Page 1
Compreendendo a Terra
Cap. 23:Ambiente, Mudanças Globais, e
Impactos Humanos
Lecture Slides prepared by
Bill Dupré • Peter Copeland
Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company
Frank Press • Raymond Siever • John Grotzinger • Thomas H. Jordan
4a Edição
Page 3
Fig. 23.1
Interacting Geosystems:
Climate – Plate Tectonics – Geodynamo
Page 4
Fig. 23.2
O Simulador da Terra:
maior computador já construído
Centro de ciências da Terra, Yokohama-Japão
Page 7
Fig. 23.3
Componentes do Sistema Climático da Terra
Page 8
Fig. 23.3
As atividades antrópicas
podem resultar em mudanças:
Sea ice and
extent of glaciers
Land surface, vegetation,
and ecosystems
The hydrologic cycle
Oceanic circulation,
sea level, and geochemistry
Atmospheric composition
and circulation
Page 9
Fig. 23.4
O gelo marinho é parte
importante da Criosphere
Arctic Sea ice flowing
south through the
Bering Strait, May
2002
Page 10
Fig. 23.5
Energia solar
~ 342 Watts/meter2
Energia Geotérmica
~ 0.06 Watts/meter2
O calor radiante da Terra
deve ser equivalente ao
gerado pelo sol
Page 11
Fig. 23.6
Entrada e Saída
de radiação na Atmosfera Terrestre
Page 12
Quais são os gases do efeito estufa?
(What are the greenhouse gases?)
(excluindo H2O)
• Dióxido de Carbono:49%
• Metano: 18%
• “CFC’s”: 14%
• Óxidos Nitrosos: 06%
• Outros: 13%
Page 13
Qual a fonte do CO2 adicionado?
• Queima de comb fóssil: 75%
• Desmatamento: 15%
• Manufacturing: 07%
• Combustível de madeira: 03%
Page 14
Fig. 23.8a
Global Temperatures Compared to
Increased CO2 Concentration
Page 15
Fig. 23.8b
Global Temperatures and CO2 Concentrations
Over the Last Millennium
Page 16
Fig. 23.8b
But…. How can we determine temperature and
CO2 content prior to instrumental readings?
Page 17
Box 16.1
The ice core, such as at
Vostok Science Station in
Antarctica provides over
100,000 years of data on:
1) temperature,
2) CO2 content, and
3) methane content
Page 18
Fig. 23.7
Temperature and greenhouse
gas concentrations both
decline during glacial periods
Page 19
Fig. 23.7
Temperature and greenhouse
gas concentrations both rise
rapidly during deglaciation
Page 20
Fig. 23.7
Climate has been relatively warm and
stable during the last 10,000 yrs, the
Holocene interglacial period
Page 21
Box 23.1
El Nino and La Nina
Page 22
Box 23.1
During normal years, warm
surface waters in the Pacific lie in
the east off Indonesia
Page 23
Box 23.1
During normal years, warm
surface waters in the Pacific lie in
the east off Indonesia
When the pattern oscillates to an
“El Nino”, the warm water shifts
east
Page 24
Box 23.1
During normal years, warm
surface waters in the Pacific lie in
the east off Indonesia
When the pattern oscillates to an
“El Nino”, the warm water shifts
east
“La Nina” is characterized by
colder sea-surface temperatures
and stronger trade winds in the
eastern tropical Pacific
Page 25
Box 23.1
South
America
During “Normal Years”
Warm water in the western Pacific causes low pressure and high rainfall;
pressure system drives tradewinds from east to west;
tradewinds drive warm water to the west;
causing cold water to rise off South America and flow west.
Page 26
Box 23.1
South
America
During “El Nino”
Warm water shift to the eastern Pacific causes drought in western Pacific;
low pressure over the warm eastern Pacific causes heavy rains
and inhibits upwellings along the coast of South America.
Page 27
Fig. 23.9
Transport Processes Between
Components of the Climate System
Page 28
Fig. 23.10
The Calcium Cycle(showing fluxes in and out of the ocean)
Page 29
Fig. 23.11
The Carbon Cycle(showing global reservoirs and fluxes)
Page 30
Fig. 23.12
Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle
Page 31
Fig. 23.12
Human Effects on the Carbon CycleHuman activities release
~7.1 Gt* of carbon into
the atmosphere each year
*Gt = gigaton
Page 32
Fig. 23.12
Human effects on the Carbon CycleHuman activities release
~7.1 Gt* of carbon into
the atmosphere each year
*Gt = gigaton
New plant growth and
air-sea exchange
removes ~3.8 Gt/yr
Page 33
Fig. 23.12
Human effects on the Carbon CycleHuman activities release
~7.1 Gt* of carbon into
the atmosphere each year
*Gt = gigaton
New plant growth and
Air-sea exchange
removes ~3.8 Gt/yr
…yielding a net
atmospheric increase
of ~ 3.3 Gt/yr.
Page 36
Fig. 23.13
Before and After the Effects of Acid Rain
Page 37
Fig. 23.14
Acidity of Rain:
1955-1998
Page 38
Fig. 23.14
Burning high-sulfur coal generates atmospheric sulfuric acid
which falls as acid rain down-wind, to the northeast.
Page 39
Fig. 23.14
Rains became more acidic and affected broader areas
until sulfur-reducing regulations were enacted…
Page 40
Fig. 23.14
…reducing acid rain in the Northeast, however coal-fired
power plants in the Southwest have increased acid rain there.
Page 42
Fig. 23.16
Projected Changes in Ozone Concentration
With and Without the Montreal Protocol
Page 43
Fig. 23.17a
Projected Changes in CO2 Concentration
Under Three Different Scenarios
Page 44
Fig. 23.17b
Projected Changes in Global Temperature
Under Three Different Scenarios
Range
of
uncertainty
Continued reliance on fossil fuels
increased reliance on nonfossil fuels
Rapid conversion
to cleaner and more
resource-efficient technologies
Page 45
Fig. 23.18
Global warming is
projected to reduce
the north polar ice
cap, disrupting Arctic
ecosystems, but
possibly improving
navigation.
Page 46
Table 23.1
Potential Climate-Change Effects
on Various Systems
Systems Potential Effects
Page 47
Table 23.1
Potential Climate-Change Effects
on Various Systems
Systems Potential Effects