Components of the Human Diet Option A: Human Nutrition & Health Stephen Taylor Image: 'Banana - Isolated' http:// www.flickr.com /photos/53507547@N06/5129712590 Found on flickrcc.net
Components of the Human DietOption A Human Nutrition amp Health
Stephen TaylorImage Banana - Isolated
httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590Found on flickrccnet
Assessment Statements Obj
A11 Define nutrient 1
A12 List the types of nutrients that are essential in the human diet including amino acids fatty acids minerals vitamins and water 1
A13 State that non-essential amino acids can be synthesised in the body from other nutrients 1
A14 Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition 3
A15 Explain the cause and consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU) and how early diagnosis and a special diet can reduce the consequences 3
A16Outline the variation in the molecular structure of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids cis and trans fatty acids monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
2
A17 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in different types of fatty acid 3
Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms
Assessment Statements Obj
A18 Distinguish between minerals and vitamins in terms of their chemical nature 2
A19 Outline two of the methods that have been used to determine the recommended daily intake of vitamin C 2
A110Discuss the amount of vitamin C that an adult should consume per day including the level needed to prevent scurvy claims that higher intakes give protection against upper respiratory tract infections and the danger of rebound malnutrition
3
A111 List the sources of vitamin D in human diets 1
A112Discuss how the risk of vitamin D deficiency from insufficient exposure to sunlight can be balanced against the risk of contracting malignant melanoma
3
A113 Explain the benefits of artificial dietary supplementation as a means of preventing malnutrition using iodine as an example 3
A114 Outline the importance of dietary fibre as a component of a balanced diet 2
Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Components of the Human Diet Nutrients are chemical substances found in food that are used in the body
daily needs vary by individual based on gender age size and activity
Fats (lipids) can be saturated or unsaturated Trans fats are particularly unhealthy
Sodium (salt) keep it low Carbohydrates are polymers of sugars (an energy source) Sugars are absorbed easily into the bloodDietary fibre (cellulose) cannot be digested (healthy)
Proteins are polymers and sources of amino acids They are used to build new proteins in cells
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts in the diet
Minerals are mineral ions (elements) that are also essential
Food energy from carbohydrates proteins fats Units food calories (kcal) or kilojoules (1kcal = 418kJ)
Nutrition Information
Image La Boqueria httpwwwflickrcomphotos9147703N032803305840
Found on flickrccnet
Nutrient a chemical substance found in foods that used in the body
Essential NutrientsCannot be replaced or synthesised by the body so must be taken in the diet bull Waterbull Mineralsbull Some vitaminsbull Some unsaturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
Non-essential NutrientsCan be replaced or synthesised by the body so are not necessary in the diet bull Carbohydrates sugars (energy could
come from proteins or fats)bull Other minerals and some vitaminsbull Saturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Assessment Statements Obj
A11 Define nutrient 1
A12 List the types of nutrients that are essential in the human diet including amino acids fatty acids minerals vitamins and water 1
A13 State that non-essential amino acids can be synthesised in the body from other nutrients 1
A14 Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition 3
A15 Explain the cause and consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU) and how early diagnosis and a special diet can reduce the consequences 3
A16Outline the variation in the molecular structure of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids cis and trans fatty acids monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
2
A17 Evaluate the health consequences of diets rich in different types of fatty acid 3
Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms
Assessment Statements Obj
A18 Distinguish between minerals and vitamins in terms of their chemical nature 2
A19 Outline two of the methods that have been used to determine the recommended daily intake of vitamin C 2
A110Discuss the amount of vitamin C that an adult should consume per day including the level needed to prevent scurvy claims that higher intakes give protection against upper respiratory tract infections and the danger of rebound malnutrition
3
A111 List the sources of vitamin D in human diets 1
A112Discuss how the risk of vitamin D deficiency from insufficient exposure to sunlight can be balanced against the risk of contracting malignant melanoma
3
A113 Explain the benefits of artificial dietary supplementation as a means of preventing malnutrition using iodine as an example 3
A114 Outline the importance of dietary fibre as a component of a balanced diet 2
Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Components of the Human Diet Nutrients are chemical substances found in food that are used in the body
daily needs vary by individual based on gender age size and activity
Fats (lipids) can be saturated or unsaturated Trans fats are particularly unhealthy
Sodium (salt) keep it low Carbohydrates are polymers of sugars (an energy source) Sugars are absorbed easily into the bloodDietary fibre (cellulose) cannot be digested (healthy)
Proteins are polymers and sources of amino acids They are used to build new proteins in cells
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts in the diet
Minerals are mineral ions (elements) that are also essential
Food energy from carbohydrates proteins fats Units food calories (kcal) or kilojoules (1kcal = 418kJ)
Nutrition Information
Image La Boqueria httpwwwflickrcomphotos9147703N032803305840
Found on flickrccnet
Nutrient a chemical substance found in foods that used in the body
Essential NutrientsCannot be replaced or synthesised by the body so must be taken in the diet bull Waterbull Mineralsbull Some vitaminsbull Some unsaturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
Non-essential NutrientsCan be replaced or synthesised by the body so are not necessary in the diet bull Carbohydrates sugars (energy could
come from proteins or fats)bull Other minerals and some vitaminsbull Saturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Assessment Statements Obj
A18 Distinguish between minerals and vitamins in terms of their chemical nature 2
A19 Outline two of the methods that have been used to determine the recommended daily intake of vitamin C 2
A110Discuss the amount of vitamin C that an adult should consume per day including the level needed to prevent scurvy claims that higher intakes give protection against upper respiratory tract infections and the danger of rebound malnutrition
3
A111 List the sources of vitamin D in human diets 1
A112Discuss how the risk of vitamin D deficiency from insufficient exposure to sunlight can be balanced against the risk of contracting malignant melanoma
3
A113 Explain the benefits of artificial dietary supplementation as a means of preventing malnutrition using iodine as an example 3
A114 Outline the importance of dietary fibre as a component of a balanced diet 2
Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Components of the Human Diet Nutrients are chemical substances found in food that are used in the body
daily needs vary by individual based on gender age size and activity
Fats (lipids) can be saturated or unsaturated Trans fats are particularly unhealthy
Sodium (salt) keep it low Carbohydrates are polymers of sugars (an energy source) Sugars are absorbed easily into the bloodDietary fibre (cellulose) cannot be digested (healthy)
Proteins are polymers and sources of amino acids They are used to build new proteins in cells
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts in the diet
Minerals are mineral ions (elements) that are also essential
Food energy from carbohydrates proteins fats Units food calories (kcal) or kilojoules (1kcal = 418kJ)
Nutrition Information
Image La Boqueria httpwwwflickrcomphotos9147703N032803305840
Found on flickrccnet
Nutrient a chemical substance found in foods that used in the body
Essential NutrientsCannot be replaced or synthesised by the body so must be taken in the diet bull Waterbull Mineralsbull Some vitaminsbull Some unsaturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
Non-essential NutrientsCan be replaced or synthesised by the body so are not necessary in the diet bull Carbohydrates sugars (energy could
come from proteins or fats)bull Other minerals and some vitaminsbull Saturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Components of the Human Diet Nutrients are chemical substances found in food that are used in the body
daily needs vary by individual based on gender age size and activity
Fats (lipids) can be saturated or unsaturated Trans fats are particularly unhealthy
Sodium (salt) keep it low Carbohydrates are polymers of sugars (an energy source) Sugars are absorbed easily into the bloodDietary fibre (cellulose) cannot be digested (healthy)
Proteins are polymers and sources of amino acids They are used to build new proteins in cells
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts in the diet
Minerals are mineral ions (elements) that are also essential
Food energy from carbohydrates proteins fats Units food calories (kcal) or kilojoules (1kcal = 418kJ)
Nutrition Information
Image La Boqueria httpwwwflickrcomphotos9147703N032803305840
Found on flickrccnet
Nutrient a chemical substance found in foods that used in the body
Essential NutrientsCannot be replaced or synthesised by the body so must be taken in the diet bull Waterbull Mineralsbull Some vitaminsbull Some unsaturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
Non-essential NutrientsCan be replaced or synthesised by the body so are not necessary in the diet bull Carbohydrates sugars (energy could
come from proteins or fats)bull Other minerals and some vitaminsbull Saturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Image La Boqueria httpwwwflickrcomphotos9147703N032803305840
Found on flickrccnet
Nutrient a chemical substance found in foods that used in the body
Essential NutrientsCannot be replaced or synthesised by the body so must be taken in the diet bull Waterbull Mineralsbull Some vitaminsbull Some unsaturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
Non-essential NutrientsCan be replaced or synthesised by the body so are not necessary in the diet bull Carbohydrates sugars (energy could
come from proteins or fats)bull Other minerals and some vitaminsbull Saturated fatty acidsbull Some amino acids
Dietary fibre is also necessary though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
phenylalanine hydroxylase
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Protein-deficiency malnutritionKwashiorkor ldquoThe disease of the first child when the second is bornrdquo
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=P-POKztF9ns
Link NCBI PubMed Health
Caused by a lack of essential amino acids as a result of extremely low protein intake (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy)
Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - enzymes pumps antibodies ndash that are necessary for normal cell function growth and immunity
Edema (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively Growth is severely stunted and mental development can be impaired
Risk factors bull Extreme poverty overpopulation large family sizesbull Drought war poor infrastructure
httpenwikipediaorgwikiKwashiorkor
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Genetics Review
1 Is this disorder autosomal or sex-linkedbull Autosomal (chromosome 12)
2 What is a mis-sense base-substitution mutation bull One base in the allele has been replaced by
another resulting in one different amino acid being used in protein synthesis
3 What is the chance of a child having PKU if both parents are asymptomatic carriers
bull 1 in 4
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
Cause Autosomal recessive disease-causing allele
mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
ResultPhenylalanine (Phe) cannot be metabolised into
tyrosine Phe builds up in the brain and competes with other amino-acids related to transport
EffectMental development is retarded
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
httpenwikipediaorgwikiPhenylketonuria
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiNeonatal_heel_prick
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Inherited progressive degenerative
DetectionHeel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test
concentration of Phe and PheTyr ratio
TreatmentStrict low-Phe diet no dairy meat breastmilk nuts
or aspartame (artificial sweetener)Lots of medication
httpyoutube2ODyeOBrkao
There is no cure for PKU
Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele
httpyoutubeCEiOYSYhnhY
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Image Atildel 2 httpwwwflickrcomphotos67499195N002071538655Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty Acids
bull High-density energy storagebull Usually solid at room tempbull Animal products palm and
coconut oil bull High contribution to
coronary heart disease (CHD)
bull Usually oils at room tempbull Usually plant sources eg
olive oilbull Lower contribution to CHD
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
CH3(CH2)nCOOHFatty AcidsHigh-density (efficient) energy storage
Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis Coenzyme A cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle
Therefore longer chains are a greater store of potential energy
Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins Itrsquos all connected
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Fatty AcidsImportant components of the plasma membrane
httpenwikipediaorgwikiCell_membrane
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
Fatty AcidsHave other diverse functions
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTriglyceride
ldquoGood Cholesterolrdquo High Density Lipoproteinsbull Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD
ldquoBad Cholesterolrdquo Low Density Lipoproteinsbull Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure increasing risk of CHD
glycerol
fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglycerides are efficient energy stores
saturated
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
Lipid Hormonesbull Steroid hormones such as
testosterone and cortisol are made using lipids
bull Hormones are chemical messengers
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H H
H C
OH
O
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H
H
Describe these fatty acidsSaturated mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturatedIf theyrsquore unsaturated whatrsquos their omega-numberAre the unsaturated fatty acids cis- or trans-fats
C C C C C C C C C C C C
HO
O H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
H
H H H H H
H C
OH
O
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwwwwolframalphacominputi=big+mac+nutrition
Should we ban trans fats Nutrition Information
California bans trans fatshttpyoutubeWHcg_zoo1oc
Doctors demand ban on man-made trans fats httpwwwguardiancouksociety2010jan18trans-fats-ban-health-faculty
Watch out for trans fats on your food labels (or search your favourite foods on Wolfram|Alpha)
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httptinyurlcom35d6qyq
Vita
min
s amp
Min
eral
s Minerals are elemental ions found in food
Vitamins are complex organic compounds (contain C H and O) Some can be made by the body but others are essential in the diet
httpenwikipediaorgwikiVitamin_C
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123pdf
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072507470student_view0chapter25animation__b_vitaminshtml
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=onSPZ0aBUKM
Understanding Vitamin D
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=dcw1m31zuTE
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwwwmjacomaupublicissues175_05_030901grovergroverhtml
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwhqlibdocwhointpublications20049241546123_chap7pdf
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
httpwwwtedcomtalksmichael_specter_the_danger_of_science_denialhtml
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet
This is a Creative Commons presentation It may be linked and embedded but not sold or re-hosted
Please consider a donation to charity via Biology4GoodClick here for more information about Biology4Good charity donations
IBiologyStephen
Image Banana - Isolated httpwwwflickrcomphotos53507547N065129712590
Found on flickrccnet