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Unit 8World War I and Its Aftermath- Answers

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

Goal 8: Objective 8.01 Examine the reasons why

the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I but later became involved.

Essential Questions: • Why was the U. S. unable to maintain a

policy of neutrality during World War I? • What factors combined to draw the world and

ultimately the US into World War I? • Is it possible for a nation to remain neutral

during a conflict in another part of the world?

The Beginnings of The Great

War

The Roots of War: 1914: World War I (WWI) began in Europe At first the United States was not involved

in the War 3 Causes of World War I:

◦ NationalismMilitarismAlliances

Nationalism: pride in your country or nationality◦ Countries were more worried about their own interests than all of

Europe◦ Many ethnic groups within countries wanted to establish their

independence Militarism: process by which a nation builds up its

military force for the purpose of intimidating other countries◦ Germany, France, Austria-Hungry, Russia, and Great Britain all

practiced militarism Alliances: agreements between nations to help each

other in the event of war◦ Countries having each other’s back in a fight◦ Problem: a fight between two countries could end up involving

many countries- they would all fall into war like dominos

The Roots of War:

Austria-Hungry: country Bosnia: owned by Austria-Hungry Serbia: country- wanted to own Bosnia Archduke Ferdinand, the next leader of

Austria-Hungry, and his wife went on a visit to Bosnia’s capital, Sarajevo

Members of the Serbian nationalist group The Black Hand thought Serbia should own Bosnia

June 28, 1914 The Black Hand assassinated the Archduke and his pregnant wife on their visit to Bosnia

The War Begins:

Austria-Hungry accused Serbia of being behind the murder

Austria-Hungry gave Serbia an ultimatum and threatened to go to war if Serbia didn’t allow them to fully investigate the assassination

Germany was allies with Austria-Hungry Russia was allies with Serbia Germany told Austria-Hungry that if they

went to war with Serbia Germany would have their back

The War Begins:

Serbia said no to the ultimatum Why is it important? Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia July 28,

1914 and World War I All the alliances fell into place like dominos and

divided Europe Triple Entente: (Allies)

◦ Great Britain◦ France◦ Russia

Central Powers:◦ Germany ◦ Austria-Hungry

The War Begins:

To begin, the U.S. did not get involved in WWI

President Wilson decaled the U.S. as neutral

Isolationism: belief that the U.S. should stay out of international conflicts

Most people did not see a war in Europe as any of our business

Wilson won the election of 1916 because he ran on a slogan of “He kept us out of war!”

The U.S. Remains Neutral:

Many activists began to speak out against war and support peace

Women became involved in the peace movement

Why is it important? Jeanette Rankin became the first woman

elected to Congress (House of Representatives)

She ran on an anti-war platform She was the only member of Congress to

vote against going to war in WWI and WWII

The U.S. Remains Neutral:

Eventually the U.S. couldn’t stay out of WWI Most people in the U.S. supported the Allies

◦ U.S. bankers had loaned Great Britain money so they wanted them to win the War so they could get paid

◦ Great Britain cut the communication between Germany and the U.S.- all the images we saw of the War were from Great Britain and what they wanted us to see

◦ People began to see the German leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and his forces as evil

◦ People saw the Allies as defenders of freedom

The U.S. Enters the War:

U-boats: German submarines Germany warned all nations they would

attack any ship entering or leaving British ports

President ignored the warning- he said a country at war did not have the right to attack neutral ships

The truth was that the U.S. was not really neutral

The U.S. had started to ship military supplies to Great Britain on cruise ships

The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram:

Why is it important?◦ Germany attacked a cruise ship called the

Lusitania◦ 1,200 people died (128 U.S. citizens)◦ People in the U.S. began to call for war◦ Germany agreed not to attack anymore

passenger ships◦ 1917 Germany broke their word and started to

attack ships again

The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram:

1917: the U.S. intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram

Arthur Zimmerman from Germany sent a telegram to Mexico and asked them to help Germany defeat the U.S.

Germany promised to help Mexico win back the land the U.S. had taken after the Mexican-American War

People in the U.S. were ANGRY!

The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram:

Why is it important? The U.S. could no longer stay neutral President made an idealistic case for war And said “the world must be safe for

democracy” He wanted to convince people to support

the U.S. going to war by making it a fight between good and evil- between democracy and tyranny

April 1917 the U.S. entered WWI

The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram:

Objective 8.02: Identify political and military turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome of the conflict.

Essential Questions: • How were certain political and military events

significant to the outcome of the war? • To what extent did the military, political, and

diplomatic turning points of World War I help to determine the outcome of the war?

• How did the United States’ entry into the war affect the nations already involved in the conflict?

Goal 8:

WWI had new military technology Machine Guns: mechanical guns that could fire

lots of rounds of ammunition rapidly Hand Grenades: Hand held explosives that could

be thrown at the enemy Mustard Gas: poisonous gas first used by the

Germans Why is it important? Both sides had trouble adjusting to the new

weapons Both sides ended up in a stalemate- neither side

had an advantage

U.S. Involvement in World War I:

Both armies used Trench Warfare Trenches were long ditches where soldiers could take

cover while they fought the enemy Both sides had to live for long periods of time in

trenches because it was not safe for either said to leave the trenches and attack

Trenches were wet, dirty, infested with rats and bugs, hot and/or cold

The area between the trenches was called No Man’s Land- covered in barbed wire and land mines- hidden explosives beneath the dirt

No soldier could cross it without likely being wounded or killed

U.S. Involvement in World War I:

General John J. Pershing was the commander of the U.S. forces in WWI

The U.S. was not prepared to send a large number of soldiers to war in 1917

Congress passed the Selective Service Act to authorize a draft of men for military service

Over 3 million men were drafted, trained and prepared to go to war in only a few months

American Expeditiary Force (AEF)- draftees, National Guardsmen, and volunteers trained and prepared to go to war

The American soldiers were nicknamed Doughboys

The Doughboys Arrive:

More than 300,000 African Americans were drafted and volunteered to serve in WWI

They were segregated from white soldiers so most never saw combat

Harlem Hell Fighters: African American soldiers who convinced their white commanders to loan their services to the French to be used in combat

The whole regiment received France’s highest combat medal for bravery and distinguished service during WWI

African Americans in the War:

Turning Points in the War

Russia Pulls Out of WWI: By 1917 Russia had lost over 2 million soldiers in

WWI The nation was using all their resources for WWI and

leaving the people to starve March 1917: Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas II

was forced out of power and a new republic was established

By November 1917 Communists Bolsheviks took over the country led by Vladimir Lenin

Communism: government where there is no class system and property is owned by the government allowing everyone to be equal- never worked out that way in Russia

Russian Bolsheviks made a peace agreement with Germany and stopped fighting in WWI

Why is it important? Germany no longer had to fight on two

fronts They could now focus all their attention and

resources on their Western Front When Russia left the War the U.S. was

motivated to help the Allies

Russia Pulls Out of WWI:

Now that Germany could focus all their attention on the West the German forces headed for Paris, France

Before Germans could take Paris American soldiers were able to fight them off and save Paris

Tank: armed ironclad vehicle Allies used tanks to push through German lines The Germans realized they couldn’t win and the

war ended November 11, 1918 both sides signed an

armistice- an agreement to stop fighting

U.S. Troops Help Save Paris and Turn the Tide of War:

After WWI leaders of the nations met for a peace conference

The conference was dominated by the Big Four: Britain, France, Italy, and the United States

President Wilson did not want to punish Germany or gain new territory for the U.S.

Wilson’s goal was to establish peace and stability in Europe

After the War:

At the conference Wilson made a peace proposal called the Fourteen Points

He called for a reduction in weapons and the right of self-determination for ethnic groups (power to govern yourself)

He proposed a League of Nations to provide a place where countries could talk about their problems to avoid war

Wilson believed the only lasting peace was a peace that united nations

Wilson called for a peace without victory- he believed having a winner and a loser led to resentment and conflict- he believed peace should be among equals

After the War:

Many countries supported Wilson’s ideas and joined the League of Nations

Why is it important? The U.S. did not join the League of Nations Isolationism grew strong after WWI The U.S. senate would not approve membership

into the League Henry Cabot Lodge was a leader of opposition

to the League◦ He feared commitment to an international organization

like the League would lead to alliances that could bring the U.S. into another war

After the War:

Wilson wanted peace and stability, but other nations in Europe wanted retribution and revenge for WWI

20 million Europeans died in WWI June 1919 the Allies forced Germany to sign

the Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles made Germany

take total responsibility for WWI Germany had to: pay reparations (money for

the cost of war), surrender some land to France, and take apart its army

Treaty of Versailles:

Why is it important? The Treaty of Versailles led to an economic

depression in Germany Germans were angry over the terms of the

Treaty of Versailles Wilson was right when he said having winners

and losers makes the loser angry The resentment by the German people opened

the door for a young charismatic leader to rise to power and ultimately led Europe into WWII- his name was Adolf Hitler

Treaty of Versailles:

Objective 8.03 Assess the political, economic, social and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations.

Essential Questions: • How did the war impact America’s social, economic,

political, and cultural institutions? • To what extent did World War I change US society

and affect other nations? • How did the industrial and technological

advancements in this era impact America and the rest of the global community?

• How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict?

Goal 8:

Consequences of the

War in the U.S.

Government Increases Its Role:

WWI had a big impact on life in the U.S. The War meant an increased role for government

in the U.S. President Wilson helped establish the War

Industries Board- led by Bernard Baruch- placed controls on the nation’s industrial resources, worked to obtain supplies for the U.S. military and its allies

President Wilson helped establish the Committee on Public Information (CPI) led by George Creel- meant to encourage public support for the war effort- used propaganda to show Germans as evil and it was the nations duty to fight and defeat them

President Wilson appointed Herbert Hoover to head the Food Administration- meant to encourage Americans to conserve food that could be used for the soldiers in WWI

People began to grow Victory Gardens to grow their own vegetables so the nations could help the soldiers

People began to have “meatless Mondays” so meat could be sent to soldiers in WWI

The Government encouraged people to conserve fuel◦ Led to daylight savings time to turn clocks ahead one hour

during certain months to have more daylight and conserve fuel

Government Increases Its Role:

At this time the federal government passed laws that limited American civil liberties (freedoms)

To protect national security Congress passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts- made it illegal to interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds, or make statements considered disloyal to or about the government, the Constitution, or the U.S. military

Eugene Debs criticized the government and was sentenced to 10 years in prison under these laws, a few years before that he had been a candidate for president

Government Increases Its Role:

Fear Grips the Nation

The Red Scare: At first Americans were happy about the

Russian Revolution- they liked that a monarch was overthrown by a republic

After the Bolsheviks took over and established communism Americans feared a similar revolution might happen in the U.S.

Communism: political and economic belief in which the government owns all property and individual rights of people are over looked by the needs of the government

The Bolsheviks were nicknamed the Reds Fear of Communism was known as the Red

Scare After attempted assassinations of Attorney

General A. Mitchell Palmer and John D. Rockefeller people suspected communists

Palmer started the Palmer Raids to arrest and jail suspected communists and other “subversives”- many arrested were immigrants with no criminal past and no ties to communism- they were jailed without due process

The Red Scare:

Why is it important? Over 500 immigrants were deported back to their

countries of birth because of the palmer Raids This led to one of the most controversial trials in

U.S. history 1920 two immigrants were accused of murder in

Massachusetts although the evidence was questionable

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted and executed in 1927

Many people thought they were innocent and were executed because of their political beliefs

The Red Scare:

Membership in the KKK increased as fear of communism and mistrust of immigrants increased

By the 1920’s the KKK was discriminating against not only black people, but Jews, Catholics, and immigrants too

The KKK burned crosses outside people’s homes, sent hate letters, and put pressure on employers to fire certain workers

KKK also used lynching and other forms of violence to persecute people

Growth of the Ku Klux Klan and the Decline of Unions:

Fear of Communism led people to question unions- they thought unions supported communism because they fought for equality for workers

During WWI the United Mine Workers had an agreement with the government to suspend all strikes

When the armistice was signed in 1918 and WWI ended their leader John L. Lewis believed it was legal for the workers to strike

The government went to court and forced the workers to end their strike

Eugene Debs with the Industrial Workers of the World supported communism

Over time more and more people began to associate unions with communism and unions lost much of their influence

Growth of the Ku Klux Klan and the Decline of Unions:

1919 Charles Schenck was arrested for encouraging people drafted to not report for military service

Schenck said it was as if the government were sentencing innocent people to go to war

Schenck was arrested Schenck said the arrest violated his 1st

Amendment right to Free Speech Why is it important? In Schenck v. U.S. the Supreme Court ruled the

government could silence free speech when it posed a clear and present danger- You cannot yell fire in a crowded theater- Schenck lost

The Supreme Court Backs Anti-Communism:

Economic stability was necessary if peace was to be maintained in Europe after WWI

The punishments placed on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles had a negative impact on their economy

This made stability difficult A U.S. banker, Charles Dawes, came up with an idea to

help stabilize the German economy Dawes Plan: U.S. and Allies bankers loaned Germany

money to help support Germany’s economy and industrial recovery

Problem: Germany didn’t pay back the loan Why is it important? Europe and the United States crashed into an economic

depression

Dawes and the Washington Naval Conference:

After WWI the United States, Great Britain and Japan had the most powerful navies

To avoid another arms race like the militarism before WWI, the U.S. invited Japan, Great Britain and other nations to Washington, D.C. to the Washington Naval Conference: all countries involved agreed to measures designed to prevent one navy from becoming too powerful or threatening

It was believed that a balance of naval power would deter any country from aggression

The agreement eventually hurt the U.S. in the Pacific when Japan later tried to expand (WWII)

Dawes and the Washington Naval Conference:

After WWI the nation ratified two new amendments to the Constitution

18th Amendment: outlawed alcohol Why?

◦ The nation needed to conserve fruit and grains need to produce alcohol

◦ Drinking some drinks was seen as Un-American because beer as seen as German and vodka was seen as Russian

WWI’s Impact on the United States Constitution:

19th Amendment: gave all female citizens the right to vote in 1920

Why?◦ Women played an important role in WWI◦ Worked jobs while the men were away◦ Helped to keep the nation strong while the men

fought in WWI◦ Women were finally seen by many, not all, as

deserving the right to vote

WWI’s Impact on the United States Constitution:

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