COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN LATIN AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN LATIN

AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANAMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANConceptualization, Conceptualization,

and some experiencesand some experiences

Port of Spain, August 2004Port of Spain, August 2004

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DEVELOPMENT AND CERTIFICATION OF BASIC DEVELOPMENT AND CERTIFICATION OF BASIC COMPETENCIES.COMPETENCIES.Caribbean Educational Sector WorkshopCaribbean Educational Sector Workshop

DEVELOPMENT AND CERTIFICATION OF BASIC DEVELOPMENT AND CERTIFICATION OF BASIC COMPETENCIES.COMPETENCIES.Caribbean Educational Sector WorkshopCaribbean Educational Sector Workshop

CONTENTS:CONTENTS:

1. COMPETENCIES: CONTEXT AND CONCEPTS 1. COMPETENCIES: CONTEXT AND CONCEPTS

2. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: THE NEW ILO 2. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: THE NEW ILO RECOMMENDATION 195 RECOMMENDATION 195

3. COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF LABOUR COMPETENCY IN 3. COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF LABOUR COMPETENCY IN L.A. AND THE CARIBBEANL.A. AND THE CARIBBEAN

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: TOTAL LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY COUNTRIES. Period UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY COUNTRIES. Period

January-September 2002 – 2003 January-September 2002 – 2003 (percentages)(percentages)

Unemployment RateUnemployment Rate

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Source: ILO preparation based on official information from the Source: ILO preparation based on official information from the countriescountries*First six months*First six months

Fernando Vargas

EMPLOYMENT AND INFORMALITY(1990-2002):

Most of the increase in employment is in the informal sector. Modern employment grew very little.

Of every 10 new jobs approximately 7 have been informal.

The trend is towards employment in the tertiary sector: 9.4 of every 10 new jobs are in the services sector.

Precarious employment still persists: only 4 of every 10 new jobs provide access to social security systems, and only 2 of every 10 workers in the informal sector have social protection.

Fernando Vargas

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: EVOLUTION OF THE RELATION LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: EVOLUTION OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AND THE TOTAL BETWEEN THE YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AND THE TOTAL

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE. 1998-2003 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE. 1998-2003 (the factor by which the youth unemployment rate exceeds the total (the factor by which the youth unemployment rate exceeds the total

rate)rate)

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Source: ILO preparation based on official information Source: ILO preparation based on official information from the countriesfrom the countries

Unemployment rate 15-19 Unemployment rate 15-19 yearsyearsUnemployment rate 15-19 Unemployment rate 15-19 yearsyears

SOME IMPORTANT TRENDS IN VT IN LATIN AMERICASOME IMPORTANT TRENDS IN VT IN LATIN AMERICA

DEMAND EXCEEDS SUPPLY IN DEMAND EXCEEDS SUPPLY IN TRAINING AND VICEVERSA IN TRAINING AND VICEVERSA IN

EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT

NEW TYPES OF FINANCINGNEW TYPES OF FINANCING

TRAINING-COMPETITIVENESS NEXUSTRAINING-COMPETITIVENESS NEXUS

NEW PLAYERS NEW PLAYERS AND NEW PRESENCEAND NEW PRESENCE

PLACING VALUE ON KNOWLEDGE PLACING VALUE ON KNOWLEDGE AND HUMAN TALENTAND HUMAN TALENT

BASIC CONCEPTS BASIC CONCEPTS

OCCUPATIONAL COMPETENCY IS A QUALIFYING AND ENHANCING OCCUPATIONAL COMPETENCY IS A QUALIFYING AND ENHANCING CONCEPT OF WORKCONCEPT OF WORK

IT MEANS PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN LABOURIT MEANS PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN LABOUR

IT INVOLVES RECOGNITION OF THE COMPLEXITY OF JOB IT INVOLVES RECOGNITION OF THE COMPLEXITY OF JOB PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

IT ACKNOWLEDGES AND PLACES VALUE ON KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED IT ACKNOWLEDGES AND PLACES VALUE ON KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED AND SET IN MOTION BY THE WORKERAND SET IN MOTION BY THE WORKER

BASIC CONCEPTSBASIC CONCEPTS

COMPETENCIES AS A LIST OF TASKS:COMPETENCIES AS A LIST OF TASKS:

CONCENTRATING ON OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF WORKERS.CONCENTRATING ON OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF WORKERS.BASICALLY TRANSFORMATION, REVISION, CONTROL, OPERATIONAL ACTIONSBASICALLY TRANSFORMATION, REVISION, CONTROL, OPERATIONAL ACTIONS (CUTTING, PASTING, PAINTING, ASSEMBLING, DISASSEMBLING, CONTROLLING, (CUTTING, PASTING, PAINTING, ASSEMBLING, DISASSEMBLING, CONTROLLING, RECORDING, ETC.)RECORDING, ETC.)

COMPETENCIES AS A SET OF ATTRIBUTESCOMPETENCIES AS A SET OF ATTRIBUTES::

INCLUDING THE PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INCLUDING THE PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERSON INVOLVEDPERSON INVOLVED (DYNAMISM, TEAM WORK, ADAPTABILITY, CONCERN FOR (DYNAMISM, TEAM WORK, ADAPTABILITY, CONCERN FOR QUALITY, INTERPRETATION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE, SUCCESSFUL QUALITY, INTERPRETATION OF SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE, SUCCESSFUL COMMUNICATION, FOCUS ON THE CLIENT)COMMUNICATION, FOCUS ON THE CLIENT)

HOLISTIC CONCEPTION OF COMPETENCY:HOLISTIC CONCEPTION OF COMPETENCY:

Combines the tasks and attributes of people that are set in motion to achieve Combines the tasks and attributes of people that are set in motion to achieve successful performance. A holism effect is thus obtained.successful performance. A holism effect is thus obtained.

TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS AND TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF COMPETENCIESIDENTIFICATION OF COMPETENCIES

OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONALANALYSISANALYSIS

OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONALANALYSISANALYSIS

FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONALANALYSISANALYSIS

FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONALANALYSISANALYSIS

CENTRES ON CENTRES ON WHAT IS DONEWHAT IS DONE

CENTRES ON CENTRES ON WHAT IS WHAT IS ACHIEVEDACHIEVED

COMPETENCIES IN THE NATIONAL TRAINING COMPETENCIES IN THE NATIONAL TRAINING FRAMEWORKSFRAMEWORKS

KEY KEY COMP.COMP.

GENERICGENERICCOMP.COMP.

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMP.COMP.

GENERAL EDUCATIONGENERAL EDUCATION

NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Some central subjects for the TVET:

• Development and implementation of education and training policies

• Education and pre-employment training• Development of competencies• Framework for recognition and certification of skills• Vocational orientation and support services for

training • Training providers• Research into the development of human resources

NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

“Members should, based on social dialogue, formulate,

apply and review national human resources development, education, training and lifelong learning policies which are consistent with economic, fiscal and social policies.”

“Lifelong learning: encompasses all learning activitiesundertaken throughout life for the development of competencies and qualifications”

“Competencies: covers the knowledge, skills and know-how applied and mastered in a specific context”

NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

“Qualifications: means a formal expression of the

vocational or professional abilities of a worker which is recognized at international, national or sectoral levels.”

“Employability: relates to portable competencies and qualifications that enhance an individual’s capacity to make use of the education and training opportunities available in order to secure and retain decent work, to progress within the enterprise and between jobs, and to cope with changing technology and labour market conditions.”

NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

“Develop a national qualifications framework to facilitate lifelong learning, assist enterprises and employment agencies to match skill demand with supply, guide individuals in their choice of training and career and facilitate the recognition of prior learning and previously acquired skills, competencies and experience; this framework should be responsive to changing technology and trends in the labour market and recognize regional and local differences, without losing transparency at the national level”

“Ensure that vocational education and training systems are developed and strengthened to provide appropriate opportunities for the development and certification of skills relevant to the labour market.”

NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON NEW ILO RECOMENDATION 195 ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

“Promote, with the involvement of the social partners, the ongoing

identification of trends in the competencies needed by individuals, enterprises, the economy and society as a whole.”

“Measures should be adopted, in consultation with the social partners and using a national qualifications framework, to promote the development, implementation and financing of a transparent mechanism for the assessment, certification and recognition of skills, including prior learning and previous experience, irrespective of the countries where they were acquired and whether acquired formally or informally.”

“The national framework should include a credible system of certification which will ensure that skills are portable and recognized across sectors, industries, enterprises and educational institutions.”

MAP OF TVET IN L.A. AND THE CARIBBEAN:

MAP OF TVET IN L.A. AND THE CARIBBEAN:

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Caribbean Association of National Training Agencies (CANTA)Caribbean Association of National Training Agencies (CANTA) Area of influence:Area of influence:

SOCIAL PLAYERS VIS-À-VIS SOCIAL PLAYERS VIS-À-VIS OCCUPATIONAL COMPETENCIESOCCUPATIONAL COMPETENCIES

LABOURLABOURCOMPETENCIESCOMPETENCIES

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTEquityEquityAccessAccessEmploymentEmploymentTransparencyTransparency

TRAINING TRAINING INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONSQualityQualityCurriculumCurriculumRelevance of trainingRelevance of trainingModernizationModernizationTechnical unitTechnical unitAttention to demandAttention to demand

ENTREPRENEURSENTREPRENEURSProductivityProductivityCompetitivenessCompetitivenessHuman ResourceHuman Resource

TRADE UNIONSTRADE UNIONSTrainingTrainingBargainingBargainingCompensationCompensation

STEPS ON LABOUR COMPETENCY APPROACH

IDENTIFICATION:IDENTIFICATION:IDENTIFICATION:IDENTIFICATION:

NORMALIZATIONNORMALIZATIONNORMALIZATIONNORMALIZATION

TRAININGTRAININGTRAININGTRAINING

CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION

LABOUR COMPENTECIES IN LABOUR COMPENTECIES IN LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA

PROMOTED BY SOCIAL PLAYERSPROMOTED BY SOCIAL PLAYERSPROMOTED BY SOCIAL PLAYERSPROMOTED BY SOCIAL PLAYERS

PROMOTED BY EDUCATION ORPROMOTED BY EDUCATION ORLABOUR MINISTRIESLABOUR MINISTRIES

PROMOTED BY EDUCATION ORPROMOTED BY EDUCATION ORLABOUR MINISTRIESLABOUR MINISTRIES

PROMOTED BY VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROMOTED BY VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS

PROMOTED BY VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROMOTED BY VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS

COMPETENCY BASED PROGRAMMES

NATIONAL OFFER OF COMPETENCE BASED TRAINING

NATIONAL QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORKS

SECTORALGROUPS

T.V.E.T.INSTITUTION

NATIONAL AUTHORITYOR MINISTRY

ENTERPRISEOR SECTOR

GROUP OFOCCUPATIONS

THE WHOLE COUNTRY

LEVELS OF COVER OF EXPERIENCES TOWARDS A NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK

PLAYERSPLAYERS

COVERCOVER

CBT PROGRAMMESCBT PROGRAMMES

THEY ARE DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF LABOUR COMPETENCY THEY ARE DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF LABOUR COMPETENCY PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLESTHEY USE VARIOUS TYPES OF COMPETENCY IDENTIFICATIONTHEY USE VARIOUS TYPES OF COMPETENCY IDENTIFICATIONTHEY ARE CENTRED ON TRAINING; THEY STRESS UPDATING OF THEY ARE CENTRED ON TRAINING; THEY STRESS UPDATING OF CURRICULA AND PROGRAMMESCURRICULA AND PROGRAMMESCERTIFICATION IN THE SAME INSTITUTIONCERTIFICATION IN THE SAME INSTITUTIONTHEY CONTRIBUTE TO GENERATING A NEW INSTITUTIONALITYTHEY CONTRIBUTE TO GENERATING A NEW INSTITUTIONALITY

INATEC (Nicaragua)INATEC (Nicaragua)INTECAP (Guatemala)INTECAP (Guatemala)INA (Costa Rica)INA (Costa Rica)INSAFORP (El Salvador)INSAFORP (El Salvador)SENAI (Brazil)SENAI (Brazil)INET (Argentina)INET (Argentina)SEMTEC (Brazil)SEMTEC (Brazil)

CERTIFICATION OF COMPETENCIES CERTIFICATION OF COMPETENCIES AT SECTORAL LEVELAT SECTORAL LEVEL

USUALLY FOLLOWING A PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVE, AT THE USUALLY FOLLOWING A PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVE, AT THE OCCUPATIONAL AREA LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL AREA LEVEL USED ONLY IN THE SECTORS SPECIFICALLY INVOLVEDUSED ONLY IN THE SECTORS SPECIFICALLY INVOLVEDRANGES FROM OBLIGATORY TO VOLUNTARYRANGES FROM OBLIGATORY TO VOLUNTARYOFTEN RELATED TO TRAINING PROGRAMMES OR TO VTIsOFTEN RELATED TO TRAINING PROGRAMMES OR TO VTIs

ABRAMAN-FBTS-HOTELS-PETROBRAS: BrazilABRAMAN-FBTS-HOTELS-PETROBRAS: BrazilHOTELS. GASTRONOMY. TOURISM: ChileHOTELS. GASTRONOMY. TOURISM: ChileIDB PROGRAMMES:IDB PROGRAMMES:Argentina,Argentina,Colombia, Colombia, Paraguay, Paraguay, Uruguay.Uruguay.

MOVING TOWARDS A NATIONAL MOVING TOWARDS A NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKSQUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKS

THEY COVER ALL OR MOST OF THE PHASES OF WORK BY THEY COVER ALL OR MOST OF THE PHASES OF WORK BY COMPETENCIES: (IDENTIFICATION, STANDARDISATION, TRAINING, COMPETENCIES: (IDENTIFICATION, STANDARDISATION, TRAINING, CERTIFICATION)CERTIFICATION)

THEY DEFINE PROCESSES AND RULES OF THE GAME IN GENERAL RE: THEY DEFINE PROCESSES AND RULES OF THE GAME IN GENERAL RE: HOW ARE THEY IDENTIFIED? HOW ARE THEY ACQUIRED?HOW ARE THEY IDENTIFIED? HOW ARE THEY ACQUIRED?HOW ARE THEY DEMONSTRATED? HOW ARE COMPETENCIES HOW ARE THEY DEMONSTRATED? HOW ARE COMPETENCIES RECOGNISED?RECOGNISED?

THEY ARE INITIATED BY DIFFERENT, USUALLY PUBLIC, AGENCIES. ALL THEY ARE INITIATED BY DIFFERENT, USUALLY PUBLIC, AGENCIES. ALL SOCIAL PLAYERS TAKE PART.SOCIAL PLAYERS TAKE PART.

CANTA CANTA (Caribbean Region)(Caribbean Region)CONOCER: CONOCER: MexicoMexico““Chile Califica”Chile Califica”VTIs: VTIs: SENA ColombiaSENA ColombiaINSAFORP El SalvadorINSAFORP El Salvador

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NTA IN THE CARIBBEAN:

• Tripartite consultative councils

• Links between employers and unions

• Great propensity to share competence standards

• The wish to create and spread a national standard classification of occupations

• Competence-based raining oriented by demand

• Sharing the general framework of competence levels

THE CANTA: A KEY CHARACHTERISTIC IN THE CARIBBEAN TVET

• The Caribbean TVET community subscribes to the philosophy and practice of competence-based education and training.

• This is founded on prevailing, locally validated, international occupational standards which describe the specific knowledge, skills and attitudes persons must acquire and demonstrate to be certified at any level with a National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) in any occupation.

• What this means is that any person certified with an NVQ in an occupation in the region, is equally competent with his or her counterparts certified with their NVQ in that occupation anywhere else in the region.

Robert Gregory.Robert Gregory.

THE CANTA: A ATTAINMENT FOR THE EDUCATION AND VTI IN THE CARIBBEAN:

• The Caribbean TVET community has also developed significant expertise and demonstrated capacity to accredit training institutions and programmes, assess and certify persons including assessment of prior learning and acquired competencies.

• The articulation of competent certificate holders between training institutions and programmes in the region is easily facilitated based on shared common standards.

Robert GregoryRobert Gregory

THE CANTA: AN ACHIEVEMENT FOR THE EDUCATION AND VTI IN THE CARIBBEAN:

• We subscribe to the view that education is a life long process through which one learns how to learn, learns how to do, learns how to live and work productively with other people, and learns how to be.

• The assessment for certification is based on performance criteria and conditions under which achievement will be assessed, all explicitly stated and made public in advance.

Robert GregoryRobert Gregory

THE LEVELS OF COMPETENCE SHARED BY NTAs IN BARBADOS, JAMAICA, AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO:

• Level 1: Directly supervised worker• Level 2: Supervised skilled worker• Level 3: Independent o autonomous

skilled worker• Level 4: Undergraduate. Specialised or

supervisor worker • Level 5: Graduate, professional or

managerial worker

QUALIFICATION MATRIX: A STEP BEFORE NQFQUALIFICATION MATRIX: A STEP BEFORE NQF

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FINANZAS VENTAS SALUDAREAS OCUPAC.

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OCCUPATIONALAREAS

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QUALIFICATION

NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL CLASIFICATION OF COLOMBIA –Towards a National Qualification Framework-

NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL CLASIFICATION OF COLOMBIA NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL CLASIFICATION OF COLOMBIA ––Towards a National Qualification FrameworkTowards a National Qualification Framework--

Fernando Vargas Z.

LABOUR COMPETENCY:LABOUR COMPETENCY:DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND ITS DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND ITS

APPLICATION IN L.A. AND THE CARIBBEANAPPLICATION IN L.A. AND THE CARIBBEAN

SENATI PeSENATI Pe

PUBLICPUBLIC PRIVATEPRIVATE

PROGRAMMESPROGRAMMES

NATIONAL SYSTEMSNATIONAL SYSTEMS

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SENAI BrSENAI Br

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CENPAPELCENPAPEL

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INATEC NiINATEC Ni

INTECAP GtINTECAP Gt

INFOTEP RDINFOTEP RD

INET ArINET Ar

SEMTEC BrSEMTEC Br CAPACO Py.CAPACO Py.

PROYEC. BID. Arg.PROYEC. BID. Arg.INA CrINA Cr

SENA ColSENA Col

SENCE SENCE Chile CalificaChile Califica

MOL BrMOL Br

Fund. CHILEFund. CHILE

PMETYCPMETYCCONOCER MxCONOCER Mx

MOL ArMOL Ar

HUMAN RESOURCES HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGMENT MANAGMENT

TRADE UNIONSTRADE UNIONS

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HEART/TRUST HEART/TRUST

TVETTVET

SENAC BrSENAC Br

MOL PanMOL Pan

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CHALLENGES FOR TVET: THE CHALLENGES FOR TVET: THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCIESDEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCIES

DEVELOPING “SUSTAINABLE” COMPETENCIESDEVELOPING “SUSTAINABLE” COMPETENCIES• TO BECOME INTEGRATED INTO A JOBTO BECOME INTEGRATED INTO A JOB• TO BECOME INTEGRATED INTO SOCIETYTO BECOME INTEGRATED INTO SOCIETY

DEVELOPING “BRIDGES” TOWARDS ACADEMIC DEVELOPING “BRIDGES” TOWARDS ACADEMIC EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

• FOR ONGOING TRAINING THROUGHOUT LIFEFOR ONGOING TRAINING THROUGHOUT LIFE• WITH THE SAME VALUE AS THE FORMERWITH THE SAME VALUE AS THE FORMER

DEVELOPING HIGHLY “PORTABLE” BROADLY BASED DEVELOPING HIGHLY “PORTABLE” BROADLY BASED COMPETENCIES TO BE APPLIED TO A WIDE RANGE OF JOBSCOMPETENCIES TO BE APPLIED TO A WIDE RANGE OF JOBS

DEVELOPING FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN WORKERSDEVELOPING FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN WORKERS

THE ENDTHE END

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