www.HaywardBaker.com Compensation Grouting Underground Grouting and Ground Improvement September 12, 2018 Golden, Colorado Phillip Gallet, P.E.
www.HaywardBaker.com
Compensation GroutingUnderground Grouting and Ground Improvement
September 12, 2018Golden, Colorado
Phillip Gallet, P.E.
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Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting
• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
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3
Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting
• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
3
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Grouting Processes
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Compensation Grouting -or- Soilfrac® Grouting
• Originally developed in the oil industry for fracturing formations to aide in the production of the well.
• Keller/Hayward Baker developed the process to accommodate small scale installation process for the geotechnical construction industry
• Allows precise control of lifting structures and when coupled with computer monitoring, control within millimeters
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Soilfrac® Process
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Uses for Soilfrac® Grouting
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Typical Grouting Ranges
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The injection pipes are made of multiple ported
tubes that allow design placement of grout
Grout after fracture initiated
Sleeve Port Pipe
Grouted Sheeth
Injection Port
Injection Pipe
Grout
Packer
Known as Tube-A-Manchette Pipes
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Exposed Soilfrac lenses following a single
grout injection
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Grouting Efficiency
• Ratio of ground volume change to grout volume injected
• Varies from site to site due to ground conditions
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Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting
• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
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Several methods of installing the grout pipes are
available based upon site restrictions
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Compensation grouting from a shaft
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Compensation grouting from nearby basement
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Control of grouting parameters possible in real
time
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All grouting parameters under real time control
Use of computer controlled pumping
units allow grout quantities to be
individually controlled controlled
pumping unit
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Typical instrumentation types and locations
considered for compensation grouting
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Sophisticated and non sophisticated methods
allow for movement monitoring
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Systems allow monitoring within 0.005 in
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Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting
• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
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Grout Consumption Corresponds to the
Settlement
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Problem Statement for modeling analyis
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Comparison of grouting techniques and how they
are modeled
a
Volume V 0
initial situation- grouted area
V
compactiongrouting
VolumeV + V 0
VolumeV + V0
Vi
V V= i
fracturegrouting
BASIC MODELLING OF THE GROUTING PROCESS ANDDEFINITION OF GROUTED AREA
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Deformation modes of the grouted zones used in
the modeling
z
heavedue to grouting
grouted zone
surface
O
h
a
x
a
a0
> 0 vertical shortening
< 0 horizontal shortening
> 0 contraction
< 0 expansion Initial
Deformed
a´
= a / a0 = a´ / a
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Analytical solution proposed by Sageseta (1987)
( )
+−
++
=−
2
2
2
1*2
'1
'1*1*
'1
1****2
x
x
xh
aasz
Vertical:
( )
+−
++
−=−
2
2
2
1*2
'1
'1*1
'1
'****2
x
x
x
x
h
aasx
Horizontal:
DISPLACEMENTS AT GROUND SURFACE
sz … vertical displacementsx … horizontal displacementh … depth of injection/excavationa … radius of grouted zone/excavationx´ … normalized horizontal distance (x/h) … uniform radial deformation … ovalization… relative ovalization (/) … exponent for drained cases
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Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting
• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
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ANTWERP CENTRAL STATION
Historical Landmark
High Loads considered
Minimal movement
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▪ 84 TAMs▪ 3500 m borings▪ 45 m max. length
wells
picture: Eurostation, Brussels
shaft
shaft
TAMs
ANTWERP CENTRAL STATION
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Graphic: Eurostation, Brussels
pipe roof
tunnel wall
picture: Eurostation, Brussels
ANTWERP CENTRAL STATION
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0.0 m
+8.0 m
Boomse Clay
-13.0 m
A B C D E F G H pipe roof
tunnel
ANTWERP CENTRAL STATION
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Compensation Grouting efficiency at Antwerp
Station
FE-CALCULATIONS ANTWERP PROJECT
conditioned zone
foundations
pipes A-B-C-D
tunnel
Antwerp Sand
Boomse Clay
P 470P 455
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
COMPARISON MEASUREMENT – FE-MODELVERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AT WATER LEVEL POINT P455
Schlauchwaagenmessung P 455
begin
ning
conta
ct gro
ut.
pipe B
comp.
B*
pipe D
comp.
D*
pipe A
comp.
A
pipe C
*
comp.
C
tunne
l exc
av.
disp
lace
men
t [m
m]
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
measurement P455 calculation P455
COMPARISON MEASUREMENT FE-MODEL
Schlauchwaagenmessung P 470
begin
ning
conta
ct gro
ut.
pipe B
comp.
B*
pipe D
comp.
D*
pipe A
comp.
A
pipe C
*
comp.
C
tunne
l exc
av.
disp
lace
men
t [m
m]
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
measurement P470calculation P470
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS AT WATER LEVEL POINT P470
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Presentation Outline
• What is Compensation Grouting
• Installation Methods/Monitoring
• Modeling of compensation grouting
• Finite element calculations for compensation grouting at Antwerp Central Station
• Case Histories
• Summary and conclusions
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Soilfrac® - City-Tunnel LeipzigCentral Station
„Bayrischer Bahnhof“
Wilh. Leuschner Platz
Station MarktCentral Station
Soilfrac® - City-Tunnel LeipzigDrilling
Soilfrac® - City-Tunnel LeipzigControl of drilling deviation
Soilfrac® - City-Tunnel LeipzigMonitoring
Soilfrac® - City-Tunnel LeipzigGrout control
Grout volume
Vertical displacement
TAM
ww
w.Ke
llerG
rund
bau.
com
Project “San Ruffillo”, Bologna, Italy
Tunnel excavation
Start shaft
N
Pk 0+966
twin tunnels with 15m distance
length 6,112m diameter 9.4m excavated
area 69.81m² cover 15 –
21m EPB-shield
Compensationgrouting
To Florence
Problem statement
www.KellerGrundbau.com
expected volume loss of the TBM-excavation: 1% maximum advancement of the TBM: 10m/day
pier i pier j
displacement idisplacement j
span l
Compensation of differential settlements of piersAllowable differential settlement: Δ uij <= l/3000
ww
w.Ke
llerG
rund
bau.
com
Compensation grouting “San Ruffillo”TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
Original design with SHAFT
fillsand
gravel, sandy,silty
grouting pipes2 layers
tunnel9.1m diameter
railway bridge
shaft
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Compensation grouting “San Ruffillo”
ww
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
railway bridge
grouting pipes2 layersmaximum length 68mHDD-drilling
tunnel9.1m diameter
fillsand
gravel, sandy,silty
ww
w.Ke
llerG
rund
bau.
com
Compensation grouting “Via Emilia”
MilanoFlorence
existing railway
bridge
length 112m
1 central arch (l=16.0m)
8 lateral arches (l=8.1m)
Via Emilia Levante
ww
w.Ke
llerG
rund
bau.
com
Compensation grouting “Via Rimesse”
Milano Florence
Metro line („Suburbana“)
existing railway
bridge
length 41m
1 central arch (l=14.4m)
2 lateral arches (l=7.2m)
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Compensation grouting “Via Rimesse”
ww
Lower circuit > monitoring of vertical displacements (and rotations)
Upper circuit > vertical displacements
transition point
www.KellerGrundbau.com
Compensation grouting “Via Rimesse”
Displacements resulting after TBM 2
> Maximum differential settlement 1.9mm
www.KellerGrundbau.com
Compensation grouting “Via Rimesse”
3D graph of total grout volume
San Francisco 3rd Street Light Rail - Central Subway Drilling and Grouting Programs
➢ Chinatown Station (CTS)➢ Issue: Adjacent Building Settlement along
Station Excavation➢ Solution: Compensation Grouting
➢ Union Market Square Station (UMS)➢ Issue: Adjacent Building Settlement along
Station Excavation➢ Solution: Compensation Grouting
9/24/2018 49
3rd Street Light Rail - Central Subway Project Alignment
9/24/2018 50
Chinatown Station (CTS)
Union Market Square Station(UMS)
MosconeStation (YBM)
CTS Compensation Grouting
9/24/2018 51
Total Installed Grout Holes = 94 Drilling Rigs = 2 on 2 Shifts TAM Installed = 13,320 LFT TAM Installation Rate = 73 LFT / Rig Shift Grout Injected = 86,000 Gal Grout Injection Rate = 1385 Gal / Shift Treatment = 10 Buildings – 41,150 Sq. Ft.
Pre-conditioning Statistics
CTS Compensation Grouting
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TAM Pipe Array
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CTS Compensation Grouting
Drilling and TAM Installation
9/24/2018 54
CTS Compensation Grouting
Pre-conditioning Grouting
Union Market Compensation Grouting
9/24/2018 55
Total Grout Holes = 209 Drilling Rigs = 1 on 2 Shifts TAM Installed = 19,605 LFT TAM Installation Rate = 94 LFT / Rig Shift Whips = 4 Grout Injected = 204,000 Gal Grout Injection Rate = 1416 Gal / Shift Treatment = 15 Buildings – 126,815 Sq. Ft. Completed 2017
Pre-conditioning Statistics
9/24/2018 56
UMS Compensation GroutingTAM Pipe Array
9/24/2018 57
UMS Compensation Grouting
Drilling and TAM Installation
9/24/2018 58
UMS Compensation Grouting
Pre-conditioning Grouting
Case History Annunciation Church
Layout of Soilfrac® Pipes and Jet Grout Columns
Amount of Movement Required
Sleeve Pipe Installation
Frac Grouting
Results of Survey
Grouting Recap
Installed 93 full and half triple system jet grout columns to depths exceeding 25 feet.
Installed 86 Soilfrac® pipes and pumped 4,178 cft of grout
Achieved plumbness within 0.12° of perfectly plumb from 0.44° and 0.34°, 65 to 75% correction.
A New Foundation for Years to Come
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Compensation Grouting Program at Jack II• Access Shaft
• 34 Secant Piles• Monitoring Instrumentation
• Getec UK• Hydrostatic Leveling Cells (HLC)• Tiltmeters• Extensometers
• Preconditioning of TAM pipes• 3500+ ports• 5200 CFT grout
• Compensation Grouting• 9000 CFT grout
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Isometric View Looking Southwest
Compensation Grouting
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Compensation Grouting• Grouting Efficiency Factor
• 12 Quadrants • GEF = (Grout Tributary Area*Avg. Heave)/Grout Volume
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Compensation Grouting
Soil Frac
Pipes
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SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS
• Finite element model proposed to simulate the effects of compensation grouting
• Numerical model compares well with analytical solution for elastic, undrained behaviour
• Compensation grouting allows for quicker tunnelling applications
• Precise levelling of sensitive structures is more efficient with compensation grouting
• HDD installation procedures extend the treatment possible on project sites