:426,

1:432

E

EAs see effervescent atomizers (EAs);

evolutionary algorithms (EAs)

EBM see electron beam machining (EBM)

EBSD method see electron backscatter

diffraction (EBSD) method

EC see evolutionary computations (EC)

ECDe process see electrochemical deburring

(ECDe) process

ECF process see electrochemical finishing

(ECF) process

ECG process see electrochemical grinding

(ECG) process

ECH process see electrochemical honing

(ECH) process

ECM see electrochemical machining (ECM)

eco-friendly coatings 3:50

ECR process see electrochemical refining

(ECR) process

ECW process see electrochemical winning

(ECW) process

ED micromilling see electrical discharge

(ED) micromilling

EDC see electrical discharge coating (EDC)

EDDSG process see electro-discharge

diamond surface grinding (EDDSG)

process

EDG see electrical discharge grinding (EDG)

edge deburring 1:143F

EDM see electrical discharge machining

(EDM); electro-discharge machining

(EDM)

EDMed SQ 1:404–405

EDMed surface 1:392, 1:396

EDS see energy dispersive spectroscopy

(EDS)

EDT see electrical discharge texturing (EDT)

EDTA see ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

(EDTA)

EEM see elastic emission machining (EEM)

EES software see Engineering Equation

Solver (EES) software

effervescent atomizers (EAs) 3:153F, 3:155

E-glass fiber 1:208

EIS see electrical impedance spectroscopy

(EIS)

ejector die 1:514

elastic emission machining (EEM)

1:159–160


electric wire arc thermal spraying 3:43

electrical and magnetic properties 3:50

electrical discharge (ED) micromilling

1:333

electrical discharge coating (EDC) 1:191,

1:395

electrical discharge grinding (EDG) 1:270

electrical discharge machining (EDM)

1:171, 1:182–186, 1:270, 1:270–271,

1:508, 1:527–529, 1:446, 1:230,

1:332–333

see also hard machining; electro-discharge

machining (EDM)

advantages 1:529


chip 1:271

dielectric medium 1:174–177, 1:277–278


1:333

electrode material 1:276

electrode modification 1:191–193

experimental setup 1:303–304

hybrid machine for multi-processes of

micromachining 1:271F

limitations 1:529

measuring frontal wear of microelectrode

1:303F

micro-EDM of nonconductive ceramics

1:333–334

assisting electrode 1:334

dielectric fluid 1:334–335

mechanism of material removal

1:335–337

recast layer 1:337–338

micro wire EDM 1:333

m-EDM 1:529

online measurement 1:301F

PMEDM 1:180–186

powder addition 1:182–186

performance improvement 1:182–186,

1:182F, 1:183F, 1:184F, 1:185F,

1:185T

surface modification 1:186–188,

1:187F, 1:188F

process 1:172, 1:273F

process parameters 1:279–280

electrode wear 1:280F

fabrication processes of microelectrode

1:282–283

performance measure 1:280

prospective on process selection

1:300–303

pulse generators/power supply 1:274

simulation and modeling 1:193–195

sparking and gap phenomena 1:271–272

ultrasonic vibration assisted EDM

1:172–173

wire electrode 1:236–238, 1:239F,

1:253F

abrasive-assisted wire 1:249, 1:249F

coated EDM wires 1:240–241

customized wire shapes 1:238F

cutting rate improvement 1:238F

development of 1:238

diffusion-annealed coated wires 1:243

high tensile strength wires 1:247–248

hot dip galvanized wire 1:249

plain wires 1:238–239

porous electrode wire 1:249–250,

1:250F

wires 1:237

electrical discharge texturing (EDT) 1:396

electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

3:53, 3:53–54

electrical parameters 1:279

electro chemical testing 3:99, 3:105–107

electro deposition 3:330–332

electro etching 3:308

electro polishing 3:308

electro/chemical plating 3:44T

electrochemical deburring (ECDe) process

3:359, 3:375, 3:375F


applications 3:376

limitations 3:376

mechanism 3:375

Index 389

electrochemical deposition 3:1, 3:294F, 3:360

electroplating 3:1–2

ELP 3:2–3

electrochemical finishing (ECF) process

1:98, 3:359

electrochemical grinding (ECG) process

1:98, 3:359, 3:371, 3:371F

advantages 3:371

applications 3:371

limitations 3:371

surface finish in ECG 3:376–377

electrochemical honing (ECH) process 1:98,

3:359, 3:372, 3:372T


applications 3:375

equipment 3:372–373

finishing

of gears 3:373–374, 3:373F

of internal cylinders 3:372–373

limitations 3:375

photograph of tool for finishing internal

cylinders 3:373F

principle of 3:372

surface finish ECH 3:377–378, 3:377F,

3:378T

electrochemical machining (ECM) 1:176,

1:300–301, 1:338–339, 3:359,

3:365–367

affecting factors 3:368–369

advantages 3:370


capabilities of ECM 3:369–370, 3:370T

current density and voltage 3:369

electrolyte related parameters

3:368–369, 3:368T

IEG 3:369

limitation 3:370

mass transport phenomenon in 3:369


material removal 3:367–368

micromachining 1:338–339

micro/nano polishing 1:339

setup 3:366F, 3:367F

surface finish 3:376

evolution of hydrogen gas 3:376

flow separation and formation of eddies

3:376

selective dissolution 3:376, 3:377F

sporadic breakdown of anodic film

3:376

working principle of pulsed-ECM

3:366–367

electrochemical plating 3:88–89, 3:89F, 3:89T

electrochemical processing 3:359–360

electrochemical deburring (ECDe) 3:375

electrochemical grinding (ECG) 3:371

electrochemical honing (ECH) 3:372

electrochemical machining 3:365–367

electrolysis process 3:359F

electroplating (EP) 3:360–361

surface finish in 3:376

types 3:360, 3:360T

electrochemical reaction and deposition

method 3:293

electrochemical refining (ECR) process

3:359

electrochemical techniques 3:40

electrodeposition 3:40

electroless coatings 3:40–41

electrochemical winning (ECW) process

3:359

electrode

materials 1:271

for EDM 1:276

for micro-EDM 1:277

modification 1:191–193, 1:193F

polarity 1:279

potential 3:359–360

electrode wear ratio (EWR) 1:275, 1:280,

1:280–281, 1:306–311

ANOVA for 1:308T

electrode-less ELID

ELID III 1:369–370, 1:370F

ELID IIIA 1:370, 1:371F

electrodeposition 3:28, 3:40, 3:86–87,

3:149–150

electro-discharge diamond surface grinding

(EDDSG) process 1:196

electro-discharge machining (EDM) 1:172F,

1:365, 1:383–384

see also hard machining; electrical

discharge machining (EDM)

applications 1:390

heat-treated materials 1:390

modern semiconductor/composite

materials 1:390

nonconductive ceramic 1:390

categories of 1:384–388

die sink (DS) 1:384–385

effect on workpiece surface finish

1:390–394

ball burnish machining (BEDM)

1:398–400

special applications 1:400–404

surface alloying using composite (PM)

electrode 1:394–396

surface modification by conventional

electrode materials 1:392–394

surface modification by dielectric

1:396–398

surface modification using wire EDM

1:404

process performance and parameters

1:388–389

dielectric fluid 1:390

discharge voltage 1:388–389

electrode/workpiece material 1:390

peak current 1:389

polarity 1:390

pulse duration and pulse interval

1:389–390

pulse waveform 1:390

rotational motion of electrode/

workpiece 1:390

wire-cut (WC) 1:384–385

electro-finishing method 1:374–375,

1:375–376

electroforming 3:365

electrogalvanizing 3:181, 3:181F

electroless coating 3:28, 3:40–41

electroless deposition 3:1

of pure metals 3:4–6

Ag 3:7

Cu 3:7–8

Ni 3:6–7

Pd 3:6

electroless gold, formulation of 3:227T

electroless gold plating 3:226–228, 3:227T

electroless Ni–B alloy coating 3:49

electroless nickel (EN) coatings 3:223–224

EN–phosphorous coatings 3:224

general categories of 3:225F

nickel–boron 3:224

nickel–phosphorus 3:224, 3:225T

poly-alloys 3:224

electroless nickel bath composition and

functions 3:40T

electroless nickel coating 3:40, 3:49

electroless Ni–P coatings 3:47, 3:47–48,

3:48

electroless palladium plating 3:224–226

electroless plating (ELP) 3:1, 3:2–3, 3:42,

3:221

see also electroplating (EP)

advantages and weaknesses of 3:222T

catalytic aspects 3:3

conditions and chemical composition 3:4

electrolytic cell 3:2F

mechanistic overview 3:3–4

plating baths 3:2

surface conditioning 3:4

electrolysis 1:371F, 3:359–360, 3:359F

basic principles of 1:366F

Faraday’s law of 1:366

electrolyte 3:368

flow rate 3:369

supply 3:372

electrolytic coatings 3:46

electrolytic deposition 3:331

electrolytic coatings, substrate, coatings

contents 3:332T

electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID)

grinding 1:159, 1:365–368, 1:367F,

1:383

classifications of 1:368

electrode-less ELID (ELID III)

1:369–370

electrode-less ELID (ELID IIIA) 1:370

electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID I)

1:368, 1:369F

electrolytic interval dressing (ELID II)

1:368–369, 1:370F

ion shot ELID (ELID IV) 1:370

components of 1:366F

vs. electro-discharge machining 1:405T

experimental setup 1:368F

honing 1:375–376

lap grinding 1:381, 1:385F

material deformation 1:378

for nano surface finish 1:370–373

ceramics 1:370–373

coated film 1:373–374

metal 1:374–377

optical glasses 1:377–380

silicon wafer 1:380–383

terminology using 1:366

for 3-D arc enveloping grinding 1:384F

wire EDM process 1:389F

390 Index

electromagnetic and temperature

calculations 2:160

electromagnetic field 2:159–160, 2:160,

2:163

electromagnetic methods 3:51

electromagnetic stir casting 1:15

electromotive force (emf) 1:61–62,

3:359–360

electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)

method 1:429

electron beam 3:196

remelting 3:196

electron beam machining (EBM) 1:332

electron donor parameters 2:138–139,

2:139T

electron microscopy 3:247–248


3:248, 3:248F

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

3:248, 3:248F

electron transfer 3:361

electronic packaging

electroless plating as surface finishing in

3:220–229

electronic speckle pattern interferometer

(ESPI) 1:415

electrophoretic deposition (EPD) 1:163,

3:331

electrodeposition of metals 3:1

electroplating features 3:2

factors affecting quality of deposition

3:361–362

metals and applications 3:364T

overpotential 3:2

types of electrical waveforms 3:363F

electroplated zeolites 3:50

electroplating (EP) 3:1, 3:2F, 3:1–2, 3:40,

3:54, 3:120, 3:120F, 3:359,

3:360–361, 3:361F, 3:365T, 3:200

see also electroless plating (ELP)

principle of 3:360–361

surface finish in 3:376

electro-slag remelting (ESR) 2:241

electrospinning 3:294

electrostatic application 3:153

electro-thermal machining process 1:232

ELI see extra low interstitials (ELI)

ELID grinding see electrolytic in-process

dressing (ELID) grinding

ellipsoid, crowding and unpolished areas

for 1:128F

elliptical contact area 1:124F

Ellis model 1:492

elongation 1:237

ELP see electroless plating (ELP)

embrittlement in maraging steel 2:207–208

emf see electromotive force (emf)

EN coatings see electroless nickel (EN)

coatings

enameling 3:200

energy beam micromachining 1:330–331


focused ion beam (FIB) 1:331

deposition 1:331

sputtering 1:331–332

laser micromachining 1:330–331

energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 3:8,

3:74, 3:88, 3:94F

energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/

EDX) 1:250, 1:251F, 1:373–374,

1:377F, 3:160, 3:338

spectrum analysis 1:314–317

engineering applications

bearing steel 2:196–197, 2:197F, 2:197T

dual phase steels 2:208–210, 2:209T

hadfield steel 2:197–199, 2:198F, 2:198T

heat treatment

of steel casting 2:211–212, 2:211F

of TRIP 2:208

maraging steel 2:205–207, 2:206F, 2:206T

medium-carbon low-alloy steels 2:181,

2:188

silicon steel 2:195–196

spring steel 2:192–195, 2:192T

stainless steel 2:199–200

Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software

3:164

engineering surfaces 3:286–287

imperfections 3:287

lay 3:287

roughness 3:287

wavy conditions 3:287

environmental scanning electron

microscopy (ESEM) 3:288–289

EP see electroplating (EP); epoxy resin (EP)

EP additive see extreme pressure (EP)

additive

EPD see electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

epoxy resin (EP) 1:215–216

e carbide 2:40–41

epsilon phase wires 1:247, 1:248

equilibrium constant 2:82

equilibrium polycondensation 1:217

equilibrium precipitation 2:374–375,

2:375–377, 2:375F, 2:376F

equilibrium state for chemical reaction 2:82

Eringen–Okada equation 1:446

erosion resistance 2:270

ESEM see environmental scanning electron

microscopy (ESEM)

ESPI see electronic speckle pattern

interferometer (ESPI)

ESR see electro-slag remelting (ESR)

eta layer 3:180–181

etching 3:141, 3:292, 3:292F, 3:308

and lithography 3:292

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 3:6,

3:7, 3:10, 3:224

EDTA-free bath 3:10

Eularian method 3:162

Euler–Bernoulli beam equation 1:33

eutectoid carbon content 2:5, 2:6F

eutectoid steel 2:7F

variation of nucleation and growth rate for

2:7F

evaporation 3:233

evolutionary algorithms (EAs) 1:87

evolutionary computations (EC) 1:87

EWR see electrode wear ratio (EWR)

excessive retained austenite 2:93

experimental measurement 3:58–59

destructive method 3:58–59

experimental methods and measurements

1:225

cocoa fiber composites 1:225

cutting machine specification 1:225

design of experiments 1:225, 1:226T

evaluation of cut quality characteristics

1:225–226, 1:226F

preparation of cocoa fiber composite

1:225

selection of cutting parameters 1:225,

1:225T

methods 3:61

nondestructive methods 3:59

residual stress measurement 3:61

exponential functions 1:152

external honing 1:104

single helical gear 1:104F

extra low interstitials (ELI) 2:291

extreme pressure (EP) additive 1:4

extruding nonferrous alloys 2:241

extrusion process 1:221, 1:524

advantages 1:524

applications 1:525

limitations 1:524–525

F

fabrication

of microelectrode for batch production

1:286

processes of microelectrode 1:282–283

hybrid process 1:294–296

MBEDG 1:291–292

micro-rods by self-drilled holes

1:293–294

micro-turning process 1:292–293

off-centering 1:295F

reverse EDM 1:294

rotating sacrificial disk 1:290

stationary BEDG 1:290–291

WEDG 1:283

of 3D composite polymer scaffolds

3:122F

face-centered cubic metals (fcc) 1:427,

2:199, 3:6–7, 3:8

failed bolt, observations on 2:307–308

metallurgical analysis 2:308–309

visual inspection 2:307–308

failure adhesion 3:306–307

failure analysis 2:311

Faraday’s laws 3:40, 3:88, 3:359–360

first law of electrolysis 3:360

second law of electrolysis 3:360

FAS see fluoroalkylsilanes (FAS)

fast Fourier transform (FFT) 1:6, 1:29

fatigue 1:431

behavior 2:129

properties of laser peening 1:422–425

thermal fatigue properties of laser-treated

surfaces 2:140

fatty acid monolayers 3:282

fcc see face-centered cubic metals (fcc)

FDM see finite difference method (FDM)

Fe–C equilibrium diagram 2:226F

feedstock preparation 1:516

Index 391

FEM see finite element method (FEM); finite

element modeling (FEM)

femtosecond (fs) laser 3:115, 3:124, 3:125

ferrite 2:4–5, 2:109

ferrite stabilizers 2:5

ferritic stainless steel 2:200, 2:201F, 2:202F,

2:202T

ferritizing annealing 2:251

ferroelectric materials 3:349

ferrous alloys 2:120–123, 2:127–129, 2:131

see also non-ferrous alloy(s); palladium (Pd)

cryogenic processing 2:426–427

case studies 2:437

cast irons and pearlitic steels 2:436–437

chronological changes in material

properties 2:428–429T

mechanical properties 2:427

mechanisms of microstructural change

2:429–430

plain carbon steels 2:434–435

stainless steels 2:435–436

tool steels 2:430–434

tribological performance 2:427–429

microstructure and phase composition

2:120–123

cross-sectional micrographs 2:121F

hardness vs. depth profiles 2:124F

nitrided microstructure 2:122F

nitriding atmosphere 2:124

nitriding time and temperature 2:123–124

steel composition and heat treatment

history 2:124–125

FESEM see field emission scanning electron

microscope (FESEM)

FET see field-effect transistor (FET)

Fe–Zn alloy phases 3:26–27, 3:29–30

FFT see fast Fourier transform (FFT)

FI surfaces see fully interrupted (FI) surfaces

FIB see focused ion beam (FIB)

fiber process 1:218–219

fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) 1:204,

1:212, 1:212–215, 1:213F

advantages and limitations 1:216T

applications 1:215

composites 1:206–207

design considerations 1:216

disposal and recycling concerns 1:216

failure modes 1:215

material requirements 1:215

Fick’s equations 2:117

Fick’s first law 3:162

Fick’s laws of diffusion 2:81–82

Fick’s second law 3:159–160

field emission scanning electron microscope

(FESEM) 3:287F

field-effect transistor (FET) 1:274

filament winding 1:220–221

filling phase 1:442

filling-assisted injection molding techniques

1:444

film adhesion 3:155–156

film pressure contact angle hysteresis 3:279

final calibration rigging 1:150F

final thermal-mechanical treatment (FTMT)

2:391–392

fine alloy carbide particles 2:228

fine powder (INV2) feedstock 1:476, 1:476F

finish machining of hardened steel

cutting edge

geometry 1:56–58

preparation 1:57F

cutting tool materials 1:55–56

hard machining 1:80–83


industrial applications 1:52F, 1:53

workpiece clamping 1:52–53

hard machining process modeling

1:75–76

machining of hardened steel at different

levels 1:56F

optimization studies in hardened steel

machining 1:86–88

physical aspects 1:58–60

aspect of cutting edges 1:65F

chip formation 1:60–61

cutting forces 1:58–60, 1:59F

surface integrity 1:66–69

tool–chip interface temperature 1:61–63

tool wear patterns and mechanisms

1:63–66

tool wear rate progression 1:66F

finish turning 1:1

surface finish quality 1:1

surface roughness

development of surface roughness

prediction models 1:19–22

factors due to cutting tool 1:6–9

factors due to machining conditions

1:1–4

machining parameters effect 1:13–17,

1:18T, 1:19T

optimization studies 1:19–22

workpiece material effect 1:17–19

finite difference method (FDM) 1:489

finite element analysis 1:490

finite element method (FEM) 1:62–63,

1:75, 1:195–196, 1:195F, 1:196F,

1:445, 1:492, 2:391, 3:56, 3:58,

3:162

finite element modeling (FEM) 1:489

finite volume method (FVM) 1:489

first-order viscosity model 1:491

‘fish-eye’ cracks 2:127–128

fixed-abrasive gear lapping process

1:101–102

fixed-abrasive grinding 1:158–159

fixed-abrasive pad polishing 1:162

fixed-abrasive pellet polishing 1:162–164

fixed-abrasive polishing 1:162

fixed-abrasive pad polishing 1:162

fixed-abrasive pellet polishing 1:162–164

flame hardening 2:256

flame spray 3:43

flashless forging 1:525

flat die forging see open die forging

flat surface, wettability on 3:277

flatness error 1:74

flip chip solder joint 3:220, 3:220F

Floe process see double-stage process

flow visualization and prediction 1:489

flow visualization technique 1:448

fluid application method 1:1–4

fluid dielectric medium 1:175–177, 1:176F,

1:177F, 1:178F, 1:179F

fluid jet abrasives 1:157–158

fluid jet polishing 1:160

fluoroalkylsilanes (FAS) 3:283, 3:283–285

flushability 1:237

fluxing 3:180

focus variation microscopy 3:245–246

focused ion beam (FIB) 1:268–270, 1:331

deposition 1:331

machining 1:164–166

sputtering 1:331–332

force-recording mechanical testing system

3:51

Ford Motor Company 3:149–150

forging 1:525

advantages 1:525

applications 1:526


quality steel 2:181, 2:182–183F, 2:183T,

2:184F

annealing 2:181

normalizing 2:181

types 1:525

forging die, premature failure of 2:240F

form cutting tool 1:508

form grinding

vs. generative grinding gear 1:99F

types of 1:99F

fossil-derived syngas 3:17–18

four point configuration test 3:51–52, 3:51F

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique

3:147, 3:283

fractal geometry 3:291

fractal surfaces, roughness of 3:290–291

fracture toughness of the surface 2:138

free sintering see conventional sintering

(CS)

free status 2:373

free-abrasive gear lapping process 1:101–102

free-contact force machining process

1:288–289

free-radical polymerizations 3:116

freestanding micro-scaffold 3:121F

French Gear standard 1:507

frequency sparks 1:280

friction 3:231, 3:235

stir welding 1:430

friction stir processing (FSP) 3:200–202


FRP see fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)

FSP see friction stir processing (FSP)

F-test 1:352

FTIR technique see Fourier transform

infrared (FTIR) technique

FTMT see final thermal-mechanical

treatment (FTMT)

full annealing 2:20, 2:251, 2:251F

full width at half maximum (FWHM)

1:417, 3:173

fully interrupted (FI) surfaces 1:71

fully a-Ti alloys 2:290–291

furnaces 2:119

gas circulation 2:384

fusing 3:195

of self-flux alloys 3:195–196

392 Index

fuzzy inference system 1:233

FVM see finite volume method (FVM)

FWHM see full width at half maximum

(FWHM)

G

GA see genetic algorithm (GA)

GAE see gas assisted etching (GAE)

galling process 3:187F

galvanic series of metals 3:47T

galvanized steel 3:47, 3:308

failure mechanisms in 3:187–188

galvanizing 3:41, 3:178, 3:178–181, 3:180F,

3:180T

AHSS 3:185–187, 3:185F, 3:186F, 3:187F

galvanizing bath, presence of elements in

3:184–185

surface preparation for 3:54

gamma phase wires 1:244–247, 1:245F

cross-section of electrode wire 1:246F

large-scale diagrammatic view 1:246F

perspective view and longitudinal section

1:247F

sheath layer and core 1:247F

gas assisted etching (GAE) 1:331–332

gas carburization 2:73, 2:78

advantages 2:79

atmospheric conditions for 2:78–79

carbon potential 2:79


carburizing reactions 2:78

carrier gases 2:79

disadvantages 2:79

safety measures for 2:79–80

gas carburized steel, carburizing cycle of

2:90F

gas carburizing process 2:78F

gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) 1:164–166

gas dielectric medium 1:177–180, 1:179F

gas nitrided EN41B steel 2:131

gas nitriding 2:108, 2:109, 2:112–113,

2:117–119

causes and remedies 2:120

effects on mechanical properties

2:127–129

effects on wear and corrosion resistance

2:131

industrial applications 2:131–132

nitriding of non-ferrous alloys 2:108–109

post-treatment step 2:119–120

pre-treatment step 2:117–119

recent developments in 2:132

set-up 2:119

structural alloys 2:120–123

thermodynamics of nitriding 2:109–110

gas nitriding of H13 tool steel 3:158–177

experimental procedures 3:160

nitrided layer characterization 3:160

nitriding cycle used for samples 3:160

sample preparation 3:160

FE analysis 3:162

geometric model 3:162

initial and boundary conditions 3:163

material model 3:162–163

simulation model 3:162

solution procedure 3:163–164

modeling of 3:160–162

governing equations and constitutive

behavior 3:162

numerical solution for the

mathematical model 3:162

theoretical background 3:161–162

nitriding kinetics

consideration of multiple nitriding on

3:176

consideration of surface texture on

3:175

nitriding treatment, consideration of

profile geometry on 3:175–176

results and discussions 3:164

effect of profile geometry on nitriding


influence of multiple nitriding on

nitriding kinetics 3:170–171

influence of surface texture on nitriding

kinetics 3:164

surface preparation 3:164

gas-carburized steels, heat treatment of 2:90

gas-carburized tool steels 2:101–102

gaseous nitrogen 2:425

gas-phase phenomena 2:113–114

Gaussian distribution 1:131, 3:290

Gaussian power intensity distribution 1:346

Gaussian surfaces 3:290

Gauy–Chapman layer 3:361, 3:362F

GCIB see gas cluster ion beam (GCIB)

G-code 1:139T

GEA see General Electric Infrastructure

Aviation (GEA)

gear 1:506

generating process 1:508

gear burnishing 1:109–111, 1:118–119T

advantages 1:111

applications 1:111

limitations 1:111

gear burnishing machines 1:110

double-die gear burnishing machine

1:112F

single-die gear burnishing machine

1:110–111, 1:112F

gear drives 1:94

gear failures, modes of 1:94T

gear finishing, by AFM 1:112, 1:118–119T


AFM machines 1:113

AFM parameters 1:115


components of AFM machine 1:113–115

limitations 1:116

principle of AFM process 1:112

types of AFM process 1:112

one-way AFM 1:112

orbital AFM process 1:113

two-way AFM 1:112–113

gear finishing process, goals of 1:95F

gear grinding 1:98, 1:118–119T

advantages 1:101

applications 1:101

form or non-generative 1:98–99

generative grinding 1:99–100

using cup-shaped wheel 1:100

using dish-shaped wheel 1:100

using rack-tooth worm wheel 1:100–101

using threaded wheel 1:100

limitations 1:101

selection of parameters 1:101

types of 1:98

gear grinding process, different versions of

1:99T

gear hobbing 1:508–510, 1:510, 1:510F

advantages 1:510

applications 1:511


manufacturing of miniature gear 1:511F

mini-hob cutters 1:511F

gear honing 1:103–104, 1:103T, 1:118–119T

advantages 1:105

applications 1:105

external honing 1:104

internal honing 1:104

internal honing over external honing,

advantages of 1:104–105

limitations 1:105

tools used in 1:104T

gear lapping 1:101–102, 1:118–119T

advantages 1:102

applications 1:103

limitations 1:102

typical lapping process 1:102F

gear manufacturing processes 1:96–97

types of 1:97T

gear materials 1:97

abrasives for 1:103T

gear quality

international standards for 1:97

typical applications of 1:97T

gear shape 1:457–458

gear shaving 1:105–107, 1:118–119T

advantages 1:109

applications 1:109

limitations 1:109


types of 1:107

axial or conventional 1:107

diagonal 1:107–108

plunge 1:108–109

tangential or underpass 1:108

gear shaving cutters, types of 1:107F

gear shaving process, axes arrangement in

1:106F

gears

classification of 1:94

materials, manufacturing and quality of

1:96–97

microgeometry of 1:95–96

surface quality of 1:95

gel 3:327–328, 3:328

General Electric Infrastructure Aviation

(GEA) 1:419

generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) flow model

1:450

generative grinding 1:99–100

using cup-shaped wheel 1:100, 1:100F

using dish-shaped wheel 1:100, 1:100F

using rack-tooth worm wheel 1:100–101,

1:101F

Index 393

generative grinding (continued)

using threaded wheel 1:100, 1:100F

genetic algorithm (GA) 1:19, 1:43, 1:87

geometric simulation model 1:197

geometrical parameter of coating 3:52

GFRPs see glass-fiber-reinforced plastics

(GFRPs)

GHS flow model see generalized Hele-Shaw

(GHS) flow model

glass fiber composite 1:204

glass mat thermoplastics (GMT) 1:219

glass-fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRPs)

1:204, 1:206, 3:48

glass-inserted mold 1:444

‘glow discharge’ carburizing 2:80

glycerin 3:363–364

GMT see glass mat thermoplastics (GMT)

good adhesion property 3:306

gooseneck casting see hot chamber die

casting process

GP zones see Guinier–Preston (GP) zones

GRA see gray relational analysis (GRA)

graded coatings 3:45

graded cooling 2:387

grain

boundaries 2:85F

coarsening 2:8

refinement 1:418, 1:420–421, 1:425,

1:426, 1:426F, 1:427

size effect 2:63, 2:63F

graphite 1:276–277

graphitization 2:256

graphitizing annealing 2:251

gravimetric method 3:51

gray irons 2:248

see also cast irons; malleable irons


annealing 2:251

austempering 2:253–255, 2:254F,

2:255F

hardening and tempering 2:252–253

martempering 2:255

normalizing 2:252

stress relieving 2:249–251

surface hardening 2:255–256

gray relational analysis (GRA) 1:223–224,

1:226

application in optimization of cut

characteristics 1:224–225, 1:225F

determination of optimal joining

condition 1:226

experimental methods and

measurements 1:225

gray relational coefficient calculation

1:226–227, 1:227T

gray relational grade 1:227–228, 1:227T,

1:228F

gray system theory 1:223–224

green coating 3:50

green cutting 1:80

grinding 3:193–194, 3:307

abrasive belt grinding 3:194

conventional grinding 3:193–194

grinding burn 1:367

grinding cracks 2:105

prevention 2:105

grinding fluid 1:101

grinding wheel speed 1:101

grinding wheel wear 1:379

gripper mode 1:41

Grossmann method 2:56–57, 2:60

correlation between 2:61

multiplying factors 2:67T

ground–equipment–support interactions 1:41

guided running wire 1:283

Guinier–Preston (GP) zones 2:352,

2:353–354, 2:412

H

H subdivision state 2:383

H temper 2:340T

variation 2:340

H2S treatment 3:16–19

H13 steel 2:235F

hadfield steel 2:197–199, 2:198F, 2:198T

Hall–Petch relation 2:9

hand lay-up 1:220, 1:220F

hand stoning process 3:194

HAp see hydroxyapatite (HAp)

hard chrome coatings 3:49

hard chrome coatings 3:39–40, 3:230,

3:231–232

see also hot-dip galvanized coatings

carbide tools 3:230–231

deposition 3:232–233

design 3:231F

effect on workpiece surface finish

3:235–239

materials and design 3:232

multilayer 3:233–234

nanocomposite 3:235

nanolayer 3:234–235

hard machining

see also electrical discharge machining

(EDM)


industrial applications 1:53

industrial applications of hard-part

machining 1:52F

workpiece clamping 1:52–53

cooling techniques applications 1:80–83

cryogenic machining 1:80–83

dry machining 1:80–83

semidry machining 1:80–83

solid lubricants application 1:83–86

vegetable oils application 1:83–86

modeling 1:75–76

cutting force modeling 1:75–76

RSs modeling 1:78–80

tool wear progression modeling

1:76–78, 1:78T

hard turning 1:69, 1:86

hardenability 2:19–20, 2:37–38, 2:50, 2:249

bands 2:61–62, 2:62F

boron effect 2:67–69, 2:68F, 2:69F

carbon content effect 2:51F

criterion for measuring 2:52–53

mechanism of heat removal during

quenching 2:53

critical cooling rate 2:51F

estimation from chemical composition

and austenite grain size 2:66–67

factors affecting 2:62–63

alloying elements effect 2:65–66, 2:65F,

2:66F

austenitizing temperature and time

2:63–64

carbon content effect 2:64–65

grain size effect 2:63, 2:63F

hardness vs. 2:51–52

Jominy end-quench test 2:60–61

rockwell hardness 2:52F

hardened steel 1:47–48

applications

and machining characteristics 1:49–50

of types 1:50T

machining

characteristics 1:50T, 1:51T

optimization studies in 1:86–88

soft and hard 1:48F

hardening 1:47–48, 2:29–31

double 2:87–89, 2:88F

of ductile irons 2:264

factors influencing 2:31

adequate carbon content to produce

hardening 2:31

austenite decomposition to produce

pearlite, bainite, and martensite

structures 2:31–32

heating rate 2:32

soaking time 2:32

temperature of heating 2:32

of gray iron 2:252–253, 2:253F, 2:254F

case study on 2:253


of malleable irons 2:257–258, 2:259F,

2:260F

single

with core refinement 2:87, 2:88F

without core refinement 2:87, 2:87F

hardmetals 2:449

hardness, low 2:103

hardness traverse 2:56–57

hard-part machining (HPM) 1:47–48

hardened steel 1:48F

industrial applications 1:52F

hard-part turning (HPT) 1:48–49

qualitative comparison with grinding

1:48–49, 1:49F

HASL see hot-air solder leveling (HASL)

Hastelloy 2:398, 2:416

H-atom diffusion 3:16

HAZ see heat-affected zone (HAZ)

hazardless process 3:364

HB see Brinell hardness number (HB)

HCCIs see high-chromium cast irons

(HCCIs)

HCHCr see high carbon high chromium

(HCHCr)

HDM see hole-drilling method (HDM)

HDPE 1:443–444

head forging 2:311

heat preservation 2:385–386, 2:386F

heat resistance 2:270


high silicon irons 2:273

394 Index

heat treatment 2:2, 2:273, 2:292–293,

2:337, 2:422

of Al alloys 2:341–347, 2:373

Al–4Cu alloy 2:378–380, 2:379F

all-purpose aluminum alloys 2:374,

2:374F

annealing 2:368, 2:368T

for cast alloys 2:358–363

classification 2:373, 2:373T

dimensional changes 2:368

dispersion hardening and dislocation

mechanisms 2:381–382, 2:382F

equilibrium precipitation process

2:375–377, 2:375F, 2:376F

heat treatment furnaces 2:341–347

over-aging 2:380–381, 2:381F

precipitation sequence and aging

process 2:377–378, 2:377F, 2:378F

regression treatment 2:382, 2:383F,

2:383T

SS and equilibrium precipitation

2:374–375

strengthening 2:347–350

stress relief 2:363–368, 2:367F

sub-classification of solutionizing and

aging 2:373–374

for wrought alloys 2:357–358

alloying see alloying

in a-Ti alloys 2:292–293

in CP Ti and 2:292–293

in near a-Ti alloys 2:291

in a/b-Ti alloys 2:301–305

annealing 2:20

austenitic graphitic irons 2:271

in b-Ti alloys 2:311–317

of cast irons

carbon content in matrix 2:248–249

critical temperature ranges 2:248,

2:248F, 2:249T

hardenability 2:249

shape and size of castings 2:249

surface oxidation and decarburization

2:249

of copper see copper, heat treatment of

corrosion resistant high silicon irons

2:273–276

defects 2:47–48

overheating 2:48

quench cracks 2:47–48

ductile irons 2:260–262

of gas-carburized steels 2:90

of gray irons 2:249–251

hardening 2:29–31

heat resistant high silicon irons 2:273

high-chromium white irons 2:280–281

of malleable irons 2:256–257

of nickel alloys see nickel alloys, heat

treatment of

nickel–chromium white irons 2:277–279

normalizing 2:27–29

practical aspects of 2:231–232

austenitization 2:233

cooling mediums for quenching 2:233

design, machining, and stress relief 2:232

heating furnaces 2:232–233

preheating 2:233

quality of 2:234–236

time and temperature of tempering

2:233–234

processes, types of 2:5F

process variables 2:9–11

austenitization 2:10–11

quenching and quenching medium

2:36–39

stages of 2:2

heating step 2:2–3

soaking stage 2:4

of steel 2:4–8

common heat treating processes 2:9

effect of excess heating beyond


production of homogeneous austenite

2:8

steel casting 2:211–212, 2:211F

tempering 2:39–42

TRIP 2:208

troubleshooting 2:236–237

forging die with premature failure (case

study) 2:239–240

importance of 2:236–237

ISO VH13 steel 2:238–239

VF800AT steel 2:237–238

heat-affected zone (HAZ) 1:250–251,

1:251F, 1:391

heating furnaces 2:232–233

heating rate 2:3, 2:384

heating temperature 2:3–4, 2:384

heat-treatable alloys 2:341, 2:341T

heat-treatable aluminum alloys 2:354

heat-treatment processes 2:180–181

of AF1410 steel 2:185–186, 2:185F, 2:186F

of 9Ni4Co steel 2:184–185

HEL see Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL)

Hele-Shaw flow model 1:444, 1:444–445,

1:489

helical gears 3:373–374, 3:373F

Helmholtz double layer 3:361

Helmholtz equation 2:160–161

HER see hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)

Hertzian contact 1:135, 1:135–136

Hertzian contact theory 1:122–123

hexavalent chromes 3:322–323

hexavalent chromium 3:150

hexavalent non-chromic coatings 3:320

HIE wire see high eagle (HIE) wire

HIF wire see high falcon (HIF) wire

high carbon high chromium (HCHCr) 1:186

high eagle (HIE) wire 1:238

high falcon (HIF) wire 1:238

high hawk (HIH) wire 1:238

high pressure die casting process (HPDCP)

see die casting process

high real (HIR) wire 1:238

high sonic (HIS) wire 1:238

high speed steels (HSS) 1:50, 1:106–107,

2:215, 2:216–218, 2:225F, 3:231

microstructure of 2:216

high strength temperature resistant (HSTR)

3:359

high temperature stabilization 2:271

high temperature thermo-mechanical

treatment (HT TMT) 2:392

high tensile strength wires 1:247–248

molybdenum wire 1:248

MolyCarb wire 1:248

steel core wires 1:248–249, 1:248F, 1:249F

tungsten wire 1:248

high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 3:43, 3:56,

3:191–192, 3:207, 3:208F, 3:208T

coatings 3:209

comparison with thermal spray techniques

3:209–210

CoNiCrAlY coating 3:196

HAp–TiO2 coatings 3:200

spray 3:208F, 3:210, 3:211–213, 3:213,

3:214T


history 3:207

mechanism of coating 3:208–209

post-deposition surface finish

3:215–217

pre-deposition surface finish 3:211–213

principle 3:207

process technical details 3:207–208

spray parameters 3:207–208

surface finish guidelines for 3:210–211,

3:212F

spray and surface finish 3:211–213

surface finish guidelines for HVOF

spraying 3:210–211, 3:212F

thermal spray techniques, characteristic

parameters of 3:210T

high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) coating of

nickel based alloys 3:96–110

corrosion testing of coating 3:109

experimental 3:98

analytical expression for residual stress

3:99

electro chemical tests 3:99

fracture toughness by indentation tests

3:98

residual stress measurements by

curvature method 3:98–99

findings and discussions 3:101–102

coating morphology and metallurgical

changes 3:101–102

electro chemical testing 3:105–107

laser-treated coatings 3:103–105

modeling of laser treatment of coating

3:107–108

laser treatment of coating and numerical

study 3:109

literature review and background 3:96–98

mathematical modeling 3:99–101

numerical solution 3:101

single layer coating 3:101–102, 3:109

two laser coating 3:102–103, 3:109

high-alloy irons 2:248, 2:277F

see also ductile irons


abrasion resistant high-alloy white irons

2:276–279

austenitic graphitic irons 2:269–271

heat resistant high silicon irons 2:273

heat treatment of corrosion resistant

high silicon irons 2:273–276

oxidation resistant high-aluminum

irons 2:276

Index 395

high-alloy nickel–chromium white irons

2:277–278

high-carbon, high-chromium cold-work

steels 2:217–218T, 2:219–221T

high-carbon high-alloy steels 2:194

high-chromium cast irons (HCCIs)

2:284–285

high-chromium white irons heat treatment

2:280–281

high-molecular-weight polymers 1:481

high-resolution transmission electron

microscopy (HRTEM) 3:287F

high-speed machining (HSM) 1:51

high-temperature (HT) 2:340T

batch annealing 2:195

high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD)

2:329, 3:8, 3:11

HIH wire see high hawk (HIH) wire

HIP see hot isostatic pressing (HIP)

HIR wire see high real (HIR) wire

HIS wire see high sonic (HIS) wire

hob 1:508–509

hole-drilling method (HDM) 1:415–416,

3:57, 3:58–59, 3:58F

XRD method vs. 1:416–417

HOMMELWERKE TURBO RAUHEIT V 6.14

1:31

homogeneous austenite

production of 2:8

time–temperature relationship in 2:11F

homogeneous palladium coating 3:6

homogenization 2:4, 2:211

annealing 2:24


homogenized and quenched (HQ) sample

2:327, 2:328F, 2:329

homopolycondensation 1:217

honing 3:194

gear 3:373–374

process 3:194

Hooke’s law 1:414–415

horizontal micro-EDM working system

1:289

hot and cold rolling 2:383

sheets/plates, tempers for 2:382–383,

2:384T, 2:385T

hot chamber die casting process 1:514

hot compression moldings 1:219

hot dip galvanized wire 1:249

hot embossing 1:526

advantages 1:526

applications 1:527

limitations 1:527

hot forged/extruded profiles, tempers for

2:382, 2:384T

hot forging die, with complex geometry

2:244

hot forming tools 2:240

hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 1:512, 3:197,

3:339, 3:348

hot press processes 1:218

hot pressing (HP) 3:348

hot upset forging 1:525

hot working tool steels 2:216, 2:223F


gas carburizing cycle for 2:101F

hot-air solder leveling (HASL) 3:221

hot-dip galvanization 3:41

composite in 3:28–29

influence of metal oxides on 3:26–28,

3:28F

hot-dip galvanized coatings 3:184

see also hard coatings

alloy layers 3:26F

composite in galvanization process

3:28–29

developments in metal composites

incorporated in 3:25–26

implication of metal composites

3:30–31

metal oxide influence 3:26–28, 3:28F

hot-dip galvanizing process 3:47,

3:178–181, 3:179F, 3:183T, 3:186F,

3:187

applications 3:179F

batch hot-dip galvanizing processes

3:181–183, 3:182F

continuous hot-dip galvanizing processes

3:181–183, 3:182F

failure mechanisms in galvanized steels

3:187–188

galvanizing of AHSS 3:185–187

presence of elements in galvanizing bath

3:184–185

research and development activities in

3:183–184

hot-dip zinc coating

physico-chemical properties of metal

oxide containing 3:30–31

preoxidation of steel 3:29–30

hot-work die steel 2:190

HP see hot pressing (HP)

HP9–4–30 steel 2:184

HPM see hard-part machining (HPM)

HPT see hard-part turning (HPT)

HQ sample see homogenized and quenched

(HQ) sample

HRTEM see high-resolution transmission

electron microscopy (HRTEM)

HSM see high-speed machining (HSM)

HSS see high speed steels (HSS)

HSS-Co twist drill 1:211

HSTR see high strength temperature

resistant (HSTR)

HT see high-temperature (HT)

HT TMT see high temperature thermo-

mechanical treatment (HT TMT)

HTXRD see high-temperature X-ray

diffraction (HTXRD)

Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) 1:409–410

HVOF see high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)

hybrid design 1:143–144

hybrid finishing process 1:98

hybrid materials 3:119

hybrid process 1:294–296

continuous machining process of array

micro-holes 1:296–298

finishing process 3:371

hybridized material removal process

1:270

LIGA–micro-EDM hybrid machining

process 1:298–300, 1:300F

micro-turning–micro-EDM hybrid

machining process 1:294–296

self-drilled holes–TF-WEDG hybrid

machining process 1:296

superfinishing process 3:372

hybrid technology see combination

technology

hybrid tool, model for 1:146F

hydrazine based plating bath 3:6

hydrochloric acid 3:222

hydrofluoride 3:226

hydrogen 3:14, 3:207–208

applications in hydrogen purification

3:14–16

permeability 3:14

permeation properties 3:15–16

activation energy for 3:18F

function of pressure gradient 3:16F

literature permeability results 3:17T

separation 3:8

hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 3:87,

3:92–93

hydrolysis 3:328

hydrophobic coatings 3:49

hydrophobic surfaces 3:282

droplets slides on 3:283F

hydrophobicity and surface finish

3:137–148

effect of dust accumulation on PV cell

efficiency 3:137

historical background 3:137

polycarbonates (PCs) 3:137–138

crystallization process of 3:138

solid–liquid interface and PC-liquid

acetone 3:142–143

AFM micrographs 3:142–143

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

technique 3:147

hydrophobicity assessments 3:145–147

scanning electron micrographs 3:144

surface roughness 3:144–145

X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique

3:147

superhydrophobic surfaces

fabrication methods and technologies

of 3:140–142

theoretical models 3:138

effect of chemical treatment and

roughness on surface hydrophobicity

3:139

fundamentals 3:138

rough surfaces, classification of 3:140

self-cleaning surfaces 3:140

Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter states

3:139–140

Young’s equation 3:138–139

hydroxide solutions 3:200

hydroxyapatite (HAp) 3:196, 3:349,

3:350

X-ray diffraction pattern 3:353F

hyperelastic material theory 1:147–148

hypereutectoid steels 2:2–3, 2:16F

annealing of 2:23, 2:23–24

hypophosphite 3:4

hysteresis of contact angle 3:278–279,

3:297–298

396 Index

I

I surfaces see interrupted surfaces

(I surfaces)

IACS see International Annealed Copper

Standard (IACS)

IADS see International Alloy Development

System (IADS)

IBF see ion beam figuring (IBF)

ICCO see International Cocoa Organization

(ICCO)

ICDD database see International Centre for

Diffraction Data (ICDD) database

ICM see injection compression molding

(ICM)

ideal critical diameter 2:59–60, 2:59F, 2:60F

ideal quenching medium 2:58–59

ideal separation factor 3:14

IEG see interelectrode gap (IEG)

IF steel see interstitial-free steel (IF steel)

IGA see improved genetic algorithm (IGA);

intergranular attack (IGA)

ilmenite 2:289

IM process see injection molding (IM)

process

image particle-finding method 3:273F

imaging systems 3:261–263

for surface characterization 3:261–263

IMM see injection molding machine (IMM)

immobilization 1:42

impact wear resistance 2:437

impression forging see closed die forging

improved genetic algorithm (IGA)

1:20–21

in situ method 3:59, 3:60F

INCO see International Nickel Company

(INCO)

incomplete annealing 2:22–23

Inconel 2:398, 2:416

Inconel 625 coating 3:98, 3:102

incubation period 2:7

indentation testing 3:52

indentation tests, fracture toughness by

3:98

Indian Standard Specifications (ISS) 1:507

indirect second stage graphitization 2:27

induction hardening 2:154, 2:256

induction surface hardening see surface

induction hardening

inductor–hardened body system 2:168–169

inductor–sprayer system 2:163, 2:164,

2:165–166, 2:166

industrial coating 3:150

infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy

(IRRAS) 3:284F

ingot 1:524

initial contact point 1:121–122

injection compression molding (ICM)

1:511, 1:518–519


applications 1:519

limitations 1:519

injection electrode ELID grinding system

1:386F

injection molding (IM) process 1:442,

1:479

critical factors influencing part quality in

1:480

injection molding cycle 1:479–480,

1:479F

modeling of 1:491–492

cooling phase of injection molding

1:496

feedstock properties and mixing

simulation 1:491–492, 1:492–493

filling phase of injection molding

1:495

fundamentals of governing equations

and boundary conditions 1:493–494

melt flow behavior in micro-size

channel 1:494–495

packing phase of injection molding

1:495–496

optimization techniques for 1:485F

simulation-based 1:485F

principles of 1:479

processing variables of 1:486T

injection molding equipment 1:467–468

auxiliary equipment for 1:473

feedstock mixing mechanism 1:468

injection molding machine (IMM)

1:467–468, 1:468–470

based on injection unit 1:469F

clamping unit 1:473

experimental setup of control system for

1:487F

horizontal 1:468, 1:469F

hybrid 1:468, 1:469F

mold design 1:470–472, 1:471F

part design for micro-PIM 1:473

runner and gating system design

1:472–473, 1:472F

screw design for 1:470

vertical 1:468, 1:469F

inorganic sealers 3:199–200

aluminum–phosphate 3:199–200

chemical treatment 3:200

chemical vapor deposition 3:200

electroplating 3:200

enameling 3:200

molten metal or oxide penetration

3:200

sealing using glass formers 3:200

sol–gel process 3:200

instrumental effects 1:417

integrated automation system 1:53–54

intelligent algorithms 1:487

intended metal 3:330

intercritical annealing 2:22–23

interelectrode gap (IEG) 3:359–360, 3:369

intergranular attack (IGA) 3:370

intergranular corrosion 2:200–201

interlamellar spacing 2:252

intermediate thermal-mechanical treatment

(ITMT) 2:391–392

intermetallic compounds 2:374, 2:378,

2:390–391, 3:220

internal honing 1:104

external spur gear 1:105F

internal turning 1:26, 1:27, 1:28F

International Alloy Development System

(IADS) 2:337–338

International Annealed Copper Standard

(IACS) 1:237, 1:244, 2:399

International Centre for Diffraction Data

(ICDD) database 3:160

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)

1:204

International Nickel Company (INCO)

2:416

International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) gear standard

1:507

international tool steel classification

standards 2:219–221T

interrupted surfaces (I surfaces) 1:71

interstitial solid solution 2:84F

interstitial-free steel (IF steel) 3:183

recrystallized structure of 2:26F

intrinsic stresses 3:57

INVAR 36 alloy powders 1:476T

ion beam figuring (IBF) 1:164–166

ion implantation 2:125, 3:202–203

ion shot ELID (ELID IV) grinding 1:370

principle of 1:371F

iron 1:281

allotropy 2:218–222

flow of carbon in 2:82–85

and iron–carbide equilibrium 2:83F

iron–carbon alloy 2:2, 2:3–4

iron–carbon equilibrium 2:222

iron–carbon martensites 2:19–20

iron–iron carbide equilibrium 2:74, 2:75F

iron–nitrogen system 2:109–110

binary phase diagram 2:110F

IRRAS see infrared reflection-absorption

spectroscopy (IRRAS)

ISO gear standard see International

Organization for Standardization

(ISO) gear standard

ISOMAX 2:241

isostrain 1:213

isostress 1:213

isothermal annealing 2:20–22, 2:21F

isothermal transformation behavior 2:6–7,

2:7–8

ISS see Indian Standard Specifications (ISS)

Italian Gear standard 1:507

ITMT see intermediate thermal-mechanical

treatment (ITMT)

J

Japanese Gear Manufacturing Association

(JGMA) standard 1:507

Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) gear

standard 1:507

Jeol 6460 electron microscopy 3:74

JEOL JDX-3530 SEM and EDS 3:98

Jeol JSM-6460LV scanning electron

microscope 3:160

JGMA standard see Japanese Gear

Manufacturing Association (JGMA)

standard

JIS gear standard see Japanese Industrial

Standards (JIS) gear standard

Johnson–Cook equation 1:76

Index 397

Jominy end-quench test 2:60–61, 2:60F,

2:61F

correlation between 2:61, 2:61F

hardenability bands 2:61–62

K

kerf variations 1:223

kerf width 1:222–223, 1:349, 1:351, 1:358,

1:358–359, 1:362–363

different in process 1:223, 1:223F

variations 1:223

kerosene 1:278

kinetics 2:387

Kirchhoff-Fourier equation 2:161

Kirkendall effect 3:11

knitting fiber 1:218

KNN see potassium sodium niobate (KNN)

KOEPFER gantry loader 1:53–54

Kriging 1:484

KTN see potassium tantalate niobate (KTN)

kurtosis 1:12

L

lacquer 3:149

LAM see laser-assisted machining (LAM)

Lame equations 2:161

lamella 3:209

primary morphologies 3:209F

lamina 1:213, 1:214F

Langevin function 1:148

lapping process 3:194

large step-over size 1:127F

LASER see Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation (LASER)

laser ablation 3:122

laser beam processing for surface

modifications see laser surface:

treatment

laser bending 1:352

experimental 1:352

mathematical analysis 1:352–354

results and discussions of 1:359–361

self-annealing effect 1:359, 1:361

laser cutting process 1:348–350

cut quality assessment 1:351

evaluation of cut quality 1:351

factorial analysis 1:351–352

experimental method 1:349–350

thermal analysis 1:349–350

lump parameter analysis for Kerf size

1:350–351


laser drilling 1:345–347

experimental method 1:347

hole quality assessment 1:347–348

evaluation of hole geometric features

1:347–348

factorial analysis 1:348


qualitative analysis 1:355–357

quantitative analysis 1:357

laser interference lithography (LIL) 3:125,

3:125–126

laser machining (LM) 1:344, 3:122, 3:124

laser conduction limited heating 1:345

laser nonconduction limited heating 1:345


laser optics 1:166

laser peening 1:408, 1:409, 1:409–410,

1:425–427, 2:174

advantages and disadvantages and


AFM surface topography 1:424F

confined ablation process 1:413F

conventional shot peening 1:409

future trends 1:435

laser beam irradiating material surface

1:410F

laser-peened materials relaxation behavior

1:431

grain and dislocation evolution during

isothermal annealing 1:434F

mechanical relaxation of residual stress

1:431

thermal relaxation of residual stress

1:431–435

laser systems 1:411, 1:412–413T

magnifications of 6061-T6 alloy 1:430F

mechanical and metallurgical effects

corrosion properties 1:427–429

deformation mechanism 1:425–427

fatigue properties 1:422–425

LY12CZ specimens 1:425F

metallurgical modifications during

1:419–422

tensile properties 1:425–427

welded joints 1:429–431

residual stresses

crystallite size and micro-strain

1:417–418

distribution 1:416F, 1:424F

generation 1:413–414, 1:414F

measurement of residual stresses

1:414–415

SEM photographs of laser-peened surfaces

1:423F

shock wave formation 1:411–413

shot peening vs. 1:410

stress corrosion cracking test results of

SUS304 1:429F

laser peening without coating (LPWC)

1:416

laser polishing 1:166

laser polymerization, materials for

3:117–118


organic photopolymers 3:118–119

photoinitiators 3:118

SU-8 3:119

laser shock peening (LSP) principle 3:123,

3:123F

laser surface

ablation 3:72

of ceramics 3:125

modification 1:408

treatment 2:137, 2:140

experimental studies 2:137–139

phosphorous bronze 2:139, 2:141–143,

2:151

Rene 41 2:140–141, 2:146–151, 2:151

yttria-stabilized zirconia 2:139–140,

2:143–146, 2:151

laser surface texturing (LST) 3:123

laser treatment, modeling of

of coating 3:107–108

laser treatment of coating and numerical

study 3:109

laser(s) 2:137

beam intensity distribution 2:137

energy 1:411

engraving 3:203

gas-assisted nitriding 2:132


melting/ablation parameters 2:138,

2:138T

remelting 3:196, 3:196

shock processing 1:409–410

surface modification 1:408

systems for laser peening 1:411

texturing 3:71–72, 3:72

alumina tiles 3:72–73

experimental work 3:74–75

PC sheet 3:72

phosphorous bronze 3:73–74

results and discussion 3:75–78

laser-assisted machining (LAM) 1:331,

3:124, 3:124–125

laser-based surface texturing techniques

3:122–126

laser-matter interactions, spectrum of

3:122F

laser-treated coatings 3:103–105

laser-treated layer 3:73–74

laser-workpiece interaction mechanism

1:345

lath martensite microstructure 2:92F

layer removal (LR) 3:58–59

LC-ALPHAIII see CO2 laser

LCD see liquid crystal display (LCD)

L/D ratio see length–diameter (L/D) ratio

lead-free ferroelectric ceramics, SPS in

3:352–354

lead-free materials 3:349

lead-free solders 3:222

least-squares (LS) 1:88

Lehrer diagrams 2:110–112

hypothetical surface reactions 2:111F

representation of 2:111F

LEI see lower detector (LEI)

LEIS see low energy ion scattering (LEIS)

length–diameter (L/D) ratio 1:31

leveling effect 3:369

LGVs see light goods vehicles (LGVs)

Lifshitz–van der Walls components 2:139T

light alloys 2:430–431

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission

of Radiation (LASER) 1:330–331

light goods vehicles (LGVs) 2:442

LIL see laser interference lithography (LIL)

lime-alumina-borosilicate glass see E-glass

fiber

line scanning 3:273

linear micro-scratch tester 2:138

398 Index

linear polycondensation 1:217

linear polymers 1:217

linear variable differential transformer

(LVDT) 3:61

line-of-sight process 3:233

liquid carburization 2:73, 2:76–77

advantages 2:77

carburizing process

high temperature baths 2:77

low temperature baths 2:76–77

disadvantages 2:77

safety precautions 2:77–78

liquid carburizing baths

composition of 2:77T

sodium cyanide content in 2:77T

liquid cooling stage 2:53

liquid crystal display (LCD) 3:113–114,

3:114, 3:114F

liquid diffusion 3:42

liquid helium (LHe2) 2:423–424

liquid metal-assisted cracking (LMAC)

3:187–188, 3:187F, 3:188F

liquid nitrogen (LN2) 2:422

liquid petroleum 1:278

LIS see lubricant impregnated surfaces (LIS)

liter per minute (lpm) 3:366

Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung

(LIGA) 1:322

LIGA–micro-EDM hybrid machining

process 1:298–300, 1:300F

lithography 3:292, 3:292F

lithography, electroforming and molding

1:511, 1:521–522

advantages 1:522

applications 1:522

limitations 1:522

LM see laser machining (LM)

LMAC see liquid metal-assisted cracking

(LMAC)

local maxima 1:223

local minima 1:223

long wavelength 1:223

loose-abrasive grinding 1:154–157

conventional loose-abrasive grinding

1:154–157

unconventional loose-abrasive grinding

1:157–158

loose-abrasive polishing 1:159–162, 1:159

lotus effect 3:277

low alloy steels, carburization of 2:94

chromium–nickel steel 2:94

molybdenum–nickel steel 2:94–96

low energy ion scattering (LEIS) 3:8

low temperature tempered (LTT) martensite

2:91

low temperature tempering 2:387

low temperature thermo-mechanical

treatment (LT TMT) 2:392

low-alloy special-purpose tool steels

2:217–218T, 2:219–221T

lower detector (LEI) 3:91F, 3:92

low-molecular-weight polymers 1:481

low-pressure injection molding (LPIM) 1:467

low-pressure PIM (L-PIM) 1:521

LPIM see low-pressure injection molding

(LPIM)

L-PIM see low-pressure PIM (L-PIM)

lpm see liter per minute (lpm)

LPWC see laser peening without coating

(LPWC)

LR see layer removal (LR)

LS see least-squares (LS)

LSP principle see laser shock peening (LSP)

principle

LST see laser surface texturing (LST)

LT TMT see low temperature thermo-

mechanical treatment (LT TMT)

LTS-KNN see (Na0.52K0.44Li0.04)

(Nb0.86Ta0.06Sb0.08)O3 (LTS-KNN)

LTT martensite see low temperature

tempered (LTT) martensite

lubricant impregnated surfaces (LIS) 3:142

LVDT see linear variable differential

transformer (LVDT)

M

M05>S05 reverse ‘T’ micro channel 1:454

M08þ S05 cross ‘þ ’ micro channel

1:455–456

machinability 1:17, 2:270

machine–fixture–tool–work system

(M–F–T–W system) 1:74

machining 1:26, 1:27, 1:55, 1:70, 3:193

conditions 1:1–4

cutting fluids 1:1–4

method of fluid application 1:1–4

tool vibration 1:4–6

factors affecting cut quality 1:222–223

kerf width 1:222–223

surface roughness 1:223–224, 1:224F

of natural fiber-reinforced composite

1:221–222

parameters 1:29, 1:30

parameters effect 1:13–17, 1:19T

on surface roughness 1:18T

safety considerations 1:222

machining processes, general characteristics

of 3:259T, 3:259–260T

macro–micro flow model 1:445

macro flow model 1:444

macro-gears 1:506

shape 1:458–461

macro-geometry of insert 1:56–58

macroroughness 1:223

macro-stress 2:38–39

magnesium alloys 2:448

magnesium stearate 3:285

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1:206

magnetic spoiling 2:196

magnetorheological (MR) fluid 1:161

magnetorheological finishing (MRF)

1:161

magnetron 3:233

sputtering 3:233

malleable irons 2:248

see also cast irons; gray irons

heat treatment 2:256–257, 2:256T

bainitic heat treatment of malleable

irons 2:258

blackheart malleable iron 2:257

hardening and tempering of malleable

irons 2:257–258

martempering of malleable irons 2:258

surface hardening of pearlitic malleable

irons 2:258–260

whiteheart malleable iron 2:256–257

malleablizing annealing 2:256

mandrel 1:219

testing 3:51–52, 3:51F

wrapping 1:220

manganese 2:14, 2:265, 2:271

MAPP see methyl acetylene propadiene

(MAPP)

maraging steel 2:205–207, 2:206F, 2:206T

embrittlement in 2:207–208

heat-treatment sequence 2:206T, 2:207,

2:207F, 2:208F

marine coating 3:150

martempering 2:43–44, 2:44F

of gray iron 2:255

of malleable irons 2:258

martensite 2:7–8, 2:90–91, 2:409–410,

3:336

finish 2:424

formation 2:90–91

heating of 2:226

microstructure 2:31F, 2:156

morphologies 2:91–92

tempering, effect of 2:92

transition carbides, role of 2:92

martensite reorientation (MR) 2:325–326

martensite start (Ms) temperature 2:255,

2:264, 2:266, 2:282

martensite transformation curve 2:45F

martensitic stainless steel 2:199–200,

2:199T, 2:200F, 2:201F

martensitic transformation (MT) 2:3–4,

2:19–20, 2:222–224, 2:322

in Ti–Ni alloys 2:322–324

mass flow rate 1:449

mass transport phenomenon in ECM

3:369

master decomposition curve (MDC)

1:480–481

evaluation of apparent activation energy

1:481–482

multistep burnout process 1:482–483

single-step burnout process 1:481

master sintering curve (MSC) 1:481

material laser ablation 3:122, 3:122F

material migration 1:314–317

material removal processes

conventional process 1:268

hybridized process 1:270

nonconventional process 1:268–270

material removal rate (MRR) 1:101, 1:154,

1:154–155, 1:156, 1:171, 1:268–270,

1:280, 1:306–311, 3:366

ANOVA for 1:307T

mathematical flow model 1:449–450

ANSYS CFX flow model 1:450–451

MoldFlow flow model 1:450

suggestion non-Newtonian viscosity

model 1:451

mathematical modeling 1:194–195, 1:194F,

1:448–449

Index 399

Matlab 3:273

matrix material, composite types based on

1:212

CMC 1:212

MMC 1:212

PMC 1:212–215

MBD see multibody dynamics (MBD)

MBEDG see moving block electrical

discharge grinding (MBEDG)

MCS see Monte Carlo step (MCS)

MD see molecular dynamics (MD)

MDC see master decomposition curve

(MDC)

MDM see modified distance method

(MDM)

MDN250 steel 1:16

mean contact stress 1:137

mean residual (MR)

defined 1:482

mechanical attrition 2:175F, 2:178

mechanical finishing 3:192–193

effect of finishing on coatings 3:194–195

grinding 3:193–194

modeling finishing process 3:195

polishing techniques 3:194

turning 3:193

mechanical pen method 3:288

mechanical polishing 3:307–308

mechanical property 2:374, 2:382

mechanical stress 2:241

mechanical surface treatment, recent

advances in 2:171–179

peening 2:171–172

laser peening 2:174

shot peening 2:171–172

warm peening 2:173–174

SMAT 2:174–176

mechanism of surface

nanocrystallization by SMAT 2:176

microstructure characterization of the

SMAT 2:176

properties of SMAT surface layer

2:176–178

SMAT process 2:175–176

mechanical twins (MTs) 1:426–427

mechanistic modeling 1:76

medium-carbon low-alloy steels 2:181,

2:188, 2:188F

chromium–molybdenum steel 2:192

forging quality steel 2:181, 2:182–183F

heat treatment 2:184–185, 2:185–186,

2:185F, 2:186F

medium-carbon chromium–vanadium

steel 2:192

nanoscale precipitations hardenable steel

2:187–188

Ni–Cr structural steel 2:189–192, 2:190F,

2:191F

precipitation hardened martensitic steels

2:181–184, 2:184F

press hardenable ultrahigh-strength steel

2:186–187

Si-modified 4340 steel 2:188–189

medium-frequency (MF) 3:233

MEKP see methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

(MEKP)

MEMS see micro-electromechanical systems

(MEMS)

MEMS/NEMS see micro/nano

electromechanical systems (MEMS/

NEMS)

MEO see micro-arc oxidation (MEO)

meso-gears 1:506

metal

composition 2:264–266

deposition 3:3


fibers 1:209

metal composite

in hot-dip galvanized coating 3:25–26

implication for performance of zinc alloy

coating 3:30–31

electrochemical characteristics of zinc

coating 3:32–35

enhancement in surface topographical

characteristics 3:31–32, 3:31F

physico-chemical properties of metal

oxide 3:30–31

metal injection molding (MIM) 1:467,

1:511, 1:516–518, 1:517F

advantages 1:518

applications 1:518

inspection and quality control of MIM

products 1:498–499

limitations 1:518

potential causes and remedies of common

defects in 1:498T

process capabilities 1:517–518

metal injection molding feedstock,

composite and formulation of

1:478T

metal injection molding powders 1:475T

metal matrix composites (MMCs) 1:10,

1:212, 1:232, 2:446, 3:51

metal oxide

direct blending of molten bath with 3:29

incorporation methods 3:28–29

direct blending of molten bath 3:29

formation of predeposited metal oxide

layer 3:28–29

preoxidation of steel prior to hot-dip

zinc coating 3:29–30

vacuum coating techniques 3:29

influence on hot-dip galvanization process

3:26–28, 3:28F

metal powder 1:475–476

characteristics and test standard 1:476T

metal-cutting process 1:27

metallic coatings 3:183

metallic gear materials 1:506–507

metallography and numerical results

3:167–169

metallurgical analysis 2:307, 2:308–309

metallurgical modifications during laser

peening 1:419–422

metamaterials 3:119–121

metamodel-based method 1:484

methyl acetylene propadiene (MAPP) 3:207

methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) 1:220

methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) 3:141

MF see medium-frequency (MF)

Mg-alloys, heat treatment of 2:36, 2:36T

micro channel fabrication and experimental

design 1:451–452

micro depth of cut of a polishing tool

1:132–133

micro depth of cut of a single grain

1:131–132

micro drilling 1:268

micro flow model 1:444–445, 1:446–447

micro gear shape 1:461

with 0.3 mm teeth 1:462

with 0.5 mm teeth 1:461–462

with 1.0 mm teeth 1:461

micro part fabrication 1:442–443

micro plastic injection molding 1:442–444

custom-made vertical injection molding

machine 1:447–448

injection mechanism 1:448

mold design 1:448

plasticizing unit and injection

mechanism 1:447–448

factors affecting 1:446

micro flow model factors 1:446–447

pressure 1:446

size 1:447

temperature 1:446

viscosity in micro molding 1:447

flow model 1:444

macro flow model 1:444

macro – micro flow model 1:445

micro flow model 1:444–445

viscosity for micro injection molding

1:446

viscosity model 1:445–446

flow observation 1:444

literature reviews 1:447

machine for 1:443–444

macro and micro gear shape molding

1:457–461

straight, reverse ‘T’ and cross ‘þ ’ micro

channel flow 1:448–450

experiments and simulation for cross

‘þ ’ micro channel 1:455–456

experiments and simulation for straight

channel 1:452


micro channel fabrication and

experimental design 1:451–452


micro/nano electromechanical systems

(MEMS/NEMS) 1:505–506


micro/nano textures 3:83–84

microalloyed steels, carburization of

2:96–98

niobium-microalloyed steel 2:98

vanadium-microalloyed steel 2:97–98

microalloying elements 2:97

micro-arc oxidation (MEO) 3:202

micro-crack 1:312–314

microdrilling 1:324, 1:328

micro-EDM (m-EDM) process 1:182–186,

1:273F, 1:385–388, 1:527, 1:529

electrode material for 1:277

function and types 1:272–274

of nonconductive ceramics 1:333–334

assisting electrode 1:334

400 Index

dielectric fluid 1:334–335

mechanism of material removal

1:335–337

recast layer 1:337–338

online measurement 1:301F

process parameters 1:279–280

fabrication processes of microelectrode

1:282–283

performance measure 1:280

prospective on process selection

1:300–303

pulse generators/power supply 1:274

system configuration 1:289F

WC–Co 1:304–305

analysis of results 1:305–306

Microelectro Mechanical System 1:268

microelectrode

fabrication processes 1:282–283

measuring frontal wear 1:303F

morphology with thermal properties of

materials 1:282F

wear 1:281F

micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)

3:112, 3:359

microfabrication of parts and components

1:498

microfluidics 3:112

micro-gears 1:506

microgeometry of gear 1:95, 1:95–96

micro-geometry of insert 1:56–58

micro-grinding system setup 1:269F

microhardness 2:330

measurements 2:94

micro-holes 1:281F, 1:306F

surface characteristics 1:394F

microinjection molding machine (mIMM)

1:467–468

microinjection molding process 1:483–486

analytical and numerical methods for

1:496

application of computer modeling in

1:489–490

Carreau model 1:492

computer simulation and molded part

quality enhancement 1:490–491

cooling phase of injection molding

1:496

cross model 1:492

developments in simulation of 1:490

Ellis model 1:492

feedstock properties and mixing

simulation 1:491–492, 1:492–493

filling phase of injection molding 1:495

fundamentals of governing equations

and boundary conditions 1:493–494

melt flow behavior in micro-size

channel 1:494–495

packing phase of injection molding

1:495–496

power law model 1:491–492

design of experiment (DOE) approach

1:483, 1:484, 1:486

optimization methods 1:486–489

parameter control 1:484–486

process simulation and quality

characteristics 1:496–497

micro-lubrication see minimum quantity

lubrication (MQL)

micromachining 1:268, 1:322–343


1:332–333


1:333

micro-EDM of nonconductive ceramics

1:333–334


electrochemical machining (ECM)

1:338–339


micromachining 1:338–339


energy beam micromachining 1:330–331


focused ion beam (FIB) 1:331


silicon micromachining 1:328–330


surface micromachining 1:330

size effect 1:322–323, 1:323

tool based 1:323


microdrilling 1:324

micromilling 1:323

minimum quantity lubrication (MQL)

1:324–325

tooling 1:326–328

micrometal injection molding (mMIM)

1:467

fabrication capabilities of 1:498

micrometal PIM technology 1:500

micromilling 1:323


1:333

experimental setup 1:269F

surface roughness 1:323

vibration 1:323–324

micro-mold cavity 1:272, 1:300

micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems

(MOEMS) 1:522

microphotonics

digital hardness tester 2:138

digital microhardness tester 3:74

micro-powder injection molding (m-PIM)

1:467, 1:511, 1:519–521


applications 1:521

evolution and product flow in 1:474F

limitations 1:521

micro-rotating disk electrode (MRDE)

1:289–290

micro-RS technique 3:60–61

microsacrificial plastic mold insert MIM

(mSPiMIM) 1:467

microscale 3D printing techniques

3:112–114


biomedical 3:121–122

metamaterials 3:119–121

laser polymerization, materials for

3:117–118



photoinitiators 3:118

SU-8 3:119

multiphoton lithography 3:114–116

diffraction limit 3:116

experimental set-up 3:116–117

multiphoton polymerization 3:114–116

projection micro-stereolithography

3:112–114

micro-stereolithography (mSLA) 3:113,

3:113–114, 3:114F

micro-strain 1:417–418

micro-stress 2:38–39

microstructural change mechanisms

2:429–430

microstructure 3:25, 3:28, 3:29, 3:87,

3:94–95

evolution 2:380F

hot-dip galvanized coating 3:31

micro-total analysis system (m-TAS) 1:527

micro-turning

micro-turning–micro-EDM hybrid

machining process 1:294–296

process 1:292–293

setup 1:269F

microwaves 3:198

sintering process 3:348F

micro-wire electrical discharge machining

(micro-WEDM) 1:270, 1:288, 1:527,

1:530–531

migration 3:361, 3:362F

milling process 3:193

MIM see metal injection molding (MIM)

mineral fiber 1:208–209

mineral oil 1:278

mineral seal oil 1:278

MINERALITs polymer concrete 1:53–54

miniature gear(s) 1:505–506, 1:506, 1:506T

applications 1:505F

comparative evaluation 1:534–536T

gear materials 1:506–507, 1:508F


additive process for 1:511–513

deformative processes for 1:522–523

spark–erosion-based processes for

1:527–529

quality of gears and standards 1:507

subtractive type manufacturing process

1:508–510


1:1–2, 1:2, 1:80, 1:180, 1:324,

1:324–325

components 1:82F

minimum surface roughness 1:22

minor plastic deformation (MPD) layer

1:425

mixed ceramic inserts 1:19

mixed oxides 3:25–26, 3:26, 3:30

MLE see multilayer electrode (MLE)

MMCs see metal matrix composites (MMCs)

MMSE approach see multivariate mean

square error (MMSE) approach

MODE algorithm see multi-objective

differential evolution (MODE)

algorithm

modeling finishing process 3:195

modified ‘Wilhelmy plate’ technique 3:279F

Index 401

modified distance method (MDM) 1:87

modified two-domain Tait PVT model 1:450

MOEMS see micro-opto-electro-mechanical

systems (MOEMS)

mold cavity 1:183F

mold steel 2:217–218T

carburization of 2:102

molded parts, quality of 1:486

MoldFlow flow model 1:450

Moldflow Part Advisor filling simulations

1:450

Moldflow second order model 1:445

Moldflow software 1:457–458, 1:458,

1:472–473, 1:491

molding process 1:219, 1:219F

bladder molding 1:219

chopper gun 1:220

compression molding 1:219–220

filament winding 1:220–221

hand lay-up 1:220

mandrel wrapping 1:220

pultrusion 1:221, 1:221F

resin infusion 1:221

vacuum bagging 1:220

molecular dynamics (MD)

model 1:196–197

simulation 1:164–166

molten bath, direct blending with metal

oxides 3:29

molten metal penetration 3:200

molybdenum 2:14, 2:115–116, 2:266, 2:271,

2:292, 3:185

molybdenum disulfide 1:85–86, 1:185–186

molybdenum high-speed tool steels

2:217–218T

molybdenum hot work tool steels

2:217–218T

molybdenum nitride 2:115–116

molybdenum sulfide 1:4, 1:212

molybdenum wire 1:248

molybdenum–nickel steel, carburization of

2:94–96

MolyCarb wire 1:248

Monel 2:398, 2:416

monoscale roughness profiles 3:300–301

Monte Carlo method 1:445

Monte Carlo step (MCS) 2:353–354

Mossbauer spectroscopy 2:432

mottling, in surface coatings 3:154

moving block electrical discharge grinding

(MBEDG) 1:283, 1:291–292

MP-100TC see microphotonics: digital

hardness tester

MPA see multiphoton absorption (MPA)

MPD layer see minor plastic deformation

(MPD) layer

MPL see multiphoton lithography (MPL)

MPL experimental procedure 3:117, 3:117F

MQL see minimum quantity lubrication

(MQL)

MR see martensite reorientation (MR);

mean residual (MR)

MR fluid see magnetorheological (MR) fluid

MRDE see micro-rotating disk electrode

(MRDE)

MRF see magnetorheological finishing (MRF)

MRI see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

MRR see material removal rate (MRR)

Ms temperature see martensite start (Ms)

temperature

MSC see master sintering curve (MSC)

MT see martensitic transformation (MT)

MTMS see methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)

MTs see mechanical twins (MTs)

mIM flow channel, physical model for

1:494F

mIM machines and specifications 1:470T

m-PIM see micro-powder injection molding

(m-PIM)

mSLA see micro-stereolithography (mSLA)mSPiMIM see microsacrificial plastic mold

insert MIM (mSPiMIM)

m-TAS see micro-total analysis system

(m-TAS)multibody dynamics (MBD) 1:490

multicomponent coatings 3:45

multi-heat treatment on aluminum 2:392F,

2:393–395, 2:393F, 2:394F, 2:394T,

2:395F

multilayer electrode (MLE) 1:191–192

multilayer hard coatings 3:233–234,

3:234F

multilayer-coated wires 1:241–243, 1:242F,

1:243F

multilayered coatings 3:45

multimedia 1:500

multi-objective differential evolution

(MODE) algorithm 1:87

multiphoton absorption (MPA) 3:114

multiphoton lithography (MPL) 3:111,

3:114–116

diffraction limit 3:116

experimental procedure 3:117, 3:117F

experimental set-up 3:116–117

multiphoton polymerization 3:114–116

multiphoton polymerization 3:114–116,

3:117F

multiple nitriding, influence of

on nitriding kinetics 3:170–171

comparison of hardness and nitrogen

concentration profiles 3:173–174

morphology of nitride layers 3:171

XRD analysis 3:171–173

multiple radii inserts 1:8

multiscaled roughness profiles 3:301–303

multishot injection molding 1:467

multi-span Euler–Bernoulli models 1:27–28

multi-stage solutionizing 2:392–393

multivariate mean square error (MMSE)

approach 1:87–88

N

NA samples see naturally aged (NA)

samples

(Na0.52K0.44Li0.04)(Nb0.86Ta0.06Sb0.08)O3

(LTS-KNN) 3:355, 3:356F

nano surface generation 1:365–366

nano ZnO 3:27

nanocomposite hard coatings 3:235

nanocrystalline structure 1:420–421

nanocrystallization 2:176

typical features of metals/alloys in 2:176T

nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)

3:359

nanofluids 1:4

nanolayer

coating 3:231

hard coatings 3:234–235, 3:234F, 3:235F

nanoscale precipitations hardenable steel

2:187–188

nanostructures 2:176

natural aging 2:354–356, 2:355F, 2:356F

natural fiber-reinforced composites

1:206–207, 1:218–219

application of GRA technique 1:224–225,

1:225F

fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) 1:206–207


manufacturing process 1:217

types of composite 1:212

natural FRP composites 1:208, 1:210–212,

1:218–219

applications 1:210

classification of natural fibers 1:208

natural-fiber composites 1:208, 1:209,

1:218, 1:219

naturally aged (NA) samples 2:356

NBT see sodium bismuth titanate (NBT)

NBT problem see nominal-the-best (NBT)

problem

NC-AFM see noncontact AFM (NC-AFM)

Nd:YAG see neodymium-doped yttrium

aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG)

NDM see near-dry machining (NDM)

near a-Ti alloys 2:291

flow stress 2:296F

heat treatment in 2:291

near dry EDM 1:180, 1:180F

near-dry lubrication see minimum quantity

lubrication (MQL)

near-dry machining (NDM) 1:3

near-infrared (near-IR) 1:411

near-net shape (NNS) products 2:301

neat oil 1:1–2

necklace recrystallization 2:313

Nelumbo nucifera 3:295F

NEMS see nano-electromechanical systems

(NEMS)

neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum

garnet (Nd:YAG) 1:411

net-shape microfabrication 1:467

future research outlook 1:499–500

injection molding equipment 1:467–468

auxiliary and other equipment for 1:473

clamping unit 1:473

feedstock mixing mechanism 1:468

injection molding machine (IMM)

1:468–470

mold design 1:470–472

part design for micro-PIM 1:473


1:472–473

screw design for 1:470

microinjection molding process,

optimization and simulation of

1:483–486

402 Index

analytical and numerical methods for

1:496

application of computer modeling in

1:489–490

optimization methods 1:486–489

parameter control in 1:484–486

process simulation and quality

characteristics for defect-free parts, in

PIM 1:496–497

micrometal powder injection molding

1:466–503

PIM part fabrication and applications

1:498

fabrication capabilities of mMIM 1:498



market trend of PIM products 1:499

powder injection molding (PIM) process

1:473–476

debinding process 1:480

feedstock preparation 1:475–476

injection molding process 1:479

sintering process 1:483

neural network model 1:87

neuro-fuzzy system 1:255, 1:255F, 1:256F,

1:257F, 1:258F

neutral elements 2:290

new hot work steels, application and

performance of 2:240–241

case analysis 2:241–243

aluminum casting die 2:244

connecting rod hot forging die

2:243–244

hot forging die with complex geometry

2:244

warm forging punch 2:242–243

TENAX 300 and VHSUPER steel,

properties of 2:241

9Ni4Co steel, heat treatment of 2:184–185

nickel 1:281, 2:13–14, 2:13F, 2:14, 2:265,

2:270, 2:271F, 3:6–7

ion 3:323

Ni-alloys 1:432, 3:195

nickel–cobalt–chromium–molybdenum

alloy 1:427

Ni–Cr structural steel 2:189–192,

2:190F

Ni–Ti powders 3:198

nickel alloys, heat treatment of 2:416

annealing 2:416

nickel-base superalloys 2:418–419

precipitation hardening 2:417–418

solution annealing 2:416–417

stress equalizing 2:417

stress relieving 2:417

Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance

Laboratory 3:336

nickel–boron 3:224

nickel–phosphorus layer 3:224, 3:225T

Ni-hard irons see high-alloy

nickel–chromium white irons

Nimonics 2:416

niobium 2:271

niobium powder injection molding 1:484F

niobium-microalloyed steel, carburization

of 2:98

NiTi 3:336

binary NiTi, spark plasma sintering of

3:340–342

methods of processing 3:337–338

conventional sintering (CS) 3:338–339

hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 3:339

powder metallurgy 3:338–339

vacuum arc remelting (VAR) 3:338

vacuum induction melting (VIM) 3:338

stress–strain curve for 3:337F

superelasticity 3:337, 3:339

ternary NiTi, spark plasma sintering of

3:342–345

transformation temperature 3:336, 3:337,

3:338, 3:341–342, 3:342

NiTi shape memory alloys (NiTi SMA)

3:336–337

Nitinol 3:336

‘nitralloy’ steels 2:109

nitric acid 3:323

nitrided layer characterization 3:160

‘nitrided zone’ see diffusion zone

nitriding 2:191–192

kinetics 2:113–117

steels 2:108

thermodynamics of 2:109–110

AlN system 2:113

Fe–N system 2:109–110

Lehrer diagrams 2:110–112

nitriding kinetics 2:113–117

Ti–N system 2:112–113

nitriding cycle used for samples 3:160

nitriding kinetics

consideration of multiple nitriding on

3:176

consideration of surface texture on 3:175

nitriding kinetics, influence of multiple

nitriding on 3:170–171

comparison of hardness and nitrogen

concentration profiles 3:173–174

morphology of nitride layers 3:171

XRD analysis 3:171–173

nitriding kinetics, influence of surface

texture on 3:164

morphology of nitrided layers 3:164–166

X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and

phase analysis 3:164

nitriding potential 3:158–159

nitriding treatment, consideration of profile

geometry on 3:175–176

nitriding treatment, effect of profile

geometry on 3:166–167

design modifications and

recommendations 3:169–170

geometric features selected for current

study 3:167

metallography and numerical results

3:167–169

nitrogen diffusion zone 2:108

NNS products see near-net shape (NNS)

products

nodular graphite iron 2:248

nodular iron see ductile irons

nominal-the-best (NBT) problem 1:87–88

nonabrasive polishing 1:164–166

nonconforming bodies 1:121–122

noncontact AFM (NC-AFM) 3:247

noncontact monitoring system 1:29

noncontact radiation techniques 1:62

noncontact surface measurement techniques

3:244–245

coherence scanning interferometry (CSI)

3:246, 3:246F




3:248, 3:248F

Transmission Electron Microscopy

(TEM) 3:248, 3:248F


scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

3:246–247

atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3:245F,

3:247

scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

3:247, 3:247F

nonconventional material removal process

1:268–270

nondestructive methods

see also destructive method

diffraction method 3:60

ex situ 3:59–60

in situ 3:59, 3:60F

micro-RS 3:60–61

PLPS 3:61

non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II

(NSGA-II) 1:87

non-electrical parameters 1:279

non-ferrous alloy(s) 2:125–127, 2:445–447,

2:32–34

see also ferrous alloys

age-hardening treatment 2:32–34

aluminum alloys 2:447–448

annealing of 2:34

application of heat treatment principles in

Mg-alloys 2:36

cobalt-bonded tungsten carbides

2:449–451

heat-treat principles of 2:35–36

magnesium alloys 2:448

martesite formation in 2:34–36

microstructure and phase composition

2:125–127

nitriding

atmosphere 2:127

time and temperature 2:127

substrate composition 2:127

thermo-mechanical treatment for 2:392

titanium alloys 2:448–449

nonheat-treatable alloys 2:341, 2:341T,

2:343T

non-Hertzian contact 1:135

nonmetallic gear materials 1:506–507

nonmetallic materials, for gear

manufacturing 1:97

non-sludging electrolytes 3:368

normalizing 2:3–4, 2:9, 2:27–29, 2:181,

2:190, 2:305

distinctions between annealing and

2:28–29

ductile irons treatment 2:262–264

gray iron 2:252, 2:252F, 2:253F

Index 403

NSGA-II see non-dominated sorting genetic

algorithm-II (NSGA-II)

nucleate boiling stage see vapor-transport

cooling stage

nucleation 2:63

aging 2:389

O

O temper variation 2:340

OA see orthogonal array (OA)

object oriented finite (OOF) element

3:58

OCP see open circuit potential (OCP)

octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) 3:282–283

ODE see ordinary differential

equation (ODE)

ODS analysis see operating deflection shape

(ODS) analysis

OFHC see oxygen free high conductivity

copper (OFHC)

oil-hardening cold-work tool steels

2:217–218T

oils quenching media 2:54–55, 2:57F,

2:66F

OLED see organic light emitting diodes

(OLED)

OM see optical microscope (OM)

o phase 2:290, 2:306

OMNILAP 2000 lapping machine 3:164

ON-OFF DC pulse energy 3:339–340

OO see optimizer overhead (OO)

OOF element see object oriented finite

(OOF) element

open circuit potential (OCP) 3:32, 3:33F,

3:34F

open die forging 1:525

open voltage 1:275

operating deflection shape (ODS) analysis

1:29

OPS see oxide polishing suspension (OPS)

optical coatings 3:50

optical glass


grinding/lapping of 1:154–157

fixed-abrasive grinding 1:158–159

loose-abrasive grinding 1:154–157

polishing of 1:159–162

fixed-abrasive polishing 1:162

loose-abrasive polishing 1:159–162

nonabrasive polishing 1:164–166

post-processing of 1:166–167

dry post-processing 1:167

wet chemical post-processing

1:166–167

optical methods 3:288

optical micrographs 3:168F

optical microscope (OM) 1:252

optical nonlinearity 3:120

optimal joining condition 1:226

calculating gray relational grade

1:227–228

gray relational analysis 1:226

gray relational coefficient calculation

1:226–227

normalization of original data 1:226,

1:227T

optimization methods

application of, in injection molding

process 1:486–489

optimization studies in hardened steel

machining 1:86–88

optimizer overhead (OO) 1:87

orange peel, in surface coatings 3:154

ordered phase 2:290

ordinary differential equation (ODE) 1:493

organic adsorbed sulfur on metal 3:283

organic light emitting diodes (OLED)

1:157–158


organic sealers 3:199

see also inorganic sealers

organosilicon-derivative monolayers

3:282–283

ORMOCERs 3:119, 3:119F

orthogonal array (OA)

design of 1:487

Ostwald–de Waele relationship 1:491

OTS see octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)

over aluminizing 3:199

over burning 2:384

over-aging 2:380–381, 2:381F

overcut 1:281–282, 1:305–306

overhead flood filling 1:2

overheating or burning 2:226

oxidation

post-treatments 2:119–120

resistant high-aluminum irons 2:276

oxide penetration 3:200

oxide polishing suspension (OPS) 1:252

oxy/acetylene combustion spray 3:43

oxygen free high conductivity copper

(OFHC) 2:399

P

PA see polysodium acrylate (PA)

PACE see plasma-assisted chemical etching

(PACE)

pack cementation process 3:199

PACM see programmable array scanning

confocal microscopy (PACM)

PACVD see plasma-assisted chemical vapor

deposition (PACVD)

PAG see polyalkylene glycol (PAG)

palladium 3:6, 3:42

see also ferrous alloys; non-ferrous alloy(s)

Pd binary alloys 3:8–10

PdAg alloys sequential and

co-deposition 3:8–10

PdAu alloys sequential deposition 3:11

PdCu alloys sequential deposition

3:10–11

PdRu alloys sequential and co-

deposition 3:10

surface properties of ternary alloys and

3:19–20

Pd ternary alloys 3:11–13

PdAgAu alloys 3:12–13

PdAgCu alloys 3:13

PdCuAu alloys 3:13–14

surface properties of pd binary alloys

and 3:19–20

Pd60Cu37Au3 3:13–14

Pd62Cu36Au2 3:13–14

Parallel-Beam Glossmeter 3:155

parameter planning process 1:136

parking effect 2:378

partial annealing 2:368

partially sintered WC/Co tool electrode

1:396F

Particle Dynamic Analyzer 3:155

particle size distribution (PSD) 1:476

particle swarm optimization (PSO) 1:87

particle-reinforced polymer (PRP) 1:212,

1:212–215

particulate reinforced aluminum matrix

composites (PRAMC) 2:395–396

PAS see plasma activated sintering (PAS)

passive damping 1:29–30

patenting 2:21, 2:21–22

PC see pulse current (PC); polycarbonates

(PCs)

PC sheet 3:72, 3:75–78

contact angles measurement 3:77T

optical image 3:76F

SEM micrographs 3:77F

transmittance data for laser-treat

workpiece 3:78F

PCA see principal component analysis

(PCA)

PCBN see polycrystalline cubic boron

nitride (PCBN)

PCD see polycrystalline diamond (PCD)

PCVM see plasma chemical vaporization

machining (PCVM)

PDF see probability density function (PDF)

PDMS see polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

PE see polyethylene (PE); pseudoelasticity

(PE)

peak current 1:279

pearlite reaction curve 2:15

pearlitic steels 2:436–437

PECH processes see pulsed-ECH (PECH)

processes

peck-drilling 1:324

PECM see pulse electrochemical machining

(PECM)

pectin 1:205

PEEK see polyether ether ketone (PEEK)

peening 2:171–172

laser peening 2:174

shot peening 2:171–172

residual stress and microhardness

analysis 2:172–173

surface of morphology 2:172


relation between temperature and

fatigue life 2:174

residual stress in warm peening 2:174

warm peening procedure 2:174

pellet grinding 1:158

PEO see plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)

perm-selectivity 3:14

perovskite structure 3:352–353

PET see poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

404 Index

Petrov–Galerkin finite element method

1:445

PFZs see precipitate-free zones (PFZs)

phase transformation 2:3

phosphate

coating 3:42, 3:323

phosphate–zinc coating 3:323

phosphating 3:323–325

phosphor bronzes 2:409

phosphoric acid 3:323

phosphorous 2:14

phosphorous bronze 2:139, 2:141–143,

2:151, 3:73–74, 3:81–83

see also Rene 41; Yttria-stabilized zirconia

contact angle measurements 2:144F

cross-section laser-ablated layer 3:83F

friction coefficient for laser ablated 2:144F,

3:83F

laser ablated layer 2:143F

laser ablated surface 2:142F, 3:82F

phosphorous deoxidized copper 2:399

photofluidization lithography 3:125

photoinitiators 3:116, 3:118

cationic 3:118

radical 3:118

photolithography 3:141

photoluminescence piezo-spectroscopy

(PLPS) 3:61

photonic metamaterials 3:120

photopolymerization 3:116

free-radical 3:116

online monitoring of 3:116–117

photopolymerized structure 3:116

photosensitive polymer 3:117

photovoltaic (PV) cells 3:72

physical evaporation 3:41

physical metallurgy principles 2:218–222

austenitization and quenching 2:224–226

carbon steels 2:222

iron allotropy 2:218–222

martensitic transformation 2:222–224

multiple temperings 2:228–231

secondary hardness 2:227–228

tempering 2:226–227

physical vapor deposition (PVD) 1:12–13,

1:328, 1:396, 2:130, 3:39, 3:41,

3:46, 3:48, 3:50, 3:59–60, 3:202,

3:210, 3:230, 3:231, 3:233

advantages and limitations for 3:44T

nitride coatings 2:132

physical evaporation 3:41

plasma sputtering 3:41

p theorem 1:31

pickling 3:180

picoseconds laser 3:73–74

PID controller 1:139

piezoelectric materials 3:349

Pilot experiments 1:31

PIM process see powder injection molding

(PIM) process

plain carbon steels 2:11, 2:434–435


plain EDM wires 1:238–239

aluminum–brass wire 1:240, 1:240F

brass wire 1:239–240, 1:240F

copper wire 1:238–239, 1:240F

plain-carbon steel 2:181

planarization rate 1:162–163

planned cylinder pressure 1:140F

plant fiber 1:209–210, 1:209F

plasma 1:234–235

plasma–assisted nitriding technology

2:125

plasma activated sintering (PAS) 3:339,

3:339–340, 3:348–349

plasma carburizing 2:73, 2:80–81, 2:81F

advantages 2:81



2:81

plasma chemical vaporization machining

(PCVM) 1:164

plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) 3:202


plasma etching 1:164

plasma nitriding (PN) 3:203–204

plasma spray 3:43

plasma spraying (PS) 3:207

plasma sputtering 3:41

plasma-arc spraying 3:43

plasma-assisted chemical etching (PACE)

1:164

plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

(PACVD) 3:44T

plastic deformation 1:409–410, 1:413,

1:414, 1:414F, 1:416–417, 1:417,

1:422, 1:425–427, 1:432, 2:173,

2:174, 2:175, 2:176

high strain rate 1:420–421

laser peening causes 1:419

plastic injection molding 1:467

frameworks for optimization of 1:485F

plastic mold 2:223F

plastic mold steels 2:216

plasticizing unit 1:447–448

plate martensite microstructure 2:92F

platers 3:361

Platinum wire 3:99

plowing force 1:60

ployvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 1:521

PLPS see photoluminescence piezo-

spectroscopy (PLPS)

plunge gear shaving 1:108–109

PM electrode see powder metallurgy (PM)

electrode

P/M gear 1:511

PM tool electrodes 1:396F

PMC see polymer matrix composites (PMC)

PMDEDM see powder-mixed dielectric EDM

(PMDEDM)

PMEDM see powder mixed electrical

discharge machining (PMEDM)

PMMA see polymethyl methacrylate

(PMMA)

PMND-EDM see powder mixed near-dry

electrical discharge machining

(PMND-EDM)

PN see plasma nitriding (PN)

pneumatic ring actuator 1:147F

polarization test 3:282

polarization-electrical (P-E) field hysteresis

loop 3:355, 3:355F

Polish–Czech project 2:165–166

polishing parameter planning 1:136–137


polishing stone topography, generation of

1:130–131, 1:131F

polishing techniques 3:194

buffing 3:194

burnishing 3:194

hand stoning 3:194

honing 3:194

lapping 3:194

superfinishing 3:194

tumbling 3:194

polishing tool 1:123

and part 1:122F

polishing/deburring robot 1:134F

polishing/deburring toolhead design

1:143–144

experiment on ring actuator stiffness

1:150–152


ring actuator modeling 1:147–149

simulation of ring actuator stiffness

1:149–150

toolhead dynamic modeling 1:144–147

pollution-free process 3:364

poly vinyl chloride (PVC) 1:204

poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 3:292,

3:292F

polyaddition 1:217–218

polyalkylene glycol (PAG) 2:55, 2:56F

poly-alloys 3:224

polycarbonates (PCs) 3:137–138

chemical structures of 3:138F

crystallization process of 3:138

PC sheet 3:72

polycondensation 1:217

polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN)

1:50–51

polycrystalline diamond (PCD) 1:16, 1:55,

1:55–56, 1:292–293

polycrystalline diamond coatings 3:48

polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 3:72

elastomer surface 3:141

poly-e-caprolactone scaffolds 3:113F

polyester 1:220

polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 1:216–217,

3:196, 3:212–213

polyethylene (PE) 1:204

polygonization 2:24–25

polymer crystallization process 3:138

polymer matrix composites (PMC) 1:212,

1:212–215

fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) 1:212–215

particle-reinforced polymer (PRP)

1:216–217

polymer(s) 1:217

polyaddition 1:217–218

polycondensation 1:217

polymerization 1:217

quenchants 2:55–56

quenching 2:188

polymeric binders, depolymerization of

1:481

polymeric gels 3:328

polymerization 1:217

Index 405

polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 1:448,

1:521, 3:72, 3:125–126

polyoxymethylene-based binder 1:476

polypropylene (PP) 1:204

polysodium acrylate (PA) 2:55

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2:424, 3:45

polyurethane (PU) 1:217, 1:224–225

polyurethane (PU) coating 3:48, 3:49,

3:325–327

see also conversion coatings

substrate, coating contents 3:327T

polyvinyl alcohol (PVA/PVOH) 2:55

porosity 3:199

porous electrode wire 1:249–250, 1:250F

porous stainless steel (PSS) 3:14

substrates 3:7

porous zirconia-coated stainless steel tubes

(YSZT) 3:13

portable handheld surface finish instrument

3:243, 3:244F

post-deposition surface finish 3:215–217,

3:216F

potassium chloride 3:226

potassium sodium niobate (KNN) 3:353,

3:355

potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) 3:353

potentiodynamic polarization tests 3:53,

3:53F

potentiostat 3:53

powder coatings 3:41–42

powder injection molding (PIM) process

1:467, 1:473–476

debinding process 1:480, 1:480T

master decomposition curve (MDC),

development of 1:480–481

solvent 1:480, 1:480T

thermal 1:480, 1:480T

feedstock preparation 1:475–476

binder 1:476–477

formulation and characterization

1:477–479, 1:479T

metal powder 1:475–476

industrial sectors and areas of PIM

applications 1:499T

injection molding process 1:479

critical factors influencing part quality

in 1:480

injection molding cycle 1:479–480

principles of 1:479

market trend of PIM products 1:499

part fabrication and applications 1:498

fabrication capabilities of mMIM 1:498



sintering process 1:483

powder metallurgy (P/M) process 1:511,

1:511–513, 1:512F, 1:513, 3:336,

3:337, 3:338–339, 3:347


route 2:289

sintering process on microscopic scale

1:513F

powder metallurgy (PM) electrode 1:395

powder mixed dielectric (PMD) 1:180

powder mixed electrical discharge

machining (PMEDM) 1:171–172,

1:180–186, 1:181F, 1:278, 1:279F,

1:398


(EDM)

PMND-EDM 1:190–191

powder addition to EDM and micro-EDM

1:182–186

powder mixed ultrasonic-assisted EDM

1:188–190

powder mixed near-dry electrical discharge

machining (PMND-EDM)

1:190–191, 1:192F, 1:193F

powder-mixed dielectric EDM (PMDEDM)

1:398

powder-mixed micro-EDM process 1:196

power generation industry 3:213

power law model 1:445, 1:491–492

power supply 1:274

pulse waveform and discharge energy

1:275–276

RC-type pulse generator 1:274–275,

1:274F

transistor-type pulse generator 1:274,

1:274F

PP see polypropylene (PP); pulse reverse (PR)

PRAMC see particulate reinforced aluminum

matrix composites (PRAMC)

Praxair Surface Technologies 3:207

PRC see pulsed reverse current (PRC)

pre-aged AA6181A alloy 2:356

precipitate-free zones (PFZs) 2:351–352

precipitation 2:3–4

precipitation hardening 2:353–354,

2:374–375, 2:417–418

martensitic steels 2:181–184, 2:184F

stainless steel 2:204–205, 2:204T, 2:205F

precipitation sequence 2:377–378, 2:377F,

2:378F

precision

cutting 1:224–225, 1:225, 1:225T

forging 1:525

linear saw 1:225

precision optics, manufacturing

technologies for 1:154–170

precursor substances 3:327–328


preheating 2:4, 2:233

preoxidation of steel prior to hot-dip zinc

coating 3:29–30

prepreg 1:219

press casting process 2:241

pressure 1:411

pressure-assisted sintering 3:197

pressure-less sintering and annealing

3:197–198

sintering 3:347


pressure trajectory tracking 1:141F

pressure volume temperature (PVT) 1:450,

1:495

pressure-assisted sintering techniques 1:483

pressureless sintering techniques 1:483

pressure-swirl atomizer 3:151F, 3:154

Preston’s formula 1:155

pre-treatment processes, effect of 3:54

primary chatter 1:26–27

principal component analysis (PCA) 1:87–88

probability density function (PDF) 3:290

process optimization 1:21

process simulation 1:193–194, 1:195

profile geometry, on nitriding treatment

3:166–167, 3:175–176

profilometer 2:439

programmable array scanning confocal

microscopy (PACM) 3:244–245,

3:245

projection stereo-lithography (PSL) 3:111,

3:112–114

protection 2:385–386, 2:386F

PRP see particle-reinforced polymer (PRP)

PS 1:443–444

PSD see particle size distribution (PSD)

pseudoelasticity (PE) 2:325–326

PSL see projection stereo-lithography (PSL)

PSO see particle swarm optimization (PSO)

PSS see porous stainless steel (PSS)

PTFE see polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

PU coating see polyurethane (PU) coating

pulse current (PC) 3:361–362, 3:367F

pulse electrochemical machining (PECM)

3:367, 3:367F

pulse generators 1:274

analysis of RC type 1:235F

analysis of WEDM 1:234–236, 1:235F

chip size and load at different spark energy

1:236F

pulse plating 3:86–87, 3:87

pulse reverse (PR) 3:86–87, 3:87, 3:89

pulse waveform

of controlled pulse generator 1:389F

and discharge energy 1:275–276

pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) see

spark plasma sintering (SPS)

pulsed reverse current (PRC) 3:361–362

pulsed-ECH (PECH) processes 3:372

pulse-OFF time 1:279

pulse-ON time 1:279

pultrusion 1:221, 1:221F

pure iron

and crystalline structures 2:225F

equilibrium phases of 2:225F

PV cell efficiency, effect of dust

accumulation on 3:137

PV cells see photovoltaic (PV) cells

PVA/PVOH see polyvinyl alcohol

(PVA/PVOH)

PVC see poly vinyl chloride (PVC)

PVD see physical vapor deposition (PVD)

PVDF see ployvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

PW-based binder system 1:476T

pyrolysis 1:480

Q

Q-switched laser system 1:411

quality

assurance 2:368–369

issues 3:57

quality of deposition, factors affecting

3:361–362, 3:362F

deposition material selection 3:364

406 Index

quantitative methods of measuring

hardenability 2:56–57

critical diameter 2:56–57, 2:57F

ideal critical diameter 2:59–60, 2:59F,

2:60F

severity of quench 2:57–59, 2:58F, 2:59T

quench

cracks 2:47–48

delay 2:351

quenched-in vacancies 2:352–353

sensitivity 2:351–352

quenchants 2:169–170

for carburized steels 2:89–90

quenching 2:9, 2:51, 2:53F, 2:154,

2:224–226, 2:305–306, 2:350–353,

2:352F, 2:363, 2:383, 3:116

cooling mediums for 2:233

drastic 2:104

faults 2:387, 2:388T

mechanism of heat removal during 2:53

media 2:53–54, 2:54F, 2:54T

medium 2:386

and quenching medium 2:36–39

stresses 3:57

time 2:358

transfer time 2:385–386

R

rack shaving process 1:107

radial actuation 1:144–145

radial basis function 1:484

radial force 1:59

radial-feed WEDG 1:283, 1:283F

see also tangential-feed WEDG (TF-WEDG)

radio-frequency (RF) 3:233

radius of curvature of the part 1:123

Raman spectroscopy (RS) 3:58

random rough surface 3:300

random surface roughness static analysis

3:289–290

rate-limiting process 3:11

Rayleigh, Lord 3:153

RBA see Rotary Bell Atomizer (RBA)

RC see resistance capacitance (RC)

RCF see rolling contact fatigue (RCF)

RC-type pulse generator 1:274–275, 1:274F

reactive ion etching (RIE) 1:164, 1:330

reaustenitization 2:272

recrystallization 2:25–26, 2:27F

annealing 2:24–27

kinetics 2:26F

temperature 2:403

recursive method 1:128, 1:129

redraw wire 1:238

refrigeration 2:272

regression

equation models 1:31

treatment 2:382, 2:383F, 2:383T

regression and re-aging (RRA) 2:374

reinforcement 1:207

remelting 3:196

electron beam remelting 3:196

laser remelting 3:196

TIG remelting 3:196

removing and reshaping methods 3:258T

Rene 41 2:140–141, 2:146–151, 2:151

see also phosphorous bronze;

Yttria-stabilized zirconia

EDS data 2:150T

laser-treated 2:148F, 2:149F

X-ray diffractogram 2:150F

renewable source 1:210

replacement schedule 3:320

residual stress (RS) 1:48, 1:69–72, 1:78–80,

1:195, 1:197, 2:138, 2:142–143,

2:145–146, 2:150–151, 2:151, 2:364,

2:366–368, 2:405, 3:57–58, 3:57F,

3:58, 3:74

analytical expression for 3:99

in castings 2:249

crystallite size and micro-strain 1:417–418

distribution 1:416–417, 1:416F, 1:424F


generation 1:413–414, 1:414F

measurement 1:414–415, 3:61

by curvature method 3:98–99

mechanical relaxation 1:431

and microstructure 3:239–240, 3:240F,

3:241F

numerical estimation 3:61–68

quality issues 3:57

sources 3:56–57

thermal relaxation 1:431–435

thermal spray coating techniques 3:56F

resin infusion 1:221

resin transfer moulding (RTM) 1:218

resistance capacitance (RC) 1:274

resistance to tempering 2:228

resistor 1:274

response surface methodology (RSM) 1:16,

1:69, 1:233, 1:484

retained austenite 2:45–47, 2:224

stabilization of 2:234

subzero treatment 2:46–47

retrogression and re-aging (RRA) 2:358,

2:389

reverse EDM (REDM) 1:294

reverse ‘T’ shape micro channel,

experiments and simulation for

1:454, 1:454–455

M05 > S05 reverse ‘T’ micro channel

1:454

modified cross viscosity model for 1:455

reverted austenite 2:207

RF see radio-frequency (RF)

RIE see reactive ion etching (RIE)

ring actuator deformation simulation

1:149F

ring actuator displacement model 1:148F


ring actuator stiffness 1:149F

experiment on 1:150–152

simulation of 1:149–150

ring diaphragm model 1:148F

rinsing 3:222


robotic polishing and deburring 1:121–153

contact area-based path planning

1:121–122

contact area 1:122–124



coverage area map (CAM) 1:124



contact stress-based control 1:133–134


1:137


1:137–138




polishing parameter planning

1:136–137



robotic polishing/deburring system

1:134

polishing/deburring toolhead design

1:143–144

experiment on ring actuator stiffness

1:150–152



simulation of ring actuator stiffness

1:149–150


surface roughness modeling 1:129–131


1:132–133


1:131–132

polishing stone topography, generation

of 1:130–131

surface roughness, prediction of 1:133

rolling contact bearing 2:197

rolling contact fatigue (RCF) 1:73–74

room temperature (RT) 2:339T, 3:178

Rotary Bell Atomizer (RBA) 3:151–152,

3:152F

rotary gear shaving, diagonal type of

1:107–108, 1:108F

rotary shaving process 1:107

axial or conventional type of 1:107F

diagonal type of 1:108F

rotating sacrificial disk 1:290

rough coatings 3:50

rough surface 3:286–287, 3:288F

classification of 3:140

profile 3:289F

typology of 3:289F

rough surface, topography of 3:286–289

characteristics of 3:286–289

random surface roughness static analysis

3:289–290

roughness of fractal surfaces 3:290–291

rough substrate and modification, creation

of 3:291–292, 3:293–294

colloid accumulation and layer method

3:293

electrochemical reaction and deposition

method 3:293

etching and lithography 3:292

sol-gel process 3:292–293

rough turning 1:1

Index 407

roughing see rough turning

roughness, surface 3:248–249

roughness and surface wettability,

relationship between 3:294–295

analysis of contact angle 3:295


3:296–297

effect of edge and variation of surface

slope 3:297–298

effect of surface area on 3:295–296

flat surface 3:295

calculation of contact angle for selected

surfaces and surface modification

3:298

2D periodic profiles 3:298

3D surfaces 3:298–300

periodic profile 3:298

saw-toothed periodic profile 3:298

surfaces modification to achieve highest

contact angle 3:300–301

monoscale roughness profiles

3:300–301

multiscaled roughness profiles

3:301–303

roughness measurement parameters 3:290

roughness of bondcoat 3:213, 3:215T

RRA see regression and re-aging (RRA);

retrogression and re-aging (RRA)

RS see Raman spectroscopy (RS); residual

stress (RS)

RSM see response surface methodology

(RSM)

RT see room temperature (RT)

RTM see resin transfer moulding (RTM)


1:472–473, 1:472F

rutile 2:289

S

SAE see Society of Automotive Engineers

(SAE)

SAMs see self-assembled monolayers

(SAMs)

sandblasting 1:157–158, 1:158F

sanding 3:307

sandwich coatings 3:45

sapphire 1:213

saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE)

3:99

saturated liquid solution 2:375

saustenite 2:109

grain size 2:63

estimation of hardenability 2:66–67


SB see shear bands (SB)

SB criterion see smaller-the-better (SB)

criterion


scanning electron microscope (SEM)

3:286F, 3:287F, 3:288–289

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:250,

1:252F, 1:258F, 1:260F, 1:262F,

1:421, 2:308–309, 2:330–331, 3:8,

3:58, 3:74, 3:87, 3:90–94, 3:91F,

3:122F, 3:160, 3:248, 3:248F,

3:261–262

scanning probe microscopy (SPM) 3:244,

3:246–247

atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3:245F,

3:247

scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

3:247, 3:247F, 3:261–262

SCC see stress corrosion cracking (SCC)

SCE see saturated calomel reference

electrode (SCE)

SCEA see side cutting edge angle (SCEA)

Scherrer equation 1:417

scroll-free turning 1:55

SCT see shallow cryogenic treatments, (SCT)

SDF see simultaneous method (SDF)

SE see superelasticity (SE)

sealing 3:199

anodic coatings 3:199

inorganic sealers 3:199–200

organic sealers 3:199

porosity 3:199

using glass formers 3:200

secondary carbides 2:228, 2:231F

secondary chatter 1:5

secondary cooling 3:57

secondary electron imaging (SEI) 3:92

secondary hardening 2:40, 2:41–42, 2:228

secondary hardness 2:227, 2:227–228

SEDCM see simultaneous micro-EDM and

micro-ECM (SEDCM)

SEI see secondary electron imaging (SEI)

selective laser sintering (SLS) 3:112, 3:113F

selectivity 3:14

self-affinity 3:291

self-annealing effect 2:137

self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) 3:282,

3:284F

self-cleaning surfaces 3:140

self-drilled holes

EDM micro-rods by 1:293–294

self-drilled holes–TF-WEDG hybrid

machining process 1:296

self-excited chatter 1:26–27

self-monitoring capability 1:37

self-similarity surfaces and diagrams,

investigating 3:291

self-supported membranes 3:14

SEM see scanning electron microscope

(SEM); scanning electron

microscopy (SEM)

semicrystalline polysaccharide 1:205

semidry machining 1:80–83

semi-ellipsoid part surface 1:128F

semi-solid forming, new short T6 heat

treatment for 2:390–391

sensitization process 3:4

sequential two-photon absorption 3:115,

3:115F

series-pattern micro-disk electrode

fabrication 1:288–290

severe plastic deformation (SPD) 1:418

severity of quench 2:57–59, 2:58F, 2:59T

SFE see stacking fault energy (SFE)

SFs see stacking faults (SFs)

shadowgraphy technique 3:155

shallow cryogenic treatments, (SCT) 2:425,

2:427

shape memory alloys (SMA) 2:321–322,

3:336, 3:338

NiTi 3:336–337

phase diagram 2:322, 2:326F

Ti–Ni alloys

MT in 2:322–324

precipitation in 2:324–326

shape memory effect (SME) 2:321–322,

2:415–416, 3:336, 3:340

shape recovery 2:328, 2:332, 2:333F

shaving allowance 1:106–107

shaving cutter, in gear shaving 1:105–106

serration of 1:106F

shaving stock 1:106–107

shear bands (SB) 1:426

shear stress 1:449–450

sheet molding compound (SMC) 1:518

shock resisting tool steel, carburization of

2:102

shock waves 1:425

shock-resisting tool steels 2:217–218T

short-pulse laser 1:331

shot peening 1:409, 1:409F, 2:171–172

conventional 1:409

laser peening vs. 1:410

residual stress and microhardness analysis

2:172–173

and rolling 3:203

surface of morphology 2:172

shot velocity, surface roughness vs. 2:172F

shrinkage 1:471, 1:472, 1:490, 1:495,

1:498–499, 1:500

SHT see solution heat treatment (SHT)

side cutting edge angle (SCEA) 1:67

signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio 1:14, 1:32,

1:487, 1:487–488

experimental results for surface roughness

1:33T

plots for mean 1:34F

silanes 3:283–285

Silent Tool 1:75

silicon 2:14, 2:195–196, 2:196F, 2:265,

2:271, 2:293

Si-modified 4340 steel 2:188–189

silicon bronze, heat treatment of 2:413–414

silicon micromachining 1:328–330



silicon nitride 1:370, 1:373F

silicon wafer, ELID grinding of 1:380–383

effect of grain size for 1:388F

variation of ground surface roughness of

1:387F

silicon wafer thinning process 1:386F

silk fiber 1:208

silver 3:7

silver tungsten 1:277, 1:392–393, 1:393

SIMT see stress-induced martensitic

transformation (SIMT)

simulation and modeling 1:193–195

finite element method 1:195–196, 1:195F,

1:196F

geometric simulation model 1:197

mathematical modeling 1:194–195, 1:194F

408 Index

MD model 1:196–197

sinking EDM simulation method 1:197

spectroscopic measurement 1:197

supporting vector machine 1:197

thermal model 1:197–198

simultaneous method (SDF) 2:169

simultaneous micro-EDM and micro-ECM

(SEDCM) 1:176

simultaneous two-photon absorption 3:115,

3:115F

single raster path 1:125F

single shielded TBMs 1:42

single-layer coatings 3:45, 3:101–102, 3:109

single-layer-coated wires 1:240–241, 1:241F

single-phase alpha-aluminum bronzes

2:409

single-point diamond turning (SPDT) 1:5

single-stage aging 2:389

sinking EDM simulation method 1:197

sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride

(SRBSN) 1:370, 1:373F

sintering 1:512, 1:516–517, 3:347–348,

3:348F

see also spark plasma sintering (SPS)

sinusoidal topography 3:303

Sisko model 1:491

skin fiber 1:209

SLA see stereolithography (SLA)

sliding wear resistance 2:442

SLM see spatial light modulator (SLM)

slow dynamic contact angle 3:280–281

SLS see selective laser sintering (SLS)

sludging electrolytes 3:368

SMA see shape memory alloys (SMA)

small and medium manufacturing

enterprises (SMEs) 1:468

small step-over size 1:127F

small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

2:423–424

smaller-the-better (SB) criterion 1:20

smart mechanical attrition (SMAT)

2:174–175, 2:174–176, 2:175

mechanism of surface nanocrystallization

by 2:176

microstructure characterization of 2:176

process 2:175–176

properties of SMAT surface layer

2:176–178

Smart Tool boring process 1:36, 1:38F

SMAT see smart mechanical attrition

(SMAT); surface mechanical attrition

treatment (SMAT)

SMC see sheet molding compound (SMC)

SME see shape memory effect (SME); small

and medium manufacturing

enterprises (SMEs); small-and

medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

smoothness, of substrate surface 3:49

S/N ratio see signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio

soaking 2:4

soaking period 2:4

soaking time 2:349–350

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

2:61–62

sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) 3:353

sodium borohydride 3:6

sodium chloride 3:368

sodium cyanide 2:77–78, 2:77T

sodium nitrate 3:368, 3:369

soft spots 2:104

prevention 2:104

soft-part machining (SPM) 1:47–48, 1:48F

sol infiltration 3:202

solar gas nitriding 2:132

solar panels 3:137

sol-gel process 3:200, 3:292–293, 3:293F,

3:327–330, 3:329T

solid contact bearing 2:197

solid lubricants application 1:83–86

solid solution (SS) 2:373, 2:374–375

hardening 2:126–127

solid state heat treatment 3:196–197

austempering heat treatment 3:198

pressure-assisted sintering 3:197

pressure-less sintering and annealing

3:197–198

solid/pack carburization 2:73–74, 2:73



chemical reactions 2:74

decarburization 2:74–75

disadvantages 2:76

solid–liquid interface and PC-liquid acetone

3:142–143

atomic force microscope (AFM)

micrographs 3:142–143

surface topography 3:142–143


Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

technique 3:147

hydrophobicity assessments 3:145–147


surface roughness 3:144–145

X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique 3:147

solid-phase phenomena 2:113–114

solid-state diffusion 3:42

solidus temperature 2:113

Solidworks Plastics software 1:472–473

solubility 2:375

solution annealing 2:416–417

solution heat treatment (SHT) 2:340T,

2:347–350, 2:349F, 2:350F

solution treatment 2:272

circulation of furnace gas 2:384

cooling

process 2:386

technology 2:387, 2:387F

criterion and standard 2:383–384

heating

rate 2:384

temperature 2:384

heat preservation 2:385–386, 2:386F

quenching faults 2:387

solution treatment and aging (STA) 2:301

mechanical properties 2:307T

solutionizing 2:207, 2:374

process 2:383

and aging process 2:379F

and aging sub-classification 2:373–374

sub-classification 2:373–374

treatment system 2:390

solution-treated specimen 2:302, 2:303F

solvent debinding 1:480, 1:480T

sooting in gas 2:103

prevention 2:103

SP see stylus profilometer (SP)

spark plasma sintered HAp (SPS HAp)

3:350

microstructural and mechanical properties

3:350–351

optical properties 3:351–352, 3:352F

relative density 3:350F, 3:352F

spark plasma sintering (SPS) 3:197, 3:336,

3:339–340, 3:348–349, 3:349,

3:349F

application 3:349–351

of binary NiTi 3:340–342

in biomaterials 3:349–351

diffusion process 3:349F

frequency dependence on permittivity

3:354F

in lead-free ferroelectric ceramics

3:352–354

principles and mechanism 3:349

of ternary NiTi 3:342–345

spark–erosion-based processes


1:527–529

for miniature gear manufacturing

1:527–529

wire electrical discharge machining

(WEDM) 1:530–531

spatial light modulator (SLM) 3:114, 3:114F

SPD see severe plastic deformation (SPD)

SPDT see single-point diamond turning

(SPDT)

specific processing energy 1:475


spectroscopic measurement 1:197

spheroidal graphite iron see ductile irons

spheroidization 2:24, 2:188

annealing 2:23–24, 2:271

of silicon phases 2:363

spindle speed 1:138

vs. varied geometry 1:139F

spindle torque 1:138

SPM see scanning probe microscopy (SPM);

soft-part machining (SPM)



spray process 3:207, 3:208F, 3:210

HVOF coating characteristics 3:209

mechanism of coating 3:208–209

principle 3:207

process technical details 3:207–208


spring steel 2:192–195, 2:192T, 2:194F

SPS see spark plasma sintering (SPS)

SPS HAp see spark plasma sintered HAp

(SPS HAp)

spur gears 3:373–374

sputtering for FIB micromachining

1:331–332

sputtering process 3:29, 3:41, 3:233

SRBSN see sintered reaction-bonded silicon

nitride (SRBSN)

SS see solid solution (SS)

SSS see supersaturated solid solution (SSS)

Index 409

STA see solution treatment and aging (STA)

stabilized zirconia 2:140

stacking fault energy (SFE) 1:421, 2:176

stacking faults (SFs) 1:408, 1:427F

stainless steel(s) 2:199–200, 2:435–436

austenitic 2:200–204, 2:203F, 2:203T

duplex 2:204, 2:204F, 2:204T

ferritic 2:201F, 2:202F, 2:202T

low temperature carburization of

austenitic stainless steel 2:98–99

activation 2:99–100

carburizing atmosphere 2:101

microstructure of low temperature

carburized layer 2:101

processing temperature ranges

2:100–101

martensitic 2:199–200, 2:199T

precipitation hardenable 2:204–205,

2:204T, 2:205F

stalk fiber 1:209

stamping 1:522–523

standard WIDAXS40TPDUNR15 boring bar

1:27

static contact angle 3:295

static sessile drop method 2:138, 3:75

stationary BEDG 1:290–291

statistical method 1:223–224

stearic acid 3:285

steel(s) 2:422

core wires 1:248–249, 1:248F, 1:249F


heat treatment of 2:4–8

common heat treating processes 2:9

effect of excess heating beyond


production of homogeneous austenite

2:8

heat treatment of casting 2:211–212, 2:211F

step aging 2:389


stereolithography (SLA) 3:111–112

design 3:112F

stiffness testing setup 1:151F

stitching 1:218–219

Stoney equation 3:58

Stony equation 3:98–99

straight, reverse ‘T’ and cross ‘þ ’ micro

channel flow 1:448–450

experiments and simulation for cross

‘þ ’ micro channel 1:455–456

experiments and simulation for straight

channel 1:452


micro channel fabrication and

experimental design 1:451–452

straight micro channel 1:452–454

0.8 mm straight micro channel 1:452

modified cross viscosity model for 1:454

straight oil 1:1–2

strain-hardened tempers 2:340T

strengthening 2:292, 2:341

by heat treatment

aging 2:353–356

quenching 2:350–353, 2:352F

SHT 2:347–350, 2:349F, 2:350F

stress aging 2:389

stress corrosion 2:192

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 1:410,

2:172, 2:340T

in alpha brass 2:408F

stress equalizing 2:417

stress relief 2:232, 2:363–368, 2:367F

stress relieving 2:9, 2:271, 2:278–279, 2:417

annealing 2:188

ductile irons 2:269

gray irons 2:249–251, 2:250–251, 2:250F,

2:251T

treatment 2:405

stress-induced martensitic transformation

(SIMT) 2:325–326

stress-rupture effects 1:214

structural alloys 2:109, 2:120–123

ferrous alloys 2:120–123

non-ferrous alloys 2:125–127

stuffing plunger IMM 1:467–468

stylus profilometer (SP) 3:243, 3:243–244,

3:244F

SU-8 3:119

microstructures fabrication using 3:119F

subcritical annealing 2:27

subcritical heat treatment 2:282–283

substrate 3:1

subtractive type manufacturing process

1:508–510

subzero treatment 2:46–47, 2:90

suction and injection, methods of

3:280–281

suggestion non-Newtonian viscosity model

1:451

sulfur contamination 3:20

super hardening 2:155

superelasticity (SE) 2:321–322

superfinishing process 3:194

superhydrophilic surface 3:139

superhydrophobia 3:294

superhydrophobic surfaces 3:277

fabrication methods and technologies of

3:140–142

production of 3:282

benzoic acid 3:286

by etching and lithography 3:292F

by sol-gel process 3:293F




3:282–283

self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)

3:282

silanes 3:283–285

stearic acid 3:285

tetradecanoic acid 3:285–286

wetting hysteresis for 3:279F

superlattice coatings 3:45

supersaturated solid solution (SSS) 2:373

super-smooth surface 1:159–160

supporting vector machine 1:197

surface 1:252–253

activation/depassivation 2:99–100

coating 3:178

composition 3:19

conditioning 3:4

deformation treatments 2:267–268

energy 2:138, 2:146

of zirconia 2:140

etching 3:308

grinding 3:307

hydrophobicity 2:137, 2:139, 3:71–72

investigation of pretreatment type,

substance, coating contents

3:309–311T

modification 1:186–188, 1:187F, 1:188F

morphology 2:140, 3:31, 3:32F, 3:71–72

nanocrystallization 2:117

oxidation and decarburization 2:249

polishing and burnishing of samples

3:307–308

posttreatment, additional operations and

methods 3:308–311

posttreatment types, substrate, coating

contents 3:312T

sanding 3:307

treatments 2:422

wetting 3:71–72

surface characterization, imaging systems

for 3:261–263, 3:263T

image acquisition for computer vision

3:263–266

image processing and analysis

forcomputer vision 3:267

surface coating

history 3:149–150

techniques 3:39, 3:40, 3:48

types and methods of 3:150

surface debris 1:356

surface evaluation methods with computer

vision 3:267–273

2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

3:271–273

2D Wavelet Transform (WT) 3:273

line scanning 3:273

morphological evaluations 3:274

blob analyses 3:274

edge enhancement and detection 3:274


surface finish 3:211–213, 3:220, 3:254–257,

3:376


coating as a method of see coating as a

method of surface finishing

electrochemical grinding (ECG)

3:376–377

electrochemical honing (ECH) 3:377–378,

3:377F, 3:378T

electrochemical machining (ECM) 3:376

electroplating (EP) 3:376

hard coatings effect on workpiece

3:235–239

for HVOF spraying 3:210–211, 3:212F

parameters 3:211

post-deposition surface finish 3:215–217


of thermal spraying 3:96

surface finish coatings, structures of 3:46F

surface finish measurements of coatings

3:51

adhesion testing 3:51–52

coating thickness 3:51

indentation testing 3:52

410 Index

measurement of corrosion 3:52–54

measurement of friction and wear 3:52



machining processes related to 3:262T

surface finish systems, introduction to

3:220–222

surface treatment 3:221–222

surface finishing operations 3:39

classification of 3:39, 3:39F

surface hardening 2:52–53, 2:53F, 2:249

ductile irons 2:269

gray iron 2:255–256

pearlitic malleable irons 2:258–260,

2:259–260

surface hydrophobicity

effect of chemical treatment and

roughness on 3:139

surface induction hardening 2:154–170

austenitization 2:154, 2:154F, 2:156,

2:162

calculation example 2:163–168

coupled electromagnetic thermal problem

2:162

electromagnetic field 2:159–160, 2:160,

2:163

idea of 2:154–158

installations 2:168–170

Joule losses 2:159–160, 2:161, 2:163

mathematical modeling of 2:158–163

quenching 2:154

upper critical temperature 2:156, 2:157F

surface integrity 1:66–69, 1:232, 1:233–234,

1:249, 1:250–251, 1:262, 1:282,

3:235

cutting errors 1:74–75

dimensional accuracy 1:74–75

residual stress (RS) 1:69–72

surface contour plots 1:69F

surface roughness 1:66–69, 1:71F

white layer effect 1:72–74

surface mechanical attrition treatment

(SMAT) 2:117, 2:171


surface nanocrystallization, mechanism of

by SMAT 2:176

surface profile signals 3:250F, 3:251F

surface roughness 1:66–69, 1:85–86,

1:223–224, 1:224F, 1:227F, 1:280,

1:311–312, 1:323, 3:52, 3:122,

3:144–145

bondcoats in thermal barrier coatings

(TBCs) 3:213–215

in finish turning

development of surface roughness

prediction models 1:19–22

factors due to cutting tool 1:6–9

factors due to machining conditions

1:1–4

machining parameters effect 1:13–17,

1:18T, 1:19T

optimization studies 1:19–22

workpiece material effect 1:17–19

machined parts 3:238–239, 3:238F,

3:239F, 3:240F

observations 1:395F

parameter 3:210F, 3:211F

prediction of 1:133

vs. shot velocity 2:172F


surface roughness modeling 1:129–131


1:132–133


1:131–132

polishing stone topography, generation of

1:130–131

surface roughness, prediction of 1:133

surface segregation

clean surfaces 3:19–20

H2S exposure 3:20–21

surface tension 3:138, 3:277

surface texture 3:248–249

surface topography 3:25–26, 3:142–143

characteristics, enhancement in 3:31–32,

3:31F, 3:32F

evaluation schema 3:249F

hot-dip zinc coating 3:32F

surface ultrasonic peening (SUSSP) 3:159

surface wettability 3:277

contact angle and corrosion resistance

3:282

contact angle hysteresis 3:278–279

film pressure contact angle hysteresis

3:279

contact angle hysteresis measurement

3:279–280

methods of suction and injection

3:280–281

tilted surface method 3:281

Wilhelmy method 3:279–280

flat surface, wettability on 3:277

rough surfaces, wettability on 3:277–278

superhydrophobic surfaces production

3:282

benzoic acid 3:286




3:282–283

self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)

3:282

silanes 3:283–285

stearic acid 3:285


wetting free energies 3:281–282

SUSSP see surface ultrasonic peening

(SUSSP)

synchrotron XRD 3:60

synergism 2:13–14

T

T temper 2:340T

variation 2:340

T6 temper 2:358, 2:373

Taber Abraser 3:156

Taguchi method 1:14, 1:21–22, 1:487,

1:489F

tangential/underpass rotary gear shaving

1:108, 1:108F

tangential-feed WEDG (TF-WEDG) 1:283,

1:283–284, 1:283F

analysis 1:284–285

error analysis 1:284F

principle of 1:283–284

steps 1:284F

TB see twin boundary (TB)

TBCs see thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)

TBM see tunnel boring machine (TBM)

TCP see tricalcium phosphate (TCP)

TEM see transmission electron microscopy

(TEM)

temper(s) 2:338–339

Al alloys heat treatment 2:382, 2:383T

for cast and forged aluminum alloy

parts 2:383, 2:385T

for hot and cold rolled sheets/plates

2:382–383, 2:384T

for hot forged/extruded profiles 2:382,

2:384T

designations 2:338–340, 2:339–340,

2:339F

embrittlement 2:200

subdivisions 2:340

temperature

micro injection molding 1:446

range 2:387, 2:387F

temperature, time, transformation diagram

(TTT) 2:387

tempering 2:9, 2:39–42, 2:226–227, 2:306

alloy steels 2:228

austempering 2:44–45

ductile irons 2:264

effect of 2:92

formation of bainite in steels 2:42–43


of gray iron 2:252–253, 2:253F, 2:254F

case study on 2:253

of malleable irons 2:257–258, 2:259F,

2:260F

martempering 2:43–44

multiple 2:228–231

processes 1:47–48

resistance to 2:228

stages of 2:40–42, 2:226

time and temperature of 2:228F,

2:233–234

template method 3:141

TENAX 300 steel 2:241, 2:241–242,

2:242F

tensile

forces 1:215

properties 1:425–427, 2:327, 2:331–332

tensile strength (TS) 1:237, 1:238–239,

2:378

TEOS see tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)

ternary alloys 3:11–12

ternary NiTi

fabrication of 3:342–345

spark plasma sintering of 3:342–345

tetra-amine di-chloride 3:6


tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) 3:141, 3:283–285

tetramethylsilane (TMS) 3:292, 3:292F

textural properties 3:90–92, 3:94–95


Index 411

TF-WEDG see tangential-feed WEDG

(TF-WEDG); tensile strength (TS)

TGA see thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

TGO see thermally grown oxide (TGO)

thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) 3:57, 3:196,

3:213, 3:213–215

thermal coatings 3:50

thermal debinding 1:480, 1:480T

thermal deburring processes 3:375

thermal diffusivity 2:57

thermal model 1:192, 1:194, 1:197–198

thermal post-treatments 3:195–196

diffusion annealing of aluminum and

chromium 3:198–199

fusing of self-flux alloys 3:195–196

remelting 3:196

solid state heat treatment 3:196–197

thermal spray coating(s) 3:56, 3:56F,

3:191–192, 3:192F, 3:200–202

see also thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)


mechanical finishing 3:192–193

numerical estimation 3:61–68

quality issues 3:57

residual stress estimation importance

3:57–58, 3:57F

sealing 3:199

sources of residual stresses 3:56–57

thermal post–treatments 3:195–196

thermal spray process 3:207, 3:211

thermal spraying 3:42–43, 3:43F


flame spray 3:43

high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 3:43

plasma spray 3:43

surface finishing of 3:96

thermal stress 2:3, 3:96, 3:100

thermal treatment effect 2:306


observations 2:307

process of manufacture 2:306–307

thermally grown oxide (TGO) 3:57, 3:213

thermally treated tempers 2:340T

thermochemical processing 3:203–204

thermodynamics 2:222

thermo-elastic MT 2:322

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 1:477

thermo-mechanical treatments (TMTs)

2:324, 2:389, 2:391–392

effects 2:325–326

for non-ferrous alloy 2:392

thermoplastic molding 1:443

thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 1:211

3D analysis 1:76

3D artificial scaffolds 3:121F

3D compliance tool model 1:146F

3D cutting geometry 1:76

three-dimensional digital image correlation

technique 3:59

3D geometric simulation method 1:194

3D light-emitting structure 3:118F

3D object 3:111

three-dimensional polycondensation 1:217

3D printing 3:111

3D surface profile parameters 3:255–256T

3D surfaces 3:298–300

3D Systems Inc. 3:111

threshold force, defined 1:98

thrusting 1:41–42

Ti–6Al–4V alloy 1:432

Ti6Al4V preparation see titanium alloy

grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) preparation

TiAlN films 1:373–374

TIG see tungsten inert gas (TIG)

tilted droplet method 3:282F

tilted surface method 3:281, 3:282F

time–temperature–transformation (TTT)

diagram 2:6–7, 2:7, 2:13–14,

2:100–101, 2:101F

superimposed cooling curve on 2:17F

tin bronzes, heat treatment of 2:409

Ti–Ni alloys

MT in 2:322–324

precipitation in 2:324–326

aging treatment effect 2:328–333

cold rolling effect 2:326–328

TMT effects 2:325–326

three-transformation paths 2:326F

tissue engineering 3:121

titanium 1:281, 2:14, 2:289

alloying system 2:290

alloys 2:129–131, 2:131, 2:289, 2:448–449

a alloys 2:290–291

a/b alloys 2:291–292

b alloys 2:292

casting route 2:289


high specific strength 2:289, 2:289F

powder metallurgy route 2:289

stabilizers 2:293F

stress–temperature map 2:301F

titanium alloy grade 5 (Ti6Al4V)

preparation 1:252, 1:259T

titanium carbide 1:12–13, 1:173

titanium carbide percent 1:193

titanium carbonitride 1:12–13, 1:176–177

titanium dioxide 2:120, 3:27, 3:337

titanium nitride 1:12–13, 2:125

titanium–nitrogen system 2:112–113

TMS see tetramethylsilane (TMS)

TMTs see thermo-mechanical treatments

(TMTs)

tonnage steels 2:215

tool based micromachining 1:323


microdrilling 1:324

micromilling 1:323


vibration 1:323–324


1:324–325

tooling 1:326–328

tool dynamic model 1:140

tool life 1:26–27, 1:29, 1:31, 1:43

tool steels 2:214–215, 2:430–434


cold working tool steel 2:102

hot working tool steel 2:101–102

mold steel 2:102

shock resisting tool steel 2:102

definition 2:214–215

families 2:215–216

cold work steels 2:216

high speed steels (HSS) 2:216–218

hot work steels 2:216

plastic mold steels 2:216

families and classification 2:215

heat treatment of 2:214–245, 2:218

quality 2:234–236

historical development of 2:215, 2:216T

names and classifications 2:215

phase transformation 2:218–222

tool system modeling 1:142F

tool vibration 1:26–27, 1:172–173

tool wear 1:9–11

patterns and mechanisms 1:63–66

progression modeling 1:76–78, 1:78T

tool wear rate (TWR) 1:279

tool–chip interface temperature 1:61–63


topography 1:66, 3:28, 3:34–35

topological evaluation methods 3:243

contact surface measurement techniques

3:243

atomic force microscopy 3:244, 3:247F

portable handheld surface finish

instrument 3:243, 3:244F

stylus profilometer (SP) 3:243–244,

3:244F

noncontact surface measurement

techniques 3:244–245

coherence scanning interferometry

(CSI) 3:246, 3:246F




scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

3:246–247

parameters, characterization of 3:248–250

primary profile 3:250

roughness profile 3:250–254

waviness profile 3:250

surface finishing 3:254–257

top-surface metallurgy (TSM) 3:220

torch heating 3:195

torque rheometer 1:477

tough pitch copper 2:399

TPA see two-photon absorption (TPA)

TPP see two-photon polymerization (TPP)

TPU see thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)

trade sale coatings 3:150

transferring time 2:378

transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)

2:208, 2:209F, 3:184

transformation kinetics 2:7

transformation temperature, defined 3:336

transformer oil 1:278

transistor-type pulse generator 1:274, 1:274F

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

1:418, 2:302, 2:303F, 2:327, 2:327F,

2:331, 2:332F, 3:248, 3:248F,

3:261–262, 3:287F

triadic Koch curve, construction of 3:291F

triadic Koch diagram 3:301–302,

3:302–303, 3:302F

tribological performance 2:427–429

tribometers 3:52

tribotesters 3:52

412 Index

tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 3:350

TRIP see transformation induced plasticity

(TRIP)

trivalent chromes 3:322–323

troostita 2:226–227

TSM see top-surface metallurgy (TSM)

TTA diagrams 2:156

tumbling process 3:194

tungsten (W) 1:277, 1:392–393, 1:393, 2:14

wire 1:248

tungsten carbide (WC) 1:277, 1:300–301,

1:392–393, 1:393

tungsten carbide coatings 3:48

tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) 1:277,

1:300–301

micro-EDM 1:304–305, 1:305–306

tungsten high-speed tool steels 2:217–218T

tungsten hot work tool steels 2:217–218T

tungsten inert gas (TIG) 3:196, 3:196

tuning of thickness 3:28

tunnel

boring process in building 1:39–41

support 1:42

tunnel boring machine (TBM) 1:39

turning 1:1, 3:193

twin boundary (TB) 1:427

twin screw extruder 1:468

twin–matrix (T–M) ranges 1:426–427

twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) 3:185,

3:186–187

twins 1:408, 1:426–427

twin-wire EDM system 1:285–286

TWIP see twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP)

two contact bodies 1:121F

two laser coating 3:102–103, 3:109

2D cutting geometry 1:76

2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 3:271–273

two-dimensional fiber-reinforced polymer

1:219

2D periodic profiles 3:298

periodic profile 3:298


2D surface profile parameters 3:252–254T

2D Wavelet Transform (WT) 3:267F, 3:268F,

3:269F, 3:270F, 3:273

two-photon absorption (TPA) 3:114

sequential 3:115, 3:115F

simultaneous 3:115, 3:115F

two-photon polymerization (TPP) 3:115

two-plated mold, typical feature of 1:471F

two-step austempering heat treatment

2:268–269

two-way shape memory effect (TWSME)

2:321–322

TWR see tool wear rate (TWR)

TWSME see two-way shape memory effect

(TWSME)

typical heat treatment cycle 1:484F

typical thermogravimetric analysis 1:481F

U

UACEDM see ultrasonic assisted

cryogenically cooled copper

electrode (UACEDM)

UBM see under bump metallurgy (UBM)

UHSS see ultrahigh strength steels (UHSS)

ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 1:425,

1:426, 2:350

ultrafine grained dual phase steel 2:209–210

ultrahard high-speed tool steels 2:217–218T

ultrahigh strength steels (UHSS) 1:47,

2:190, 2:190T

ultra-high temperature materials 3:349

ultrahigh-strength steel, press hardenable

2:186–187, 2:187F

ultraprecision turning 1:9

ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled

copper electrode (UACEDM) 1:173

ultrasonic atomization 3:153

ultrasonic atomizers 3:153F, 3:155

ultrasonic vibration assisted EDM

1:172–173

dielectric vibration 1:174

tool vibration 1:172–173

workpiece vibration 1:173–174

ultrasonic vibration pulse electro-discharge

machining (UVPEDM) 1:172

ultrasonic-assisted EDM, powder mixed

1:188–190, 1:188F, 1:189F, 1:190F,

1:191F

ultrasonics 1:157, 1:159, 1:161–162

unconventional loose-abrasive grinding

1:157–158

under aging (UA) copper–beryllium alloys

2:412

under bump metallurgy (UBM) 3:220

unipolar pulse 3:361–362

unsaturated liquid solution 2:375

unsaturated polyester (UP) 1:215–216

uphill quenching method 2:366–368

US Air Force (USAF) 1:419

UTS see ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

UV laser beam 3:111–112

UVPEDM see ultrasonic vibration pulse

electro-discharge machining

(UVPEDM)

V

VACNTs see vertically aligned carbon

nanotubes (VACNTs)

vacuum

bag moulding 1:220

coating techniques 3:29

environment 3:233

vacuum arc remelting (VAR) 3:338

vacuum carburizing 2:73, 2:80

advantages 2:80



2:80

disadvantages 2:80

vacuum induction melting (VIM) 3:338

vanadium 2:14, 3:184–185

vanadium-microalloyed steel, carburization

of 2:97–98

vapor blanket stage 2:53

vapor depositions 3:41

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:41

physical vapor deposition (PVD) 3:41


vapor-transport cooling stage 2:53

VAR see vacuum arc remelting (VAR)

variation in microhardness (VHN) 2:330F

vegetable oils application 1:83–86

velocimetry interferometer system for any

reflector (VISAR) 1:413

vermicular graphite iron 2:248

vertical pick-up turning machines 1:54

vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

(VACNTs) 1:403

VF800AT tool steel 2:236, 2:236–237

analysis of several conditions of heat

treatment in 2:237–238

microstructures of 2:238F

nominal chemical composition of 2:236T

resistance to bending and rupture energy

2:237F

VH13ISO tool steel 2:236

analysis of several conditions of heat

treatment in 2:238–239

microstructures of 2:239F

nominal chemical composition of 2:236T

VHN see variation in microhardness (VHN)

VHSUPER steel 2:241, 2:241–242, 2:242F,

2:244

vibration 1:4–6, 1:323–324

vibration-assisted polishing 1:163

VIM see vacuum induction melting (VIM)

vinyl alcohol 1:213

VISAR see velocimetry interferometer system

for any reflector (VISAR)

viscosity for micro injection molding 1:446

viscosity in micro molding 1:447

viscosity models 1:445–446, 1:495

visual sieving 3:273F

voltage 3:367, 3:369

voltage vs. displacement relationship 1:150F

volume flow rate 1:449

von Mises stress distribution 3:108

von Mises stress variation 1:359, 1:359–361

von Mises yielding criterion 1:414

Vycor glass 3:15

W

WAIM see water-assisted injection molding

(WAIM)

warm forging punch 2:242–243


relation between temperature and fatigue

life 2:174

residual stress in warm peening 2:174

warm peening procedure 2:174

water 1:278

quenching media 2:53–54, 2:57F, 2:58F

water–air spray cooling 2:391, 2:391F

water-based dielectrics 1:278

water-assisted injection molding (WAIM)

1:467

water-hardening tool steels 2:217–218T

water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion 1:175

waterjet machining 1:221–222

water-soluble binder 1:476

Index 413

water-to-oil ratio 1:2

waviness 3:248–249, 3:250

wax-based binder system 1:476, 1:477

WC see tungsten carbide (WC)

weak hardeners 2:207

wear 3:230, 3:230–231, 3:231

resistance 2:131, 2:270

weather resistance 3:155

weaving process 1:218

WEDG see wire electrical discharge grinding

(WEDG)

WEDM see wire electrical discharge

machining (WEDM)

weldable malleable irons 2:256

welded joints 1:429–431

Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter states 3:139–140

Wenzel equation 3:296–297

Wenzel’s formula 3:139

wet chemical post-processing 1:166–167

wet coating 3:28–29

wet etchant 1:329

wet lay-up see hand lay-up

wettability 3:26–27, 3:27

on a flat surface 3:277

on rough surfaces 3:277–278

wetting free energies 3:281–282

wetting hysteresis, for superhydrophobic

surface 3:279F

wheel grinding 1:158–159

wheel truing 1:379–380

white iron(s) 2:248

abrasion resistant high-alloy 2:276–279

white layer see compound layer

white layer thickness (WLT) 1:183–184,

1:232, 1:250–251, 1:251F, 1:254T,

1:256F, 1:256T, 1:257T

electrical parameters effect 1:259

wire electrode parameters effect 1:260–262

workpiece parameters effect 1:262

whiteheart malleable iron 2:256–257, 2:257F

Widmanstatten ferrite 2:48, 2:48F

Wilhelmy method 3:279–280

Wilhelmy test 3:280

wiper inserts 1:8

wire electrical discharge grinding (WEDG)

1:270, 1:273–274, 1:283

compliant microelectrode arrays


fabrication of microelectrode for batch

production 1:286

radial-feed WEDG 1:283

series-pattern micro-disk electrode


TF-WEDG 1:283–284

twin-wire EDM system 1:285–286

wire electrical discharge machining

(WEDM) 1:232, 1:232F, 1:234–236,

1:278, 1:303–304


(EDM)


ANFIS modeling 1:253–258

applications 1:533

discharge sparks 1:235F

EDM wire electrode 1:236–238,

1:239F

experimental details 1:251, 1:253

fishbone diagram 1:233F


miniature spur gears 1:533F

m-WEDM 1:530–531

pulse generator analysis 1:234–236

SEM images of micro spur gear

1:533F

surface characterization 1:252–253

white layer and heat-affected zone

1:250–251

wire electrode 1:248, 1:253T

wire frame design 1:130F

wire rupture 1:236

wire-cut EDM 1:384–385

wire-cut machine 1:232

WLT see white layer thickness (WLT)

W/O emulsion see water-in-oil (W/O)

emulsion

workpiece 1:28F, 1:38F, 1:75

clamping 1:52–53

material 1:3

effect 1:17–19

surfaces 1:72

vibration 1:173–174, 1:174F

workpiece gear, in gear shaving 1:105–106

woven fibers 1:213

wrapping of columns 1:215

wrought alloys 2:340–341, 2:341T, 2:342T,

2:344–345T

heat treatment for 2:357–358,

2:359–362T, 2:362T

wrought aluminum alloys 2:368

WT see 2D Wavelet Transform (WT)

X

XLPA see x-ray line profile analysis (XLPA)

XPS see x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(XPS)

X-ray based CT 3:262

X-ray diffraction (XRD) 1:414, 1:414–415,

2:326–327, 2:327F, 3:8, 3:60, 3:74,

3:87, 3:89–90, 3:90F, 3:338

analysis 3:160

hole-drilling method vs. 1:416–417

measurement and phase analysis 3:164

technique 3:97–98, 3:147

X-ray fluorescence method 3:51

x-ray line profile analysis (XLPA) 1:417

x-ray lithography process 1:521

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

3:8, 3:87, 3:89–90, 3:90T,

3:212–213

X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) 3:262

XRD see X-ray diffraction (XRD)

XTM see X-ray tomographic microscopy

(XTM)

Y

Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) 3:215, 3:215F

coatings 3:196

Y3Al5O12 see Yttrium aluminum garnet

(YAG)

YAG see Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG)

yield stress (YS) 2:389

Young equation 3:295

for flat surfaces 3:138–139

YS see yield stress (YS)

yttria-stabilized zirconia 2:139–140,

2:143–146, 2:151

see also phosphorous bronze; Rene 41

contact angles measurement 2:148T

cross-section of laser-treated zirconia layer

2:146F

laser-treated zirconia surface 2:145F

water droplet shapes 2:147F

X-ray diffractogram of laser-treated and

as-received 2:147F

yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) 3:111–112,

3:349

Z

Zener–Wert–Avrami function 1:434

zeolite coating 3:48

zero-backlash method 1:104

zigzag path fitting 1:145F

planning 1:145F

zinc 3:178, 3:179–180

alloys 1:277

bath 3:181, 3:188

coating 3:32, 3:178, 3:181

electrochemical characteristics 3:32–35,

3:33F, 3:35F

metal composites for alloy coating

3:30–31

zinc oxide 3:285, 3:286F, 3:287F, 3:323

zinc oxide nanoparticles 3:285

zinc phosphate 3:150

zirconium 1:206

zirconium nitride 3:46

zirconium nitride PVD coating 3:46

zirconium–copper alloys 2:414–415

414 Index

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