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Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow, European Institute London School of Economics and Political Science Conference Drivers of Change and Choice Warsaw June 18-19, 2010
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Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Dec 25, 2015

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Page 1: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

 Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European 

Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade 

Anne CorbettVisiting Fellow, European Institute

London School of Economics and Political ScienceConference Drivers of Change and Choice

Warsaw June 18-19, 2010

Page 2: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Competitiveness and Higher Education – an influential political economy view• Competitiveness implies moving from imitation economy to innovation economy

• Innovation is a key to Europe’s growth• Universities are part of the Innovation Triangle • So: Europe should invest more in higher education targeted at excellence and at (labour market) human capital

• European universities need to be better governed• Philippe Aghion, Brueghel Report, Report to French Minister

Page 3: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Why this is an inadequate model for European university systems

• It ignores much of what makes a university function – the incommensurable values (Bronk 2009) of the university as an intellectual and cultural beacon, its social and democratic role in relation to individuals, its historic place in nation-building.

• European public policy does not assume consider these to be ‘externalities’. 

• See Bologna Communiques 2001, 2003, 2009 on universities as a public good and public responsibility. 

Page 4: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

A call from philosophers• The EU and its Member States are urging universities to innovate and change in order to be able to meeth the demands of the knowledge economy and play a leading role in its further development..Discussions..focus on productive  innovation, institutional differentiation and the effective mobilisation of human and financial resources, There is much attention for the ‘how’ but little for the ‘why’ and ‘what for’. We believe that it is time for a change.. and to focus on [these] questions.– ‘Curating the European University’ University of Leuven 10-11 February 2011

– www.kuleuven.be/les/agendaitems/curating  eur univ

Page 5: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Further weakness of political economy reading

• It ignore the politics• Political change as driven by the interlocking of the way a problem is framed, the process by which polices have been formulated with the consideration and revision of alternatives, the mechanisms of political choice (Kingdon 1995)

Page 6: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

What Europe has added to HE

• Three initiatives of this decade• Goal setting and programme incentives to develop the Knowledge Agenda (Lisbon, Education and Training 2020)

• Transnational cooperation to create a ‘compatible and comparable European Higher Education Area – the Bologna Process  

• A quality EU international and transnational programmme for study abroad and university networking - Erasmus Mundus

Page 7: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

The Knowledge Agenda: success and limitations

• The EU Lisbon Agenda (2000) reshaped the issue. European leaders engaged. Knowledge at the core of economic and social strategies 

• EU Education and Training interpretation: targets and benchmarking – but little HE

• Development of EU’s HE modernisation agenda: (Universities in the Europe of Knowledge (2004), Mobilising the Brainpower of Europe 2005) 

• Core strands: content renewal, institutional autonomy, more funding from non-state sources. Linkage to Research and Innovation. Goals, Some incentive fundings but no developmental mechanisms

Page 8: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Bologna - Expanding Tasks

Page 9: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Bologna - Expanding Commitments

Page 10: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Bologna - Method of Work

Page 11: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Bologna - Expanding Appeal

Page 12: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Bologna success and limitations

• Introduced transnational cooperation of national governments, not legal convergence. Not a strategic body. 

• Enabled university-driven initiatives – doctoral studies,links with European Research Area, institutional element of QA

• Providing a Europe-wide base for the higher education sector (‘stakeholders’) for cooperation and development. Mechanisms, system knowledge, and a baseline for national reform to make its system ‘compatible and comparable’ with a general framework

• Making acceptable an assurance of independent and impartial  academic quality drawing on internal self-evaluation, and external review

Page 13: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Scale of Europeanisation of HE

• Eurydice  Focus on HE in Europe 2010– activity but not convergence – www.eurydice.org

• EUA Trends 2010 – widespread take up according to HEI respondents - www.eua.be 

Page 14: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

A relevant quote on interlocking political arenas

 • “Competitiveness abroad and quality at home are inter-dependent. The Government – and the sector – need to cultivate both, for all universities. In particular, together we need to develop our global competitiveness with more aggression and urgency.

•  “We have been resourceful and entrepreneurial…but more could be achieved if the international competitiveness of our universities moved to centre-stage of Government long-term strategy”.–  President of Universities UUK 2004 (Ivor Crewe)

Page 15: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Next steps ?

• Bologna may have already achieved what it has to achieve politically and should now focus on development.

• National policy arenas the key – and how national actors choose to engage in transnational cooperation/internationalisation

• More networking initiatives of Erasmus Mundus model – criteria of quality and institutional cooperation? More EU incentives

Page 16: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Preliminary conclusions

• A nascent EHEA exists• Circulation of ideas established• Possibility of framing national problems in a new way

• Possibility of alternative possible solutions• Possibility of influencing national governments by using European platforms

• A political economy reading not enough

Page 17: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

Outcomes• A shift of political thinking in the decade from intergovernmental to many forms of HE transnational cooperation, 

• A greater understanding of diversity not only of HE institutions but of the institutions which structure political life – eg distribution of wealth, tax systems – and which shape attitudes

• A possibly greater understanding in the sector of more targeted distribution of national resources – for excellence. But also for good undergraduate education?

• An acceptance of the trend to institutional autonomy

Page 18: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

A response to the Leuven question

• So what is it for?• Competitiveness by way of cooperation• But not an exclusively economic process. Spin offs likely to be humanistic.

Page 19: Competitiveness and its Limits: General Lessons from the European Experience of Higher Education Reform in the Last Decade Anne Corbett Visiting Fellow,

 Dr Anne CorbettVisiting Fellow, European InstituteLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceHoughton StLondon WC2A 2AE   [email protected]

http://www.lse.ac.uk/people/[email protected]/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/Experts/[email protected] Universities and the Europe of Knowledge: Ideas, Institutions and Policy Entrepreneurship in European Union Higher Education 1955-2005http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140393245X