GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH C C O O M M P P E E N N D D I I U U M M O O F F E E N N V V I I R R O O N N M M E E N N T T S S T T A A T T I I S S T T I I C C S S A A N N D D H H R R A A P P R R A A D D E E S S H H 2016 DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH GOLLAPUDI, VIJAYAWADA AMARAVATI
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DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
GOLLAPUDI, VIJAYAWADAAMARAVATI
P R E F A C E
Natural resources like land, air, water bodies, forest, flora and faunawhich are very precious and are gifted to the human beings for his nourishment.The impact of depletion of these natural resources due to its location andgeographical features and vulnerability of natural hazards like cyclones, droughts,floods, fire, earthquakes and landslides will adversely affect not only on thepresent generation but also on future generations. The major pollutants likevehicular emissions, industrial effluents, sewage and municipal solid waste arealso causes man made hazards.
In view of the importance of Environment Statistics in present scenario,preserving clean environment is one of the important factors for the sound healthof the state. In this regard, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics,Government of Andhra Pradesh state has been bringing out the publication“Compendium of Environment Statistics, Andhra Pradesh” since 2006 as per theguidelines of the Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.
The present Publication “Compendium of Environment Statistics,Andhra Pradesh 2016” is the ninth issue in its series and it provides the datafor the years 2015-16 Andhra Pradesh on core parameters such as Biodiversity,Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Human Settlements. This publicationis useful to the users in understanding various aspects of environment and itsimpact on sustainable development.
The Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of AndhraPradesh has been endeavoring to strengthen the environmental database of thestate on present scenario to improve the quality and coverage, content andpresentation of the publication in each issue. Graphs and environment relatedpictures have also been included in this publication to make it more usersfriendly.
I express my deep gratitude to all departments/agencies for theircontribution in providing valuable data/information and efforts made by theOfficers and staff members of Social Statistics Division in bringing out thepublication are very much appreciable. I hope to get the continued support fromall the data source agencies in future also.
Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of thispublication are most welcome.
OVERVIEW 1-21. ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS FRAME WORK AND
INDICATORS3-17
A. Framework for Development of EnvironmentStatistics (FDES) information categories
10-11
B. Revision of Framework for Development of EnvironmentStatistics (FDES)
11-13
C. Components and Sub Components of FDES 13-141.1 Some impacts of development activities on environment 151.2 Local, Regional and Global effects of pollution 161.3 Water born diseases and their causative organism 161.4 Some major pollutants and their sources 171.5 Pollutants and their related health hazards 172. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH19-37
2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Processing Plants –2015-16 332.2 Compost Plants under Municipal Solid Waste Management
processing Plants-2015-1633
2.3 Status of Sewage Treatment Plants in MunicipalCorporations under operation in Andhra Pradesh-2015-16
34
2.4 Status of Sewage Treatment Plants under construction inAndhra Pradesh-2015-16
35
2.5 Sewage Treatment Plants in Municipal Corporations /Municipalities under Construction- 2015-16
35
2.6 District-wise Hazardous Waste Generation in AndhraPradesh as on 31-03-2016
36
2.7 List of Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities(CBMWTFs) located in Andhra Pradesh- 2015-16
37
3. BIODIVERSITY 39-793.1 Area and Production of Species Plants in Andhra Pradesh,
2015-1652
3.2 Number and status of Plant Species in India,2014 & 2015 523.3 Reference Collection of Flora- 2014-15 & 2015-16 533.4 Classification of Forest Area -2014-15 & 2015-16 533.5 Circle wise Forest Area covered in A.P,2014-15
Assessment.54
3.6 District-wise Forest Area- 2015-16 543.7 Forest cover change Matrix, 2014-15 Assessment. 553.8 District wise Forest area under different classifications in
Andhra Pradesh, 2014-15 Assessment55
3.9 District-wise Distribution of Forest area under differentvegetation classifications in Andhra Pradesh 2014-15Assessment
56
3.10 District-wise Forest cover, Scrub and Mangrovecover,2014-15 Assessment
56
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3.11 Circle-wise Growing Stock in Andhra Pradesh-2012Assessment
57
3.12 District-wise DOR & UDOR cases under forest Protection inteak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2015-16
57
3.13 Circle-wise DOR & UDOR cases under forest Protection inteak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2015-16
58
3.14 Circle wise Encroachments, Wildlife poaching cases underforest Protection in teak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh,during the year 2015-16
58
3.15 Estimation of Non-forest wasteland in Andhra Pradesh, ason 31.03.2008
59
3.16 Physical Target and Achievements of forest produceDepartmental Extraction of Timber(DET) for the the years,2013-14 to 2015-16
59
3.17 Area under Andhra Pradesh Forest DevelopmentCorporation(APFDC) with important Species 2013-14 to2015-16
60
3.18 Area planted by APFDC for the years 2012-13 to 2015-16 603.19 Productivity of various plantations under APFDC for the
years 2012-13 to 2015-1660
3.20 Targets and Achievements under Afforestation in AndhraPradesh from 2011-12 to 2015-16
61
3.21 Wild Life Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh from 2014-15 to2015-16
62
3.22 National Parks in Andhra Pradesh from 2014-15 to2015-16
63
3.23 Deer Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the years 2014-15& 2015-16
633.24 Zoological Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the years
2014-15 & 2015-1663
3.25 Stock position of the Species, Birds and Animals inNational Zoological parks in A.P. from 2005-06 to 2015-16
64-65
3.26 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Deer Parks andZoological Parks in Andhra Pradesh, 2015-16
65
3.27 Tiger & Panther Population in A.P. from 2008 to 2016 663.28 Species-wise Tall and very tall seedlings raised by all
agencies for the planting season during 2015-16 in AndhraPradesh
66
3.29 District-wise & Division-wise probable forest status inAndhra Pradesh,2014-15 Assessment
67-68
3.30 Major and Minor Forest produces in Andhra Pradesh from2009-10 to 2015-16
69
3.31 Circle-wise Major and Minor Forest produce in AndhraPradesh for the year 2015-16
69-70
3.32 Procurement of Minor forest produces in Andhra Pradeshfrom 2013-14 to 2015-16
70-72
3.33 Revenue and Expenditure(Plan & Non-Plan) of Forests from2011-12 to 2015-16
72
3.34 Component-wise expenditure under compensatoryAfforestation for the years 2014-15 & 2015-16
73
3.35 Component-wise expenditure under Net PresentValue(NPV) for the years 2014-15 & 2015-16
73
3.36 National Afforestation programme by Forest DevelopmentAuthority (FDA) from 2012-13 to 2015-16
73
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3.37 Seizure of wild life Articles in Andhra Pradesh during theyear,2016
74-75
3.38 Production of Fisheries in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to2015-16
75
3.39 District-wise Marine Fish and Shrimp Production inAndhra Pradesh from 2011-12 to 2015-16
76
3.40 Length of coastline by coastal districts and fishing villagesin Andhra Pradesh as on 31-03-2016
76
3.41 District–Wise inland Fishery Water Resources in AndhraPradesh during the year 2015-16
77
3.42 Livestock and Poultry Population as per 2003,2007 & 2012Census
78
3.43 District-wise Livestock and Poultry Population- 2012Census
78-79
4. ATMOSPHERE 81-1324.1 Pollutants and their related health Hazards 994.2 Status of compliance of Fuel Gas Emission Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM) Standard during 2015-1699
4.3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 994.4 Ash Pond Effluents quality of A.P. Genco Stations during
the year 2015-16100
4.5 Plant Effluent Quantity of A.P.GENCO Stations during theyear 2015-16
100
4.6 Ambient Air quality levels at various thermal power stationsduring the year 2015-16
100
4.7 Plantation at various thermal power stations of A.P.Gencofrom 2011 to 2016
101
4.8 Production and Utilization of A.P.GENCO Thermal powerstations, 2015-16
101
4.9 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) inAndhra Pradesh
101-102
4.10 State of Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities/towns inAndhra Pradesh from 2010 to 2016
103
4.11 Ambient Air Quality Status in Major Cities/towns of AndhraPradesh During the year 2015-16
103
4.12 Indian standards for Maximum permissible limits forindustrial effluent discharges
104
4.13 Summary of the Ambient Air Quality Data of the StationsMonitored throughout the State of Andhra Pradesh duringthe year 2015-16
105
4.14 Number of Motor Vehicles of Different Classes andCategories on Road from 2013-14 to 2015-16
106
4.15 District-wise Number of Motor Vehicles of DifferentClasses and Categories on Road as on 31.03.2016
107-109
4.16 District-wise Number of CNG Vehicles Registered inAndhra Pradesh as on 31.12.2016
109-110
4.17 Urban Air Pollution from Vehicular Emissions 1104.18 Emission Standards Notified 111-1134.19 New Norms 1134.20 Annual Gross Generation of Power by Various Sources from
2010-11 to 2015-16113
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4.21 Generation Capacity & Electricity Generation of A.P.Transco from 2011-12 to 2015-16
114
4.22 Generation Capacity & Electricity Generation of A.P.Transco from 2011-12 to 2015-16
115
4.23 Power Supply Position in Andhra Pradesh from2010-11 to 2015-16
116
4.24 Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation fromThermal Power Stations during 2015-16
116
4.25 Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation fromThermal Stations ( By kind of fuels) in AndhraPradesh(IPPs only) during 2015-16 (Gas & Diesel)
117
4.26 Category –wise installed capacities of AP Transco from2010-11 to 2015-16
118
4.27 District-wise No. of Towns and Villages Electrified in AndhraPradesh as per 2011 Census.
118
4.28 District-wise Wind Power installed capacity as on31.03.2016
119
4.29 Estimated Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies inAndhra Pradesh as on 31-03-2016
119
4.30 Lighting facilities(Households) in Andhra Pradesh as perCensus 2011
119
4.31 Summary status of Pollution in 17 categories of Industriesin Andhra Pradesh during the year 2015-16
120
4.32 Number of Registered Factories in Andhra Pradesh from2004 to 2015
120
4.33(A) District-wise Number of Registered Factories as ondecember 2014
121
4.33(B) District-wise Number of Registered Factories as ondecember2015
121
4.34 Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere 1224.35 A summary of Key Green House Gases 1224.36 Production of Ozone depleting substances from 2010 to
2015123
4.37 Consumption of Ozone depleting substances from 2010 to2015
123
4.38 Noise (Ambient Standards) 1244.39 Land Area and Population affected by one meter sea
level rise124
4.40 Month-wise Average Noise levels in cities/towns of AndhraPradesh during the year 2015-16
124
4.41 Average Noise levels in cities/towns of Andhra Pradeshfrom 2014 to 2016
125
4.42 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health 1254.43 District-wise Rainfall data season-wise during the year
2015-16125-126
4.44 District-wise Annual Average Rainfall from 2013-14 to2015-16
126
4.45 Month-wise Maximum and Minimum Temperature atDifferent Stations -2015
127-128
4.46 Month-wise Humidity & Wind Velocity at DifferentStations-2015
129-132
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5. LITHOSPHERE 133-1735.1 Soil Testing from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1415.2 Seed Testing from 2011-12 to 2015-16 1415.3 Soil Testing Laboratories in Andhra Pradesh 1415.4 Fertilizer Consumption 2014-15 & 2015-16 1425.5 Fertilizers targets and achievements from 2011-12 to
2015-16142
5.6 Utilization of Pesticides in Andhra Pradesh from 2011-12to 2015-16
142
5.7 Classification of Land Utilisation in Andhra PradeshFrom 2011-12 to 2015-16
143
5.8 Information on Rapid Reconnaissance Survey in AndhraPradesh,2015
143
5.9 Area Under High Yielding Varieties in Andhra Pradesh from2012-13 to 2015-16
143
5.10 Percentage Distribution of Seed Replacement from 2011-12to 2015-16
144
5.11 Performance of Crop Production from 2011-12 to 2015-16 1445.12 Area Under Principal Crops from 2011-12 to 2015-16 1455.13 Consumption of Technical Grade Pesticides from 2011-12
to 2015-16146
5.14 District-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical Grade)from 2011-12 to 2015-16
146
5.15 Distribution of Certified Seeds from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1475.16 Production of foundation seeds from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1485.17 Production of Certified Seeds from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1495.18 Achievements Made Under Sericulture Sector from
2011-12 to 2015-16150
5.19 Historical Record of Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh 1515.20 District-wise Mandals declared as Drought Affected Areas
in Andhra Pradesh from 2011-12 to 2015-16151
5.21 Details of Cyclones and Depressions Frequently Recurringin Andhra Pradesh Since 1700 to 2015
152-164
5.22 Details of Damages and Estimated Loss by Cyclone/ HeavyRains and Floods from 1977 to 2015 in Andhra Pradesh
165-168
5.23 Mineral-wise Extent of Lease Granted (Major Minerals)during the year 2015-16 in Andhra Pradesh
169-170
5.24 Mineral-wise Extent of Lease Granted (Minor Minerals)during the year 2015-16 in Andhra Pradesh
171
5.25 Major Mineral Production from 2010-11 to 2015-16in Andhra Pradesh
172
5.26 Minor Mineral Production from 2009-10 to 2015-16in Andhra Pradesh
173
5.27 Consumption of Explosives from 2006-07 to 2008-09in Andhra Pradesh
173
6. HYDROSPHERE 175-2146.1 Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to 2015-16 1936.2 Season-wise Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh from
6.4 District-wise Annual Average Rainfall from 2013-14 to2015-16
195
6.5 District-Wise Status of Mandals According to Rainfallduring 01-06.2015 to 31.05.2016
195
6.6 Water Flows in Streams of Andhra Pradesh during 2015-16 196-1976.7 District-wise Length of Important Rivers in Andhra Pradesh 198-1996.8 District-wise Ground Water Resources Potential And Stage
of Development in Andhra Pradesh -2012-13200
6.9 District-wise Number of Mandals in Different CategoriesBased on Ground Water Resource Status in A.P-2012-13
201
6.10 District-wise Number of Watersheds (Micro Basins) indifferent categories based on Ground Water ResourcesStatus in Andhra Pradesh -2012-13
201
6.11 Catchment Area of Major River Basins 202-2036.12 Use Based classification of surface waters in India 2046.13 River Water Quality during the Year 2015-16 under
(National Water Quality Monitoring Programme(NWMP))205
6.14 River-wise Distribution of Water Quality Sampling Stations-2015-16
206
6.15 Length of Coastline and Area of Coastal Districts 2076.16 Main Activities Along the Coastal Zone in Andhra Pradesh 2076.17 Pollutants and their Impacts on the Marine Environment 2086.18 Biological Water Quality Criteria(BWQC) 2086.19 Sediment Load in Major River Basins,2012-13 2096.20 Water Flow in Stream for Major River Basins 2096.21 Water Discharge at Monsoon & Non-Monsoon in Major River
Basins210
6.22 Water Discharge in Major River Basins 2106.23 Potential Hotspots along the Andhra Pradesh Coast 2116.24 Water Requirement for Various Sectors of Andhra Pradesh 2116.25 Estimated Annual Requirement of Water For Domestic
Purposes including Cattle in A.P., 2026211
6.26 Water Quality Parameters 2126.27 Water Resources Potential in River Basins 2136.28 River Basin-wise Distribution of water quality monitoring
stations213
6.29 Ground water Resource potential as per basin(Prorata basis)
214
6.30 Navigable water ways in Andhra Pradesh 2147. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 215-2487.1 Percentage of Urban Population to total population of
Andhra Pradesh from 1971 to 2011 Census216
7.2 District-wise Population in Andhra Pradesh from1971 to 2011 Census
220
7.3 District-wise Rural and Urban population and Sex Ratio-2011 Census
221
7.4 Infant Mortality Rates in Andhra Pradesh from1984 to 2016
222
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7.5 Expectation of Life at Birth (without Aids) by sex in AndhraPradesh and All India from 2001-05 to 2021-2025
222
7.6 Birth Rate and Death Rate in Andhra Pradesh from1984 to 2016
223
7.7 Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rates by Age Groups inAndhra Pradesh 2011 to 2016
224
7.8 Estimated Age Specific Death Rates by Sex inAndhra Pradesh for the years 2015 and 2016
225
7.9 Municipality-wise Number of Households below PovertyLine in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2001
226-228
7.10 Number of People Below Poverty Line in CombinedAndhra Pradesh and All India 1973-74 to 2011-12
229
7.11 Percentage of Population below poverty line in CombinedAndhra Pradesh and All India from 1973-74 to 2011-12
229
7.12 Households by Source of Latrine facilities in AndhraPradesh as per Census -2011
230
7.13 No. of Households by condition of Census Housesoccupied by the Residents in Andhra Pradesh as perCensus -2011
230
7.14 Households by using Source of Cooking in AndhraPradesh as per Census -2011
230
7.15 Per 1000 Distribution of Households who lived in houses bytype of structure for Combined Andhra Pradesh for theyear 2012
231
7.16 Households by type Drainage facility in Andhra Pradesh asper Census -2011
231
7.17 Occupied Housing Units by Number of Rooms per HousingUnit, Number and percentage ,Total Number of Rooms,Average size of Housing unit and Average No. of Personsin Rural and Urban Areas from 1981 to 2011 Census.
232
7.18 Sources of Drinking Water in Andhra Pradesh as perCensus-2011
233
7.19 Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Waterin Andhra Pradesh as per Census -2011
233
7.20 District-wise Houseless Households and Population as perCensus 2011
233
7.21 District-wise Slum Population of Towns and Cities,2011Census
234-236
7.22 Projected Population By Sex in United Andhra Pradesh from2001 to 2026 (as on 1st March)
237
7.23 Variation in Population of Andhra Pradesh from1901 to 2011 Census
238
7.24 Growth of Population in Andhra Pradesh from1911 to 2011 Census
238
7.25 Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities 2397.26 Garbage Generated and Lifted in Towns/Cities in Andhra
Pradesh –2015-16240-242
7.27 Status of Land Fill Sites 2437.28 Quantities and Waste Generation Rate 2437.29 Waste Characterization 243
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7.30 District-wise Coverage of Drinking Water Sources as on01-04-2016
244
7.31 District-wise Coverage of Rural Habitations as on01-04-2016
244
7.32 Percentage Distribution of Ailment By Age-Group in AndhraPradesh as on June-2004
245
7.33 Status of ward-wise Door to Door Garbage CollectionAchievement for the year 2015-16
246-248
1
OVER VIEW
This Compendium has been prepared under the broad frame work for Development
of Environment Statistics provided by the United Nations Statistics Division and adopted
by the Steering Committee on Environment Statistics setup by Central Statistical
Organisation during 1996 and on the lines of their publication “Compendium of
Environment Statistics India-2016”, the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra
Pradesh is bringing out this “Compendium of Environment Statistics Andhra
Pradesh, 2016” is ninth edition in this series. This provides the data on core parameters
relating to Biodiversity, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Water and Human settlements dividing
into chapters - suitable graphs, charts and photos are included for easy comprehension.
Chapter-1: “Environment Statistics Frame work and Indicators ” deals with the
Concept of Environment, Environment Degradation and impact of development activities
on environment, emissions, discharges, their sources, concerned health hazards and
Revised FDES etc.
Chapter-2: “Development of Environment Statistics in Andhra Pradesh” deals with
Development of Environment Statistics in Andhra Pradesh, which summarizes the activities
of Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board and Environment Protection Training and
Research Institute (EPTRI).
Chapter-3: “Biodiversity” deals with Species Diversity, Genetic Diversity and Ecosystem
Diversity. The section on Flora gives statistics on species diversity and genetic diversity in
Andhra Pradesh, the section on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic habitats in Andhra
Pradesh, estimated number of species, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Deer Parks,
Zoological Parks, Livestock population and Fish production in coastal districts of Andhra
Pradesh and the section on Forests gives information on Forests in Andhra Pradesh.
Chapter–4: “Atmosphere” deals with Air & Transport, Energy, Industry, Greenhouse
gases and Noise. Section, Air & Transport deals with two major sources of atmospheric
pollution, pollutants and their related health hazards. Vehicular emission measures taken
2
to reduce vehicular emissions and Ambient Air Quality monitoring; the section on Energy
gives statistics on installed capacity, generation of power and actual power supply
position, different fuels used for cooking, coal resources in Andhra Pradesh and its
production and renewable energy resources etc., the section on Industries gives
information on registered factories and status of pollution control in industries; the section
on Greenhouse gases gives information on various gases produced and the section on
Noise gives information on the Ambient Noise Standards, Average Noise Levels in cities
and effects of noise pollution on human health.
Chapter-5: “Lithosphere” deals with Land and Soil divided into four sections. This
chapter gives particulars on Land use, Agriculture, Natural Disasters and Mining. The
section on Land use contains land classification in Andhra Pradesh and different land use
patterns in the state; the section on Agriculture contains information on area under
Principal Crops, Crop Production, Agriculture Inputs, Consumption of Pesticides and their
effects on soil; this section on natural disasters contains drought, cyclones and floods; and
the section on Mining contains data of Mines, Production of Minerals, Status of
Afforestation and Consumption of Explosives in Mining.
Chapter-6:” Hydrosphere” deals with water divided into Surface Water, Marine Water
and Ground Water. The section on Surface Water gives information on water quality
status of rivers; the section on Marine Water contains information on length of coast line,
main activities of people in the coastal zone, industrial and sewage discharges to coastal
waters, pollutants and their impact on Marine environment in Andhra Pradesh; and the
section on Ground Water gives information on water resources of ground water.
Chapter-7: “Human settlements” divided into three sections namely, Population &
Poverty, Housing, Basic facilities and Slums. The section on Population & Poverty gives
various statistics on population in Andhra Pradesh and its effect on environmental
degradation and the section on Housing, Basic facilities and Slums contains information on
number of households, their size, number of rooms per housing unit, water supply,
sanitation facilities both in rural and urban areas, houseless population, urbanization
trends, slum population in the state etc.
1.ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS FRAMEWORKAND INDICATORS
1. ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
FRAME WORK AND INDICATORS
Introduction
The objective of Environment Statistics is to provide information about the
environment, its most important changes overtime and across locations, and the main
factors that influence them. Ultimately, environment statistics aim at providing high
quality statistical information to improve knowledge of the environment, to support
evidence-based policy and decision making, and to provide information for the general
public, as well as for specific user groups. Environment statistics are multidisciplinary and
cross-cutting, involving numerous sources and stakeholders.
Environment statistics aggregate, synthesize and structure environmental and
other data according to statistical methods, standards and procedures. It is the role of
environment statistics to process environmental data into meaningful statistics that
describe the state and trends of the environment and the main processes affecting them.
Not all environmental data are used in the production of environment statistics. The FDES
provides a framework that marks out environmental data that fall within its scope and
then structures, synthesizes and aggregates them into meaningful statistics.
The scope of environment statistics covers biophysical aspects of the
environment and those aspects of the human sub-system that directly influence and
interact with the environment. Within this scope, environment statistics describe the
state and changes of environmental conditions, the quality and availability of
environmental resources, the impact of human activities and natural events on the
environment, the impact of changing environmental conditions, as well as the social
actions and economic measures taken by societies to avoid or mitigate these impacts and
to restore and maintain the capacity of the environment to provide the services that are
essential for life and human wellbeing.
Environment statistics support evidence based policy making by enabling the
identification of environmental policy issues and the objective quantification of measures
and impacts of policy initiatives. They strengthen assessments through quantitative
metrics, making analyses more robust through the use of timely and comparable data.
The type, the level of thematic, spatial and temporal aggregation and the format of
environment statistics depend on the type of the user and the intended purpose of use.
The main products of environment statistics are detailed tabulated environment statistics
series, environmental accounts and environmental indicators.
4
Main uses and user Groups of Environment Statistics:
Different users need environment statistics at different levels of aggregation
and depths of information. They may need cross-cutting environment statistics data sets,
for instance regarding climate change. In other cases they may only be interested in
particular topics and themes pertaining to specific sectoral analysis and policy making.
Policy and decision makers, and the general public would tend to use environmental
indicators, whereas researchers, analysts, and experts may be more inclined to look at
extensive and detailed environment statistics. Environment statistics serve a variety of
users, including but not restricted to:
i. Policy and decision makers at all levels
ii. The general public, including media and civil society
iii. Analysts and researchers
iv. Academia and
v. International agencies
The field of environment statistics has no single, overarching, internationally
agreed classification of the environment for statistical purposes. Instead, there are a
number of coexisting and emerging classifications and categorizations for specific subject
areas in environment statistics. These include standardized statistical classifications as
well as less formalized groupings or categories. Some of the classifications and
categories that have been used in the environmental field have not been developed
specifically for statistical purposes, and therefore have to be linked to statistical
classifications
UNSD developed and published in ‘1984’ a Framework for the Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES).’ The FDES sets out the scope of environment statistics by
relating the components of the environment to information categories that are based on
the recognition that environmental problems are the result of human activities and
natural events reflecting a sequence of action, impact, and reaction. Relevant
information, therefore, refers to social and economic activities and natural events, their
effects on the environment, and the responses to these effects by the society. The
contents of the FDES are "statistical topics"; they are those aspects of environmental
concerns that can be subjected to statistical description and analysis. It is a flexible
framework that is used for developing and organizing environmental and related socio-
economic information.
5
The scope of environment statistics include the media of the natural
environment (air, water, land/soil), the biota found within these media, and human
settlements. Within the broad range of subject areas, environment statistics describe the
quality and availability of natural resources, human activities and natural events that
affect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events, and social responses
to these impacts.
Development versus Environment Degradation:
Developmental activities are measured in terms of national products, which in
turn are defined as production of goods and services during accounting period. However,
certain environmental functions, which are crucial for economic performance and
generation of human welfare such as provision of natural resources to production and
consumption activities, waste absorption by environmental media and environmental
services of life support and other human amenities, are taken into account only partly in
conventional accounts. The scarcities of natural resources now threaten the sustained
productivity of the economy and economic production and consumption activities. These
activities impair environmental quality by over loading natural sinks with wastes and
pollutants. The environmental consequence of development tends to offset many benefits
that may be accruing to individuals and societies on account of rising incomes. There are
direct costs on the health of individuals, their longevity and on quality of life on account
of deterioration in environmental quality to mention a few. More importantly, the
environmental damage can also undermine future attainments and productivity, if the
factors of production are adversely affected. Therefore, the private and social costs of the
use of the natural resources and the degradation of the environment may be taken into
account for the sustainable development in the conventional accounts.
Factors affecting Environmental degradation:
1. Destruction of natural resources: Agricultural development and farming activities
contribute, to soil erosion, land salinization and loss of nutrients. The green revolution
and over exploitation of land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides
have increased too many folds resulting in land degradation and water logging.
2. Water pollution and scarcity: Leaching from overuse of pesticides and fertilizers is
an important source of contamination of water bodies.
3. Deforestation: Cutting down trees for making buildings rapid and unplanned
expansion of cities. Infrastructural services such as Energy, Housing, Transport,
Communication and Education result into deforestation.
6
4. Air Pollution: Air pollution is probably one of the most serious environmental
problems confronting our civilization today. Most often, it is caused by human
activities such as mining, construction, transportation, industrial work, agriculture,
smelting, etc. However, natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and wildfires may
also pollute the air, but their occurrence is rare and they usually have a local effect,
unlike human activities that are ubiquitous causes of air pollution and contribute to the
global pollution of the air every single day.
Social Factors
Social factors such as population, Poverty, Urbanizations, Economic Factors
and Institutional Factors are also led to environmental degradation.
1. Population: is an important source of development, yet it is a major source of
environmental degradation when it exceeds the threshold limits of the support systems.
Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources
and production of wastes and is associated with environmental stress like loss of
biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. In view of the
linkages between population and environment, a vigorous drive for population control
need hardly be over emphasized.
2. Poverty: Poverty is said to be both cause and effect of environment degradation.
The circular link between poverty and environment is an extremely complex
phenomenon. Acceleration in poverty alleviation is imperative to break this link between
poverty and the environment.
3. Urbanization: Lack of opportunities for gainful employment in villages and the
ecological stresses is leading to an ever increasing movement of poor families to towns.
Mega cities are emerging and urban slums are expanding. Such rapid and unplanned
expansion of cities has resulted in degradation of urban environment. The result is the
growing trend in deterioration of air and water quality, generation of wastes, the
proliferation slums and undesirable land use changes, all of which contribute to urban
poverty and depleting the precious environmental resource base of the cities.
Economic Factors
1. The level and pattern of economic development also effect the nature of
environment problems. To a large extent, environmental degradation is the result
of market failure that is the non-existing or poorly functioning markets for
environmental goods and services.
7
2. Transport activities have a wide variety of effects on the environment such as air
pollution, noise norm road traffic and oil spills from marine shipping
3. Direct impacts of agricultural development on the environment arise from farming
activities which contribute to soil erosion, land salinization and loss of nutrients.
The spread of green revolution has been accompanied by over exploitation of
land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased
many fold.
Institutional Factors:
1. The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) in the Government is responsible
for protection, conservation and development of environment. Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 is the key legislation governing environment management.
2. There is no effective coordination amongst various Ministries/Institutions regarding
integration of environmental concerns at the inceptions/planning stage of the
project. Current policies are also fragmented across several Government agencies
with differing policy mandates.
3. Although overall quality of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and the
effective implementation of the EIA process have improved over the years,
institutional strengthening measures such as training of key professionals and
staffing with proper technical persons are needed to make the EIA procedure a
more effective instrument for environment protection and sustainable development.
Effects of Environmental degradation:
a. Water pollution and water scarcity: As per the estimation of UN, more than twomillion deaths and billions of illnesses a year are attributable to water pollution. Waterscarcity compounds these health problems. Productivity is affected by the costs ofproviding safe water, by constraints on economic activity caused by water shortages, andby the adverse effects of water pollution and shortages on other environmental resourcessuch as, declining fisheries and acquifer depletion leading to irreversible compaction.
b. Air pollution: As per the estimation of UN, urban air pollution is responsible for300,000—700,000 deaths annually and creates chronic health problems for many morepeople. Restrictions on vehicles and industrial activity during critical periods affectproductivity, as does the effect of acid rain on forests and water bodies.
c. Solid and hazardous wastes: Diseases are spread by uncollected garbage andblocked drains; the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more localized, butoften acute. Wastes affect productivity through the pollution of groundwater resources.
8
d. Soil degradation: Depleted soils increase the risks of malnutrition for farmers.Productivity losses on tropical soils are estimated to be in the range of 0.5-1.5 per cent ofGNP, while secondary productivity losses are due to siltation of reservoirs, transportationchannels and other hydrologic investments.
e. Deforestation: Death and disease can result from the localized flooding caused bydeforestation. Loss of sustainable logging potential and of erosion prevention, watershedstability and carbon sequestration provided by forests are among the productivityimpacts of deforestation.
f. Loss of biodiversity: The extinction of plant and animal species will potentially affectthe development of new drugs; it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and lead to the lossof genetic resources.
g. Atmospheric changes: Ozone depletion is responsible for perhaps 300,000
additional cases of skin cancer a year and 1.7 million cases of cataracts. Global warming
may lead to increase in the risk of climatic natural disasters. Productivity impacts may
include sea-rise damage to coastal investments, regional changes in agricultural
productivity and disruption of the marine food chain.
The impact of environmental disasters can be devastating on the social, economic,and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem.Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the legacyleft to future generations of a clean and supportive environment. Because of theinterdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent,and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects ofenvironmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations andcommunities must work together – at all levels – to lessen the risks associated withenvironmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, andensure that vulnerable people are prepared to survive and adapt. At the same time,companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work isenvironmentally friendly and sustainable.
9
A. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES)INFORMATION CATEGORIES
Agenda21Issues(Clusters)
A. SocioEconomicactivities,
Events
B.Impacts andEffects
C.Responses toImpacts
D.Inventories, Stocks andBackgroundconditions
1 2 3 4 5
EconomicIssues
Real GDP percapita growth
rate
Production andconsumption
patterns
Investment sharein GDP
EDP/Eva percapita
Capitalaccumulation(Environment-ally adjusted)
Environmentalprotection
expenditure as a% of GDP
Environmentaltaxes and
subsidies as % ofGovt. Revenue
Producedcapital stock
Social/Demographic
Issues
Populationgrowth rate
Populationdensity
Urban/ruralmigration rate
Calorie supplyper capita
% of urbanpopulationexposed to
concentrationsof SO2,
particulates,ozone, CO and
Pb
Incidence ofenvironmentallyrelated diseases
Populationliving inabsolutepoverty
Infant mortalityAdult literacy
rate
Combinedprimary
& secondaryschool
Enrollmentratio
Life expectancyat birth
Females per1000 males in
secondaryschool
Air/Climate
Emissions of CO2,SO2 and NOX
Consumption ofozone depleting
substances
Ambientconcentrations
of CO, SO2,NOX, O3 andTSP in urban
areasAir Quality
index
Expenditure onair pollutionabatement
Reduction inconsumption ofsubstances and
emissions
Weather andclimate
conditions
Land/SoilLand use changeLivestock per km2
of arid and semi-arid lands
Use of fertilizers
Use ofagriculturalpesticides
Area affected bysoil erosion
Land affectedby
desertification
Area affected bysalinization andwater logging
Protected area as% of total land
area
Arable land percapita
10
A. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES)INFORMATION CATEGORIES
Agenda21Issues(Clusters)
A. SocioEconomicactivities,
Events
B.Impacts andEffects
C.Responses toImpacts
D.Inventories, Stocks andBackgroundconditions
1 2 3 4 5
Water
Fresh waterresources
Marine WaterResources
Industrial,agricultural and
municipaldischarges
directly into freshwater bodies
Annualwithdrawals of
ground andsurface water
Domesticconsumption ofwater per capita
Industrial,agricultural water
use per GDP
Industrial,agricultural and
municipaldischargesdirectly into
marine waterbodies.
Discharges of oilinto coastal
waters
Concentrationof lead,
cadmium,mercury andpesticides infresh water
bodiesConcentration
of fecal coliformin fresh water
bodiesAcidification of
fresh waterbodies
BOD and CODin fresh water
bodiesWater qualityindex by freshwater bodies
Deviation instock frommaximumsustainable
yield of marinespecies
Loading of N &P in coastal
waters
Waste watertreatment, totaland by type of
treatment (% ofpopulation
served)
Access to safedrinking water
(% of populationServed)
Groundwaterreserves
OtherNatural
Resources
Biologicalresources
Mineral (incl.energy)
resources
Annual roundwood production
Fuel woodconsumption per
capitaCatches of
marine species
Annual energyconsumption per
capita
Extraction ofother mineral
resources
Deforestationrate
Threatened,extinct species
Depletion ofmineral
resources(% of proven
reserves)Lifetime of
proven reserves
Reforestationrate
Protected forestarea as % of
total land area
Forestinventory
Ecosystemsinventory
Fauna and florainventory
Fish stocks
Proven mineralreserves
Proven energyreserves
11
A. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES)INFORMATION CATEGORIES
Agenda21Issues(Clusters)
A. SocioEconomicactivities,
Events
B.Impacts andEffects
C.Responses toImpacts
D.InventoriesStocks andBackgroundconditions
1 2 3 4 5
Waste Municipal wasteDisposal
Generation ofhazardous waste
Imports andexports of
hazardous wastes
Area of landcontaminated
by solidwaste
Expenditure onwaste collectionand treatment
Waste recycling
HumanSettlements
Rate of growth ofurban population% of populationin urban areas
Motor vehicles inuse per 1000
habitants
Area andpopulation in
marginalsettlements
Shelter index% of population
with sanitaryservices
Expenditure onlow-cost housing
Stock of shelterinfrastructure
NaturalDisasters
Frequency ofnatural disasters
Cost andnumber of
injuries andfatalities related
to naturaldisasters
Expenditure ondisaster
prevention andmitigation
Humansettlementsvulnerable to
naturaldisasters
B. Revision of FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS(FDES)
The Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) was
first published in 1984 by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). The 1984, FDES
and subsequent publications have been a useful framework for guiding countries in the
development their environment statistics programmes. During the time since its
publication there have been a number of scientific, political, technological, and statistical
and experience based developments which suggested that the FDES was ready for
revision.
As a consequence, the United Nations Statistical Commission, at its 41st
session (23-26 February 2010), endorsed a work programme and the establishment of an
Expert Group for the revision of the FDES. The members of the Expert Group represented
producers and users of environment statistics of countries from all regions and at
different stages of development, as well as international organizations, specialized
12
agencies and non-governmental organizations. ADG, CSO (SSD) was a member of the
Expert Group.
The Revision Process
The revision was based on an agreed set of criteria and has been supported
by extensive international expert consultation. The 1984 FDES was used as the starting
point. It was revised taking into account the lessons learned during its application in
different countries as well as improved scientific knowledge about the environment and
new requirements created by emerging environmental concerns and policy issues
including major multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). The revision has also
taken into account the increasing prominence of environmental sustainability and
sustainable development issues and concepts. Existing environment statistics and
indicator frameworks were analyzed, including major developments in the field of
environmental-economic accounting and selected thematic developments pertinent to
environment statistics.
The revised FDES is a multipurpose conceptual and statistical framework that
is comprehensive and integrative in nature. It provides an organizing structure to guide
the collection and compilation of environment statistics and to synthesize data from
various subject areas and sources. It is broad and holistic in nature, covering the issues
and aspects of the environment that are relevant for analysis, policy and decision
making. The FDES is structured in a way that allows links to economic and social
domains. Its seeks to be compatible with other frameworks and systems, both statistical
and analytical, such as for instance the System of Environmental- Economic Accounting
(SEEA), the Driving force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response (DPSIR) framework,
and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicator framework. As such, the FDES
facilitates data integration within environment statistics and with economic and social
statistics.
The revised FDES organizes environment statistics into a structure of six
components, each of them broken down into sub-components and statistical topics. The
six components cover (i) environmental conditions and quality; (ii) the availability and
use of environmental resources and related human activities; (iii )the use of the
environment as a sink for wastes and residuals and related human activities;
(iv) extreme events and disasters; (v) human habitat and environmental health; and
(vi) social and economic measures for the protection and management of the
environment. The statistical topics represent the quantifiable aspects of the components
and they are grouped into sub-components, taking into account the types and sources of
the statistics needed to describe them.
13
The revised FDES uses a multi-level approach. The first level of the structure
defines the six fundamental components. Each individual component is further broken
down into its respective sub-components (second level) and statistical topics (third level).
Each level uses numbering conventions. The final level contains the actual individual
environment statistics.
The components, sub-components, statistical topics and individual statistics of
the FDES define the scope and boundaries of environment statistics. They provide an
organizing structure for synthesizing and presenting the information in a comprehensive,
consistent and coherent manner.
India also participated in the Pilot of the Revised FDES and Global
consultation during August-October 2012. The draft revised frame work was also
discussed in a national workshop organized at Hyderabad in September 2012. The
“Compendium of Environment Statistics” will be revised in consistent with the revised UN
frame work after the same is adopted by UN Statistical commission. Accordingly and
other guidelines received from Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi, Directorate
of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada, Amaravati will also revise the
Publication on par with all India.
C. Components and Subcomponents of the FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OFENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES):
Sl. No. Component Sub-component
1 Environmental Conditionsand Quality
1.Physical Conditions2. Land Cover, Ecosystems and Biodiversity3.Environmental Quality
2 Environmental Resourcesand their Use
1.Non-energy Mineral Resources2.Energy Resources3. Land4. Soil Resources5.Biological Resources6. Water Resources
3 Residuals 1. Emissions to Air2. Generation and Management ofWastewater3. Generation and Management of Waste
4 ExtremeEvents and Disasters
1. Natural Extreme Events and Disasters2.Technological Disasters
14
5 HumanSettlements andEnvironmental Health
1. Human Settlements2. Environmental Health
6 Environment Protection,Management andEngagement
1.Environment Protection and ResourceManagement Expenditure
2. Environmental Governance and Regulation3. Extreme Event Preparedness and Disaster
Management4. Environmental Information and Awareness
An Expert Group on Environment Statistics was established in December 2013.
India is also a member of the Expert Group. The first meeting of the Expert Group was
held in March 2014. The Expert Group discussed the outline of the Methodological Manual
for the Core Set of Environment Statistics. The process of adapting the revised FDES will
be started after UNSD finalize the Methodological Manual and subsequent capacity
development.
15
TABLE - 1.1SOME IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON ENVIRONMENT
Sl.No.
DevelopmentActivities
Major ImpactsOn Environment
1. 2. 3.
1.Forest Clearingand landresettlements
Climate change in terms of meteorological parameterssuch as precipitation, temperature, humidity, Evaporation,Wind and extinction of rare species of Flora and Fauna,creation of condition for mosquito breeding leading toinfectious diseases such as Malaria, Dengue and ChickenGunya etc.
2.
Shiftingcultivation inUplandAgriculture
Soil erosion in upland areas, soil fertility declines due toshorter cultivation cycle, which is practiced due to populationpressure, flooding of low land areas. The problems could beresolved by terraced cultivation.
3. Agro Industries
Air Pollution due to burning of bagasse as fuel in sugarmills, large amount of highly polluting organic wastes, surfacewater pollution.
4.Introductionof new varietiesof cereals
Reduction of genetic diversity of traditional throughmonoculture resulting in instability, danger of multiplication oflocal strains of fungus, bacteria or virus on new variety.
5. Use of Pesticides
Organism develops resistance and new control methodsare needed (e.g. in Malaria, wide spread use of dieldrin as aprophylactic agent against pests of oil palms made the problemworse), creation of complex and wide spread environmentproblems. The pesticides used in agriculture some times gointo food chain or in water bodies which may result in harmfulhealth hazards.
6.Timberextraction
Degrades land, destroys surface soil, reduces productionpotential of future forests.
7.Urbanization
Concentration of Population in urban centers makes hugedemands on production in rural areas and put pressures onland, air and water pollution.
8. Industrialisation Heat-island effect and consequently increased energy use.
9.
Water resourceprojectse.g., Dam,ExtensiveIrrigation
Human settlement and resettlement, spread of water borndiseases, reduction of fisheries, siltation, physical changese.g., Heat-island effect and consequently increased energyuse.
16
TABLE - 1.2LOCAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
LocalEffects Regional Over Marine water
and Continents Global
1. 2. 3. 4.● Heavy metals in air,soil, water and plantse.g., from industrialemissions and discharges,● Noise,● Smell,● Air pollution,●Urbanization & heatIsland affect
● Eutrophication● Contaminants inthe soil and
water●Landscapechange due tomining oragriculture.
● Eutrophication● Acidification● Environment
Contamination dueto radioactivity
● ClimateChanges,Ozone
depletion.
TABLE - 1.3
WATER BORN DISEASES AND THEIR CAUSATIVE ORGANISMSl. No. Name of the Disease Causative Organism
Fatal in case of large dose: aggravates heartdisorders; affects central nervous system;impairs oxygen carrying capacity of blood
2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)(from diesel vehicles) Irritation of respiratory tract
3. Ozone
Eye, Nose and Throat irritation; riskasthmatics, children and those involved inheavy exercise
4. Lead(from petrol vehicles)
Extremely toxic; affects nervous system andblood; can impair mental development inchildren, causes hypertension to a limitedextent battery industries, Vaccines, coatingson fruits etc
5.Hydrocarbons(mainly from 2-wheelersand 3-wheelers)
Drowsiness, eye irritation and coughing
6. Benzene Carcinogenic
7. Aldehydes
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat, sneezing,coughing, nausea, breathing difficulties;carcinogenic in animals
2. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICSIN ANDHRA PRADESH
19
2. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICSIN ANDHRA PRADESH
INTRODUCTION
The whole world has now realized the threat to its precious environment due
to depletion of natural resources and growing pace of degradation of the environment.
It is necessary to develop an efficient Environmental Statistical System in the country
which can meet the growing demand of various Governmental agencies,
environmentalists and general public for data on various aspects of environment. The
Directive Principles of State Policy, an integral and significant element of Constitution of
India contains provisions, which reflect the commitment of the state to protect the
environment with regard to forests and wildlife. After the historic Stockholm Conference
on Environment held in 1972, the committee was gradually upgraded into a Department
of Environment in 1980 and five years later a full-fledged Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF) of the Govt. of India. The Andhra Pradesh Govt. also followed this
example by establishing its own Dept. of Environment to address the rapidly increasing
policy initiatives and programmes in the environment and forests sectors.
Ministry of Environment and Forests has engaged itself in the task of
managing states environment by focusing on the development of important
administrative tools and techniques, impact assessment, research, collection and
dissemination of environmental information. However, environment being a multi-
disciplinary subject involving complex subjects like Biodiversity, Atmosphere, Water,
Land & Soil and Human Settlements, it seemed difficult to collect and analyze data on
these parameters and develop interrelationships among them. Therefore, it became
necessary to develop an efficient statistical system on environment that could meet the
growing demand of data on various aspects of environment by the various Governmental
agencies, environmentalists and general public.
Setting up of Environment Statistics unit in State Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Vijayawada, AP:
Recognizing the importance of Environment Statistics as an emerging area,
the subject was first discussed in the 5th conference of Central and State Statistical
Organizations (COCSSO) held at New Delhi in 1981. The Conference recommended the
need for developing an appropriate environment statistical system in the country. On
the recommendation of the 7th Conference of Central and State Statistical Organizations
held in 1985, a multi disciplinary working group comprising Department of Environment,
Central Statistical Organization (CSO), State Directorates of Economics and Statistics
20
and other concerned Central and State organizations and research institutions involved
in the related subjects was set up in CSO under the Chairmanship of its Director General
in July 1986. The Working Group in its report submitted in 1990 by a suggested
provisional list of variables for frame work for development of Environment Statistics.
The group also suggested a few variables on which data needed to be collected on
priority basis.
The Central Statistics Office brought out Sixteen issues of the publication
entitled “Compendium of Environment Statistics” from 1997 to 2016 presenting available
data relating to environment of the country. Basing on the guidelines of the CSO, New
Delhi, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh has also been bringing
out the same publication from 2006 to 2016.
Natural Resource Accounting
The economy draws inputs from the environment. These consist of natural
resources, both non-renewable and renewable including mineral resources, timber and
non-timber forest produce, aquatic resources, and also the ecosystem services viz.
recycling of nutrients and supply of clean air and water necessary for sustaining life.
Besides, economy also uses the environment as a sink for dumping unwanted wastes
generated in industrial and other anthropogenic activities.
The conventional accounting [System of National Accounting (SNA)] though
operates in natural environment, hardly takes into account the environmental
components and the goods and services they contribute to the economic development.
Rather, it is entirely based on monetary considerations, which if dealt in isolation may
prove disastrous, both to the economy as well as to the environment. Hence, links
between economy and environment have to be properly understood and appreciated in
order to achieve sustainable development of the society. There is an urgent need to
generate data on environmental goods and services and their valuation in economic
terms, so that information generated can be used for proper policy formulation to
achieve overall sustainable development of the society.
As a result, concept of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting
(IEEA) has emerged on the initiative of the United Nations. The main objectives of
integrated environmental accounting are segregation and elaboration of all
environmental and economic accounts, linkages of physical resource accounts with
monetary environmental accounts and balance sheets, assessments of environmental
21
costs, benefits and accounting for the maintenance of the tangible wealth. It is, thus, a
complete accounting procedure for environmental assets. The IEEA later revised and
termed by UNSD namely, London Group as “System for Environmental and Economic
Accounting” (SEEA) taking into consideration the contributions of the environment to the
economy and the impacts of the economy on the environment.
Much of the work was done by the London Group on Environmental and
Natural Resources Accounting, through a review process that started in 1998. SEEA 2003
provides a common framework for economic and environmental accounting, permitting a
consistent analysis of contribution of environment to the economy and of the impact of
the economy on the environment. It is intended to meet the needs of policy makers by
providing indicators and descriptive statistics to monitor the interaction between the
economy and the environment as well as serving as a tool for strategic planning and
policy analysis to identify more sustainable development paths.
However, data on environmental components and the goods and services
rendered by them, and their valuation in economic terms required for Environmental
Accounting are lacking in various areas like Land, Water, Air, Energy, Agriculture, Forest,
Mining, Industry etc. At present, in the fast changing environmental and economic
scenario, data pertaining to various natural resources are highly desirable for proper
policy formulation for sustainable development.
Natural Resource Accounting in System of Environmental Economic Accounting
(SEEA) and Implementation of Natural Resource Accounting (NRA)
The SEEA 2003, revision of SEEA 1993, represented a considerable step
forward in terms of breadth of material and harmonization of concepts, definitions, and
methods in environmental and economic accounting. Although SEEA 2003 was never
formally adopted as an international statistical standard, it, however, provided a well
accepted and robust framework for the compilation of environmental and economic
accounts. Another revision process of SEEA 2003 was started in 2007 with the aim of
adopting SEEA as an international statistical standard. This latest version comprise three
parts, the main one being SEEA Central Framework.
The System of Environmental–Economic Accounting(SEEA) Central Framework
is a multi-purpose, conceptual framework that describes the interactions between the
economy and the environment, the stocks and changes in stocks of environmental
assets. This is a system that has been developed under the aegis of the UN Statistical
Commission to explicitly account for the environment at the macro level. The current
22
version of the SEEA builds on previous 1993 and 2003 revisions. The 43rd Session of the
UN Statistical Commission formally accepted the SEEA Central framework as an
international statistical standard in 2012. The SEEA allows us to examine various issues
at the macro level such as resource efficiency and productivity indicators, decomposition
analysis, analysis of net wealth and depletion, sustainable production and consumption,
structural input-output analysis and general equilibrium modeling, consumption based
input-output analysis and footprint techniques, analysis using geospatially referenced
data etc.
The SEEA Central Framework provides a structure to compare and contrast
source data and allows the development of aggregates, indicators and trends across a
broad spectrum of environmental and economic issues. Particular examples include the
assessment of trends in the use and availability of natural resources, the extent of
emissions and discharges to the environment resulting from economic activity, and the
amount of economic activity undertaken for environmental purposes.
The SEEA Central Framework represents a melding of many disciplines and
brings together, in a single measurement system, information on water, minerals,
energy, timber, fish, soil, land and ecosystems, pollution and waste, production,
consumption and accumulation. It is designed to be applicable across all countries,
regardless of their level of economic and statistical development, their economic
structure, or the composition of their environment.
In addition to the SEEA Central Framework, two related parts are being
developed:
SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounts and
SEEA Extensions and Applications.
The SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounts (which is under preparation)
describes both the measurement of ecosystems in physical terms and the valuation of
ecosystems in so far as it is consistent with market valuation principles, noting that only
those issues for which broad consensus has emerged will be included. In accounting
terms, many of the structures for ecosystem accounting will be drawn from the
structures in the SEEA Central Framework and, in this regard, the accounting
conventions of the SEEA Central Framework will be applied consistently. SEEA
Extensions and Applications will present various monitoring and analytical approaches
that could be adopted, and will describe ways in which SEEA data can be used to inform
policy analysis which will be useful for official statisticians, researchers and policy
makers. This part of SEEA will not be a statistical standard.
23
The SEEA Central Framework adopts slightly different terminology in relation
to environmental assets compared to the SNA. In the SNA, the term “Natural Resources”
is used to cover natural biological resources (e.g. timber and aquatic resources), mineral
and energy resources, water resources and land, whereas in the SEEA Central
Framework, land is separated from natural resources recognizing its distinct role in the
provision of space. Further, in the SNA, land and soil resources are considered as a
single asset type whereas in the SEEA Central Framework, these are recognized as
separate assets highlighting the role of land in the provision of space. Soil resources are
included as part of natural resources. The valuation of environmental assets is a complex
measurement task. The SEEA Central Framework adopts the same market price
valuation principles as the SNA. However, since observable market prices are usually not
available for environmental assets, the same need to be treated differently.
Both the SEEA Central Framework and the SNA recognize the change in the
value of natural resources that can be attributed to depletion. In the SNA, the value of
depletion is shown in the other changes in the volume of assets account alongside flows
such as catastrophic losses and uncompensated seizures. Thus, it is not recognized as a
cost against the income earned by enterprises extracting natural resources. In the SEEA
Central Framework, the value of depletion of is considered to be a cost against income
and hence, in the sequence of economic accounts, depletion adjusted balancing items
and aggregates are defined which deduct depletion from the measures of value added,
income and savings. The depletion deduction is made in addition to the deduction of CFC
for the cost of using fixed assets which is already deducted from measures of value
added, income and saving in the SNA. Depending on the arrangements underpinning the
ownership of specific natural resource, this differing treatment of depletion in SEEA
Central Framework may require additional entries in the sequence of economic accounts
at an institutional sector level.
Implementation of Natural Resource Accounting (NRA)/ System of
Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA)
In order to develop sector-wise uniform methodology for NRA, the MOSPI
commissioned eight studies to specialized institutes. These studies covered the sectors
viz. land, forests, air, water and mines in eight states.
SEEA prescribes two valuation methods viz., maintenance cost method and non
market valuation by stated and revealed preference methods. In fact, the projects
undertaken by CSO provided case studies using both these methods. The non-market
valuation methods used were hedonic prices method, household health production
24
function method, travel cost method etc. Also some of these studies attempted to make
estimates of maintenance cost at the sector and regional levels. The sectors covered
were thermal power generation, urban transport, industrial management, forests, land
and exhaustible resource of coal.
The efforts are on to build up a sector-wise framework for NRA through a
Technical Advisory Committee under CSO headed by Dr. Kirit Parikh, Former Member,
Planning Commission involving the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS),
Hyderabad.
An ‘Expert Group on Green National Accounting’ was constituted in August,
2011 under the Chairmanship of Prof. Partha Dasgupta, Professor Emeritus, Cambridge
University, UK with a mandate to (a) to develop a frame work for ‘Green National
Accounts’ for India keeping in view of the previous work done on the subject, including
the findings of the studies award to CESS, Hyderabad, (b) to identify the data
requirements for the implementation of the recommended framework, and (c) to develop
a road map for the implementation of the framework.
This Expert Group on Green National Accounting for India held three meetings
in August 2011, April 2012 and December 2012. The expert Group is submitted its report
in March, 2013 to the Government.
The MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) is planning to re-structure
the environmental Departments under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. A draft
notification was circulated for comments. The name given to the new structure is
“National Environmental protection Authority in which National Green Tribunal”.
Constitution of A.P. Pollution Control Board:
The A.P. Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is a statutory authority entrusted to
implement environmental laws and rules within the jurisdiction of the State of Andhra
Pradesh, India. The Board ensures proper implementation of the statutes, judicial and
legislative pronouncements related to environmental protection within the state. The
Board was constituted on 24-01-1976 after the state legislature adopted the Water Act
on 20-7-1975. The Board was initially named “A.P. State Board for Prevention and
Control of Pollution”. The Board was re-named as Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control
Board (APPCB) after the entrustment of additional responsibility of Air (Prevention and
Control Pollution) Act 1981.
The APPCB has been implementing the following Acts and Rules in the state:
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1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. This act was amended
in 1988.
2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977. The Act was
amended in 1992 and again in 2003.
3. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and amended in 1987
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This Act was amended in 1991.
5. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling)1989. Thereafter the Rules
were amended twice in the years 2000 and 2003.
6. The Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989. The Act
was amended in 2000.
7. The Chemical Accidents (Emergency, Planning, Preparedness and Responsive)
Rules, 1996.
8. The Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and amended
in 2003.
9. Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016.
10. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
11. The Fly Ash Notification, 1999.
12. The e-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011.
13. The Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016.
14. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001. Amended to these rules
on 04-05-2010.
15. The Ozone Depleting Substances (regulation and control )Rules,2001. The rules
are amended in 2014.
16. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.
17.National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
18. The Noise Pollution(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
The Section 4 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and
Section 5 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Provide the State
Government the right to constitute the State Pollution Control Boards in the respective
States. As per the said provisions of the Acts, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control
Board comprises the Chairman, Member Secretary and fifteen other members nominated
by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The members of the board may include the
representatives of the Government, Local Authorities, and Technical and Scientific
community.
The entire Organisation is headed by the Chairman; and Member Secretary is the
executive head of the AP Pollution Control Board working under the directions of the
26
Board and Chairman, vested with the powers as defined by the Board. Other Senior
Officers of APPCB report to the Member Secretary.
Control of Industrial Pollution:
The Board has been regulating industrial pollution in the state through
consent management, actions of task force, night surveillance and implementation of
action points of Character on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection
(CREP).
All the industrial activities have been categorized into Red, Orange and Green.
The Board has identified 5161 industries under Red, Orange and Green categories. The
Ministry of Environment and Forests(MoE&F, GOI) has issued Environment Impact
Assessment(EIA)-2006 notification indicating the list of projects/ activities that require
Environmental Clearance from the MoE&F, GOI and State level Environment Impact
Assessment Authority(SEIAA) under the Provisions of Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 and its amendments thereof. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has notified 66
Categories of SSI polluting industries. The SSI industries other than these 66 categories
are required to obtain an acknowledgement from Industries Department to serve the
purpose of Consent of the Board. The Board has taken initiative for effective
implementation of charter for Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection in 17
categories of highly polluting industries located in the State.
Common Effluent Treatment Plant:
There is a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) operating at Ramky
Pharmacity, Parawada in Visakhapatnam district.
Hazardous Waste Management:
Due to rapid growth of Industrialization, there is a substantial generation of
Hazardous waste in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Govt. of India issued Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and
amended in the year 2000, 2003 and 2008. It is mandatory on the part of every
hazardous waste generating unit to collect, treat and dispose of hazardous waste safely.
The Board has identified 1,723 hazardous industries under Hazardous waste
Management (Management and Handling) Rules and issued authorizations. Total
quantity of hazardous waste generated from the industries in the state is estimated to be
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2,98,397 Metric Tons Per Annum (MTA), out of which the disposable waste is 1,22,500
MTA, recyclable waste is 1,62,168 MTA and incinerable waste is 13,729 MTA. Common
Hazardous waste incinerator was installed at Pharma city with a capacity of 1.5 TPH for
incineration of Hazardous waste. Three task forces (Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, and
Kurnool) have been established to enquire into public complaints, inspecting problematic
industries/ hot spots. An incinerator was established in July, 2008 with a capacity of 1.5
TPH at Perwada, Visakhapatnam.
Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities:
If the Hazardous waste is not collected and disposed off efficiently and
effectively, it pollutes surface water, ground water resources and degrades land.
Therefore development of suitable technologies for utilization / disposal of waste are
essential to minimize adverse environmental health effects.
Management of recyclable Hazardous waste:
The recyclable waste generated by various industries are being recycled /
recovered with the industries to certain extent. Some of the waste is recycled.
Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W.) Management:
With the enormous increasing urbanization and agglomeration and rising level
of municipal solid waste, there is an urgent need to evolve scientific approaches to the
management of municipal solid waste. The Govt. of India has notified Municipal Solid
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 under Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 to regulate management and handling of municipal solid waste. The salient
features of Rules are:
Collection of waste by organizing Door-to-Door collection system or
community bins
Segregation and storage waste by adopting three bin system
Transportation of waste in covered vehicles
Establishment of processing facilities
Construction of Sanitary landfill facilities
In the 110 Municipalities /Municipal Corporations located in the state, 10
Municipal Waste Processing Plants are grounded/awarded in 2015-16 with capacity of
4,515 TPD.
28
Municipal Sewage Management:
The total sewage plants under operation are 21 with capacity of 294 MLD and 8
plants are under construction with 183.5 MLD in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2015-16.
The sewage Quantity needs updating based on the amount of water extracted
from bore-wells. As per STPs are concerned, majority of them are not functioning.
Government is enthusiastic to install STPs by spending crores of rupees but least
bothered on operation.
Plastic Waste Management:
Govt. of India has notified Plastic Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules 1998
under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 to regulate plastic usage.
Salient features of the Rules are as follows:
Govt. of India notified Recycled Plastics (Manufacture & Usage) Rules 1999
under Environmental Protection Act to regulate the manufacture and usage of
recycled plastic bags and containers. These rules came into force w.e.f.
02.09.1999.
These Rules were amended in 2003 and named as the Plastics Manufacture,
Sale and Usage Rules 1999.
As per the above Rules, the prescribed authority for enforcement of the
provisions related to manufacture and recycling shall be State Pollution
Control Boards and for enforcement of the provisions related to use,
collection, segregation, transportation and disposal shall be the District
Collector of the concerned District.
As per Rule - 4 of the Plastics Rules:
i) No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell carry bags made of
virgin or recycled plastic bags which are less than 8 x 12 inches (20 x 30
cms.) in size and less than 20 microns thickness.
ii) No vendor shall use carry bags made of recycled plastic for storing,
carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs.
iii)No vendor shall use containers made of recycled plastic for storing,
carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs.
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 issued by Ministry of
Environment and Forests:
It replaces the earlier Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
(amended in 2003). These Rules have been brought out following detailed discussions
29
and consultations with a wide spectrum of stakeholders including civil society, industry
bodies, relevant Central Government Ministries and State Governments.
It is impractical and undesirable to impose a blanket ban on the use of plastic
all over the country. The real challenge is to improve municipal solid waste management
systems. In addition to the privatization and mechanization of the municipal solid waste
management systems we must be sensitive to the needs and concerns of the lakhs of
people involved in the informal sector.
The new Rules are ban on use of plastic materials in sachets for storing,
packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and pan masala, no food stuffs will be allowed to be
packet in recycled plastics or compostable plastics, recycled carry bags to have specific
BIS standards, colour to the prescription by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS),
uniform thickness shall not be less than 40 microns in carry bags etc.,
The new Rules require the municipal authority to constructively engage
agencies or groups working in waste management including these waste pickers. This is
the very first time that such a special dispensation has been made.
The Municipal authority shall be responsible for setting up, operationalisation
and coordination of the waste management system and for performing the associated
functions, This include to ensure safe collection, storage, segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of plastic waste:, no damage to the environment during this
process, setting up of the collection centers for plastic waste involving manufacturers, its
channelization to recyclers: to create awareness among all stakeholders about their
responsibilities , and to ensure that open burning of plastic waste is not permitted.
Implementation of Plastic Units
The APPCB identified86 plastic units in the state and issued registrations to 64
plastic units and regularly monitoring the units for compliance with the plastic Rules and
22 units are not functioning. APPCB conducts awareness programmes among public of
the issue of management of plastics.
Bio Medical Waste (BMW) Management:
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, notified the Bio
Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 Under the Environment
30
(Protection) Act 1986, through Gazette Notification S.O.630 (E). These rules regulate
the generation, handling, collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of BMW.
The same is segregated at source as per the Bio Medical Waste Rules and transported
through special vehicles to Bio Medical Waste Treatment facilities.
Compliance of Health Care Units during 2014-15:
According to the provisions of Bio-Medical Wastes (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998 and its amendments, it was clearly mentioned that the generator of the Bio
Medical Waste (i.e. the occupier of the healthcare units) is solely responsible for the
treatment of BMW generated from their units.
Most of the HCEs except primary health centers / CHCs located in rural areashave obtained authorization from APPCB. The Board is issuing Authorization to the HCESduly stipulating conditions for proper management handling and disposal of BMW. TheAuthorizations are being granted for a period for a period of three years, including aninitial trial period of one year. The APPCB is encouraged establishment of Common BioMedical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBMWTFs) for safe disposal of BMW< as installationof individual treatment facilities by small HCEs are not only economical but also addnoxious gases to air if not properly treated. The HCEs in the state are sending the biomedical waste to the Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities within 48 hours.There are 10 (ten) Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBMWTFs) locatedin the State for safe disposal of bio medical waste (Table-2.7).
The performance evaluation study of CBMWTFs by EPTRI which is engaged by
APPCB is completed and shortfalls observed by M/s EPTRI were communicated to the
respective CBMWTFs to make improvements. The E-Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 2011 came into effect from 1st May, 2012. The APPCB has issued notices to all the
major e-waste generation/ produces, major consumers/ bulk consumers to send their e-
waste to the authorized recyclers. EPTRI has conducted an inventorisation of e-waste in
Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
Andhra Pradesh Cleaner Production Cell (APCPC):
The Board has established a separate Cleaner Production Cell in the year 1998
to promote cleaner production and waste minimization techniques in industries. The CP
Grand Total 1,60,205 23,372.98 9,455.24 352.00VDF- Very Dense Forest MDF-Moderately Dense Forest OF- Open Forest NF- Non ForestSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
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TABLE - 3.11CIRCLE-WISE GROWING STOCK IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2012 ASSESSMENT
Sl.No.
Nameof theCircle
DenseTotal
Volume
Open totalVolume
ScrubTotal
Volume
TotalVolume
CircleAverage
(per Hect.)
(in Million Cu. M) (in Cu. M)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Visakhapatnam 29.55 6.12 2.33 38.02 57.85
2. Rajahmundry 35.84 3.84 0.27 39.94 60.45
3. Guntur 8.34 2.32 0.25 10.91 17.99
4. Kurnool 8.00 2.25 0.47 10.72 19.28
5. FDPT Srisailam 8.54 2.03 0.31 10.88 27.85
6. Ananthapuramu 2.19 1.59 0.47 4.25 10.53
7. WLM Tirupathi 7.76 3.92 0.21 11.88 28.51
ANDHRA PRADESH 100.22 22.07 4.31 126.60 34.30
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.12DISTRICT-WISE DOR & UDOR CASES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION IN TEAK
BEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2015-16
DOR - Defected Offence Record, UDOR- Un Defected Offence Record.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance (Protection) Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.14CIRCLE-WISE ENCROACHMENTS,WILDLIFE POACHING CASES UNDER FOREST
PROTECTION IN TEAK BEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESHFOR THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theCircle
Details of Encroachments(out of DOR & UDOR Cases)
Details of Wildlife/Poaching cases(out of DOR & UDOR Cases)
3. Bamboo- Long Bamboo (Nos.) 6,34,690 8,42,074 7,95,388 6,73,961
4. Cashew (MT) 213 210 184 -
5. Coffee (MT) 548 755 358.437 321.67
6. Pepper (MT)15 37 2.80 6.42
* - Harvesting of Eucalyptus Plantations during 2014-15 season was not taken up as thesale of resultant pulpwood is deferred due to bifurcation of the State.
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
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TABLE - 3.20
TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER AFFORESTATIONIN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEARS FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
Sl. No. Year Details Achievements
1. 2. 3. 4.
1.
2011-12
Block Plantation in Hects. 170.11
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 531.83
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,354.92
1.
2012-13
Block Plantation in Hects. 965.00
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 347.00
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,980.05
1.
2013-14
Block Plantation in Hects. 392.28
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 775.50
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,942.62
1.
2014-15
Block Plantation in Hects. 100.00
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 613.00
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 2,212.73
1.
2015-16
Block Plantation in Hects. 4,354.60
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 759.75
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,206.20Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
Total 980 759 1739 986 655 1641SVZP – Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Tirupati.IGZP – Indhira Gandhi Zoological Park, Visakhapatnam.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.26NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, DEER PARKS, ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16(As on 31.3.2016)
Sl.No.
Name of theDistrict
National parks Wild lifesanctuaries Deer parks Zoological
Grand Total 9455.24 3708.07 373.08 36909.38VDF: Very Dense Forest; MDF: Moderately Dense Forest; OF: Open Forest; SF: Scrub Forest;NF: Non Forest & WB: Water Bodies.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
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TABLE -3.30MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 2009-10 TO 2015-16(₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No Species 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
of mercury (symbol Hg). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg (1.135×1019 lb),
about 2.5% less than would be inferred naively from the average sea level pressure and
the Earth's area of 51007.2 mega hectares, this defect having been displaced by the
Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above
unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with
location and time, because the amount of air above the Earth's surface varies.
If atmospheric density were to remain constant with height the atmosphere
would terminate abruptly at 8.50 km (27,900 ft). Instead, density decreases with height,
dropping by 50% at an altitude of about 5.6 km (18,000 ft). As a result the pressure
decrease is approximately exponential with height, so that pressure decreases by a
factor of two approximately every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) and by a factor of e = 2.718…
approximately every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the latter being the average scale height of
Earth's atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, because of changes in
temperature, average molecular weight, and gravity throughout the atmospheric
column, the dependence of atmospheric pressure on altitude is modelled by separate
equations for each of the layers listed above. Even in the exosphere, the atmosphere is
still present. This can be seen by the effects of atmospheric drag on satellites.
In summary, the equations of pressure by altitude in the above references
can be used directly to estimate atmospheric thickness. However, the following published
data are given for reference:
50% of the atmosphere by mass is below an altitude of 5.6 km
(18,000 ft).
90% of the atmosphere by mass is below an altitude of 16 km (52,000 ft).
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The common altitude of commercial airliners is about 10 km (33,000 ft)
and Mt. Everest's summit is 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.
Density of air
The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m3 (1.2 g/L). Density is not
measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and
humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric
density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately
modelled using the barometric formula. More sophisticated models are used to predict
orbital decay of satellites.
The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 1015) tonnes
or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the National Centre for Atmospheric
Research, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 1018 kg with an annual
range due to water vapour of 1.2 or 1.5 × 1015 kg depending on whether surface
pressure or water vapour data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate.
The mean mass of water vapour is estimated as 1.27 × 101 kg and the dry air mass as
5.1352 ±0.0003 × 1018 kg."
Emission (electromagnetic radiation)
Emission is the opposite of absorption; it is when an object emits radiation.
Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black
body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter
wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example,
the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near
500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. The Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C;
62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to
humans.
Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For
example, on clear nights the Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights.
This is because clouds (H2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This
is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The atmosphere acts as a
"blanket" to limit the amount of radiation the Earth loses into space.
The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission (or
"blanket") effect. Some chemicals in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation,
88
but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these
chemicals are CO2 and H2O. If there are too much of these greenhouse gases, sunlight
heats the Earth's surface, but the gases block the infrared radiation from exiting back to
space. This imbalance causes the Earth to warm, and thus climate change.
Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric Circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means
(with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around the Earth. The large-scale
structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure
remains fairly constant as it is determined by the Earth's rotation rate and the difference
in solar radiation between the equator and poles.
Currently, anthropogenic greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this increase is the main
cause of global warming.
Global warming
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's
near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation.
According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C
(1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 20th century. Most of the observed temperature increase
since the middle of the 20th century was caused by human activity such as fossil fuel
burning, deforestation land uses etc. Global dimming, a result of increasing
concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from reaching the surface,
has partially countered the effects of greenhouse gas induced warming.
Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances
including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's
atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and also death of humans; it may also
cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage
the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both
generate air pollution.
Air pollution is a major problem that has been recognized throughout the
world for hundreds of years. Air pollution stems from gases and airborne particles which,
89
in excess, are harmful to human health, buildings and ecosystems. APPCB 338 Air
pollution industries provided the stack monitoring equipment and 126 units installed
continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations. This will help to watch the status of
air pollution of the unit from time to time.
Main Sources of Atmospheric Pollution:
1. The combustion of fuels to produce energy for heating and power
generation both in domestic and industrial sectors.
2. The exhaust emissions from the transport vehicles that use petrol, diesel
oil, etc.
3. Waste gases, dust and heat from many industrial sites including chemical
manufacturers, electrical power generating stations, etc.
4. Burning wood and other fuels for heating and cooking.
5. Agricultural burning, land clearing and other man-made fires; and
6. Natural sources, including volcanoes, Forest fires and dust storms.
Environmental factors have emerged as a major cause of global increase in
illness and deaths. Mosquito which causes malaria, the most deadly of insect borne
tropic diseases is claiming millions of people annually throughout the world. 23 percent
of global diseases could be associated with environmental factors. An estimated 95
percent of tuberculosis sufferers are from the developing world. It is prevalent in poor
rural regions producing recurrent inspection.
Due to exposure to climate change, air pollution both outdoor and indoor,
ambient air quality and waterborne diseases claims huge lives, due to lack of adequate
water supply and sanitation. Environmental quality has been an issue of concern in the
back drop of increasing urbanization, industrial and vehicular pollution as well as
pollution of water courses due to discharge of effluents without confirming to the
environmental norms and standards. Realizing the trend of pollution in various
environmental media like air, water and soil, MoEF, Govt. of India adopted policy for
abatement of pollution which provides strategies in the form of regulations and
legislations.
Air pollution and the resultant air quality can be attributed to emissions from
vehicles, industrial and domestic activities. The air quality has been therefore an issue of
social concern in the back drop of various development activities. The norms for ambient
air quality and industry specific emissions have been notified. Air quality monitoring
stations have been installed. Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and respirable
suspended particulate matter are being monitored by the Pollution Control Board;
90
besides additional parameters for other toxic trace matters and also hydrocarbons are
also being monitored.
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is monitoring the ambient air
quality in the state of Andhra Pradesh under two programmes.
1. National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP)
2. State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM)
In addition to the above, ambient air quality is monitored daily in cities
covering traffic junctions, commercial and sensitive areas in the peak areas for 8 hours.
Monitoring of ambient air quality under National Air Monitoring Program
(NAMP):
To assess the ambient air quality of the country, Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) has sponsored the NAMP. This program is being carried out in all the
states of the country. The monitoring agencies include Government departments,
scientific and technical organizations, private institutes, state pollution control boards
etc. The data generated from these stations shall be submitted to the CPCB by 10th of
every month. CPCB has also established National Environmental Data Bank (EDB). The
data generated from the NAMP station shall be fed into the EDB on monthly basis for all
stations. There are 25 NAMP stations sanctioned by CPCB to APPCB and are in operation.
The NAMP stations cover 13 districts of the state. Under the NAMP, four air pollutants
viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate matter and
respirable suspended particulate matter have been identified for regular monitoring at all
locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind
direction, relative humidity, pressure and temperature was also integrated with the
monitoring of air quality.
State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM):
The monitoring is carried out twice in a fortnight for 24 hours with 8 hourly
frequency of sampling. The monitoring of these stations is purely managed by the APPCB
funds. The APPCB is monitoring network of 4 (four) stations in Andhra Pradesh state.
Environment Pollution due to Energy Use:
Air pollution is due to burning of fossil fuels. The household sector is the
largest consumer of energy in India. Wood is the fossil fuel for cooking. More than 60%
of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy like fuel wood, dung and
crop residue for meeting their cooking and heating needs. Burning of traditional fuels
introduces large quantities of CO2 when the combustion is complete, but if there is
incomplete combustion and oxidation, then carbon monoxide (CO) is produced, in
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addition to hydrocarbons. The combustion of various fuels, namely, coal, oil, nuclear etc.
in industries and vehicles has been a major source of pollution. Coal production through
opencast mining, its supply to and consumption in power stations and industrial boilers
leads to particulate and gaseous pollution which can cause pneumoconiosis, bronchitis
and respiratory diseases. Another major impact of coal mining is land degradation in
forest areas.
The combustion of petroleum products in vehicles, industries and domestic
cooking activities, results in the emission of pollutants in large quantities. Radioactive
emissions from nuclear power plants are of grave concern as they can cause serious
impact on human beings. Due to limited reserves of petroleum, main emphasis needs to
be given to non-conventional energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy and
ocean energy.
Industrial Emissions:
Air borne emissions emitted from various industries are a cause of major
concern. These emissions are of two forms viz., solid particles (SPM) and gaseous
emissions (SO2, NOx, CO, etc.). Liquid effluents, generated from certain industries
containing organic and toxic pollutants are also a cause of concern. 17 categories of
highly polluting industries are identified for the purpose of monitoring and regulation of
pollution from them. The MoEF has developed standards for regulating emissions from
various industries including thermal power stations, iron and steel plants, cement plants,
fertilizer plants, oil refineries, pulp and paper, petro-chemicals, sugar, distilleries and
tanneries.
Transport:
Tremendous growth has happened in sectors like IT, Pharmacy, Real Estate in
A.P. due to liberalization and globalization of economy, which has resulted in high growth
in employment and rise in income levels. Credit and financing facilities are easily
accessible to those with assured income. Public transport is unreliable. Personal vehicles
are also inspirational in nature. All these have resulted in an increase in the number of
personal vehicles, thereby increasing the pollution load.
The increase in number of vehicles creates adverse impacts on road
infrastructure, neighborhoods, safely and adds to air and noise pollution. Studies
conducted by National Institute of Nutrition, A.P. Pollution Control Board reveal that the
vehicular air pollution causes health hazards to school going children, traffic constables
and road side traders in particular, and the public in general. The State Government has
taken number of policy initiatives to regulate the vehicle movements by improving the
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public transport infrastructure, and to control the vehicular air pollution. The important
initiatives are
Levy of Green Tax
Levy of additional Life Tax
Encouragement of green fuels
Installation of inspection and certification system
Construction of flyovers
Registration of Euro III model vehicles
Restriction on number of Autos
Road Transport:
Road vehicles are the second major source of pollution. They emit CO, HCs,
NOx, SO2 and other toxic substances such as TSP and lead. Diesel engines are much less
polluting than petrol engines. Both types of engines are not efficient converters of fuel
energy and they are incomplete combustion of fuels causing deterioration of health of
human beings. Stringent measures are taken to curb air pollution caused by
automobiles. Present vehicular system is to be streamlined from the poor maintenance
of vehicles. Four factors make pollution from the vehicles i.e., poor quality of vehicles,
lower quality of fuel, concentration of motor vehicles in few large cities and exposure of
population that lives and moves in the open.
With the alarming increase in the atmospheric pollution in cities, the Andhra
Pradesh Government taken some important initiatives like tightening of the auto
emissions and fuel quality specifications 1996, as recommended by the CPCB, secondly
ambient air quality standards as prescribed by national ambient air quality standards for
three distinct areas viz., industrial, residential, rural areas and sensitive areas besides
the following steps taken.
1. Reduction of lead in petrol
2. Reduction of sulphur in diesel
3. Tightening of emission norms
4. Phasing out grossly polluting vehicles
Auto Fuel Policy:
In order to control vehicular pollution, a road map has been adopted as per
the schedule proposed in Auto Fuel Policy, which includes use of cleaner fuels,
automobile technologies and enforcement measures for in use vehicles through improved
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certification system. As per the Auto Fuel Policy, Bharat
Stage-II norms for new vehicles have been introduced throughout the country from 1st
93
April, 2005. However, EURO-III equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles, except
2-3 wheelers have been introduced in 11 major cities from 1.4.2005. To meet Bharat
Stage-II, EURO-III and EURO-IV emission norms, matching quality of petrol and diesel is
being made available.
Introduction of CNG buses:
APSRTC is ready to convert their buses to CNG mode and is awaiting
for supply of CNG by BGL. As on 31.03.2010 M/s Bhagyanagar Gas Limited
(BGL) is operating CNG stations. There are 13,981 CNG vehicles are registered
during the year 2016-17 which are shown in table 4.16.
Harmful Effects of Emissions:
Smoke and fumes can increase the atmospheric turbidity and reduce the
amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. The effect of air pollution on the
biosphere can be considered under three heads.
1. Buildings & Materials
2. Soil, Vegetation, Crops and Animal Life
3. Human Beings.
Steps Taken so far and Their Impact:
The decreasing trend has been observed in Sulphur Dioxide in many cities
due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel and substitute of
LPG instead of coal as domestic fuel.
The following are the air pollution measures:
Upgradation of existing Pollution Under Control (PUC) centres with
computer testing facility
Unleaded gasoline and low sulphur diesel are being supplied
Introduction of mobile task forces to monitor the visibly polluting vehicles
Bharat stage-III norms have been introduced
Ban on sale of loose 2T oil, shall be dispensed through premixed
dispensing stations
Establishment of LPG dispensing stations
Constitution of task forces to check the adulteration of oil and fuel
Introduction of multi model transport system
Urban greening is being carried out
Open space plantation is being carried out
94
Air Pollution Control Measures and Performance Status:
Coal being received by APGENCO stations is of high ash and low sulphur
category. The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the fly ash emission is of high
concern and is controlled by installing Electro Static Precipitators (ESPs). Andhra Pradesh
Pollution Control Board (A.P.P.C.B.) has prescribed new SPM limit as 115 mg/Nm3
against earlier limit of 400/200mg/Nm3. New stations such as RTPP, KTPS-V and VTPS-
III are designed for latest emission standards. Old stations designed for earlier standards
are being upgraded. Present pollution levels against statutory standards are given in
Table 4.2.
The following are the Industrial Pollution Control measures:
Intensifying monitoring by special vigilance squad under the Air Act, 1981
Determining efficacy of APC system and taking remedial actions including
upgradation of existing air pollution control measures wherever needed
Implementation character on Corporate Responsibility for Environment
Protection (CREP) Action Plan for highly polluting industries as decided by
the MoEF
Ban on burning off specification materials/wastes by scrap traders
Noise Pollution:
The increasing noise pollution may be attributed to increase in no. of vehicles,
urbanization and industrialization. The noise pollution has already reached at a high level
in most of the metropolitan cities in all the residential, commercial, industrial and silence
zones. Of late noise has been recognized as a pollutant which until recently was
considered only as a nuisance. In recent years, noise being an environment pollutant
has been receiving increased attention. Concerns were expressed about the ill-effects of
noise, and subsequently legislative regulations to control noise in western countries were
enacted in the 1960s. But in developing countries, the control exercise was initiated only
in the 1980s. In India, noise pollution is deemed to be an offence through the
promulgation of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986. Every industry, trade, transport
and process using equipment, apparatus, materials and methods that produce unwanted
and unpleasant sound, constitute to be the source of noise. In India, the major sources
of noise are industries, automobiles, domestic appliances, public address system,
religious functions, festivals and related celebrations, construction activities, use of
generators, pressure horns and fire crackers etc. Keeping in view the increasing trend in
noise levels, the MoEF has issued various regulations from time to time to control noise
pollution in ambient air at source and at manufacturing stage.
95
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has notified the ambient noise
standards in 1987 under Section 20 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981. The noise standards specify limits as 55dB(A) and 45dB(A) as limits for day and
night time respectively, for residential areas, 75 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) in the day and night
time for industrial areas and 50 dB(A) and 40 dB(A) in the day and night time for silence
zones, 65 dB(A) and 55dB(A) as limits for day and night time for Commercial areas.
Environmental Performance of Thermal Power Stations as on 01.8.2008:
Conservation of natural resources and environmental protection to achieve
sustainable development are the primary objectives of APGENCO. To achieve the
objectives, APGENCO is putting efforts on the following areas.
Optimisation of efficiency of plant and equipment
Optimisation and upgradation of pollution control systems
Improvement of the operating practices and use of better grade fuels
Compliance of statutory norms
Innovative measures for fly ash utilization
Green belt development in and around the plant
A fugitive emission from the coal storage and handling area is controlled by
menace of dust suppression and dust extraction systems.
Compliance of Ambient Air Quality Standards:
The air quality around thermal stations i.e., SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx are
meeting national ambient air quality standards. Ambient air quality status against
standards is as follows in Table No-4.3.
Water Pollution Control Measures:
Ash Pond effluent from coal and oil handling areas, colony and domestic
sewage are the main effluents being generated from Thermal Power Stations.
Decantation system in the ash pond is a general method of filtering the ash from slurry.
These systems are provided in all stations and are working efficiently. The effluent
emerging from ash pond from all stations is meeting the standards. Effluent quality
reports against A.P.P.C.B. limits are as follows in Table. No. 4.4 .
Compliance of Plant Effluent Quality Standards:
For treatment of plant effluents, sedimentation tanks are provided at
Vijayawada Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station
(RTPS) is in nearing completion and will be commissioned shortly. To conserve water,
ash pond effluent re-circulation system consisting of settling tanks and pumping system
96
is provided at Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP). All stations have been provided
septic tanks for treatment of sewage from colonies and plants. Advanced Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP) is under construction for VTPS. Oxidation Pond for better
treatment of sewage is also provided at RTPP. The effluent quality report is as follows in
Table- No.4.5.
Development of Green Belts:
Green belts have been developed at all power plants to act as a sink for
absorbing pollutants, sound barrier improve aesthetics and purify the atmosphere. The
following table shows the development of Green Belts in thermal power stations.
Fly Ash Utilization Scenario:
APGENCO is making sincere efforts to improve the ash utilization levels from
thermal power stations. The following are the measures.
1. APGENCO has entered into Memorandum of Understanding with Cement
Manufacturing and other fly ash users for upgradation of dry ash handling
systems for operation and maintenance of the system for 100 percent
extraction of fly ash.
2. All other promotional measures are being implemented.
Clean Development Mechanism and Opportunities for Industries under CDM:
Climate changes as a result of emission of Green House Gases (GHG)
particularly Carbon Dioxide. The terrestrial biosphere has a strong influence on climate
system both regional and global on land use and nature. Even a small change in
precipitation, evaporation and occurrence of extreme weather events such as storms,
drought and floods has considerable ecological and socio-economic effects. Climate
change is the biggest environmental disaster facing human kind because human beings
are heavily dependent on fossil fuels like coal and petrol. No country has been able to
de-link GDP on carbon dioxide emissions. The developed countries have been responsible
for bulk emissions of GHG hence the responsibility for GHG abatement lies directly with
these countries.
CDM is a mechanism under Kyoto protocol, which regulates countries in order
to mitigate their green house gas emissions. The CDM is the only mechanism provided
under Kyoto protocol, which allows developing countries to take part in Joint Green
House Gas Integration Projects. This mechanism enables the implementation of
technology transfer from developed to developing countries.
97
CDM Opportunities and Benefits in India:
India has 5 CDM type projects in place under pilot version of the CDM-
Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)
The projects cover the spectrum of potential CDM Activities like
Implements in industrial efficiency
Power generation using waste materials
Changes in agricultural practices
CPCB of MoEF/GoI brought out in Dec. 2009 a “Comprehensive Environmental
Assessment of Industrial clusters”. For this purpose they defined a Comprehensive
Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) to characterize the environmental quality at a
given location. The index includes various health dimensions of environment including
air, water and land, to act as an early warning tool. The index was derived for 88
selected industrial clusters/areas in which 2 such areas are included from Andhra
Pradesh. The CEPI and the ranking in 88 areas for the two areas given as follows:
Sl.
No.Area
Rank Air
CEPI
Water
CEPI
Land
CEPICEPI
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1 Vijayawada 74 52.00 41.50 43.00 60.57
2 Vishakhapatnam 40 57.00 57.50 55.00 70.82
CDM Potential in A.P:
Andhra Pradesh has large potential for energy conservation and energy
efficiency in small scale sectors using renewable energy technologies i.e., energy from
waste biomass, energy plantation, industrial waste etc. The following types of projects
have potential in Andhra Pradesh. They are eligible for attracting funds under Clean
Development Management (CDM).
1. Renewable energy projects such as biomass, energy plantation, co-
generation, small hydro, geo-thermal etc.
2. Energy efficiency projects that are aimed at reducing emissions, below the
standard bench marks of industrial prevailing standards
3. Fuel switch projects such as switching of fossil fuels to renewable energy
sources, switching of high emitting sources to low emitting sources
4. Forestation and afforestation activities.
98
Industrial Development:
There are more than one lakh small scale industries which are covered under
SSI non-polluting category. The State Government / Government of India has taken a
number of policy initiatives to promote industrial investment and regulate the
environmental degradation. Some of the important policy initiatives in this regard are
Industrial Investment Promotion Policy, 2005-2010
Eco- Industrial Parks
Food Processing Policy
Integrated Industrial Development Centers
Special Economic Zones
Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006
The above initiatives are creating an enabling environment for promotion of
industries in the State and regulating the environmental impacts and thus providing
space for sustainable industrial development.
Tourism:
Tourism is recognized as a key sector for employment generation and
promotion of infrastructure in the State. The Tourism Policy, 2006 provides the
framework for the private investment in this sector. The State also provides a single
window clearance system for enabling infrastructure development in the tourism sector.
Information on historic sites and monuments, forts, arts and crafts, fairs and festival,
National Parks, Zoos, wildlife sanctuaries, beaches, tourist arrivals, visitors to centrally
protected monuments, pilgrim services offered by APSRTC and other tourist service
across the State are available in the report.
Archaeological Survey of India has around 170 archaeological sites across the
State, of which over 600 sites are being maintained by the State Department of
Archaeology and Museums. More than 10,000 temples and places of worship exist across
the State. The State has a large number of lakes, waterfalls, beaches, hill stations,
wildlife sanctuaries and forest reserves.
Increase in influx of tourists, including pilgrims to popular religious
destinations has led to increased pollution levels due to vehicles, municipal solid waste,
sewage etc.
99
TABLE - 4.1POLLUTANTS AND THEIR RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS
Sl. No. Pollutants Affects on Human Health1. 2. 3.1. Carbon Monoxide Affects the cardiovascular system2. Nitrogen Oxides Affects the respiratory system
3. Ozone Causes increased sensitivity to infections, lungdiseases, irritation in eyes, nose and throat
4. Sulphur Dioxide Affects the functions of lungs
5.SuspendedParticulate Matter(SPM)
Small particles are poisonous. They are carriers ofcarcinogenic transfer elements
6. Volatile OrganicSubstances (VOC)
Eg: Benzene are carcinogenic
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, All India.
TABLE - 4.2STATUS OF COMPLIANCE OF FLUE GAS EMISSION
(SPM) Standard 2016-17Sl.No
Station Average SPM(mg/Nm3) levelDuring 2016-17
APPCB Limitfor SPM
(mg/Nm3)
Status of Compliance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1 Dr. NTTPS
Unit-1 104 115Units 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 aremeeting the limit. Units- 3 &4 are marginally exceedingthe limit. Measures are beingtaken to maintain the limit in2017-18.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS AT VARIOUSTHERMAL POWER STATIONS IN µG/NM3 ANDHRA PRADESH-2016-17
Sl.No STATION PM10
Max/MinPM2.5Max/Min
SO2Max/Min
NOxMax/Min
Remarks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.Dr. NTTPSVijayawada
All parametersare within thelimits exceptPM10.PM10 levels inPower House andB-colony areexceeding thelimit occasionally.
1. Power House 104/67 46/26 32/24 40/312. Security Colony 70/44 49/17 23/16 30/243. B-Colony 123/74 44/27 32/26 41/334. Hill Top Guest House 58/33 28/12 18/14 25/205. Railway wagon work
1. Top of the weighBridge room 74/52 46/41 19/16 20/16
2. Top of the TXR Office 75/54 50/42 19/16 21/163. Project Hostel 71/51 43/41 17/15 19/164. Project Guest House 68/45 45/39 19/16 18/155. Police station
Kalammalla village 77/54 46/42 19/15 19/16Note: Ambient Air Quality levels in µg/Nm3 as per MoE&F, GOI Notification dated: 16th
TABLE - 4.9(Concld.)NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
Sl.No. Pollutant
TimeweightedAverage
Concentration in Ambient Air
IndustrialResiden-tial, Rural
andOtherArea
Ecologicallysensitive
Area(notified by
CentralGovt.)
Methods ofMeasurement
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
5. Ozone (O3 ) µg/m3
8hours** 100 100 UV Photometric
ChemilminescenceChemical method1 hour** 180 180
6. Lead (Pb) µg/m3
Annualaverage* 0.50 0.50
AAS/ICP methodafter sampling on EPM2000 or equivalentfilter paper ED– XRF using Teflonfilter
24hours** 1.0 1.0
7. Carbon Monoxide(CO) in mg/m³
8hours** 02 02 _ Non Dispersive Infra
Red(NDIR)Spectroscopy1 hour 04 04
8. Ammonia ( N H3) )µg/m3
Annualaverage* 100 100 Chemilminescence
Indophenol Bluemethod24
hours** 400 400
9. Benzene(C6H6) µg/m3 Annual* 05 05
GasChromatographybased continuousanalyzerAbsorption anddesorption followed byGC analysis10.
Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP)ng/ m3 Particulatephase only ng/ m³
Annual* 01 01Solvent extractionfollowed by HPLC/GCanalysis
11. Arsenic (As) ng/ m3 Annual* 06 06
_AAS/ICP methodafter sampling on EPM2000 or equivalentfilter paper
12. Nickel (Ni) ng/ m3 Annual* 20 20
AAS/ICP methodafter sampling on EPM2000 or equivalentfilter paper
*- Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particularsite taken twice a week, 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
** - 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall becomplied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed thelimits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
Note:- Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days ofmonitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shallbe considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring andfurther investigation.
Source: A.P.Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada
103
TABLE - 4.10STATE OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2012 to 2017
1. Annual average values of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in ug/m3
6. All India Tourist Buses 143 143 1457. State Permit 631 697 7448. Two Districts Permit 120 178 2119. Single District Permit 2,030 2,178 240610. Idle Buses 98 161 161
Total Contract Carriages(6+7+8) 3,022 3661 3,973Taxi Cabs:
11. All India Tourist cabs 2,432 2,650 2,93312. Taxi cabs 50,805 53,526 57,05913. Maxi cabs 20,087 21,362 22,430
Total Taxi cabs (9+10+11) 73,324 77,538 82,42214. Auto Rickshaws 3,97,126 4,44,295 4,90,24215. Education Institute Buses 20,471 20,471 23,63316. Private Service Vehicles 1,735 21,761 1,979
Total School Buses & PrivateService Vehicles (13+14) 22,206 1,824 25,612
17. Ambulances 2,573 23,585 3,65318. Others 3,286 3,642 3,825I Total Transport Vehicles 10,13,986 11,15,430 12,27,189
19. Motor Cars 4,75,929 5,23,141 5,89,55920. Jeeps 10,378 10,401 10,42921. Motor Cycles 61,47,523 68,24,016 76,71,21322. Tractors 1,26,862 1,37,732 1,54,21723. Construction Equipment 9,668 10,917 13,10524. Rig mounted 770 786 86425. Road Rollers 1,128 1,154 1,18226. Trailer for Agriculture purpose 93,155 99,932 1,10,69327. Fire Tenders 259 276 32428. Others 2,604 3,773 6,037
II Total Non-TransportVehicles 68,68,276 76,12,128 85,57,623Grand Total of Transport &Non-Transport Vehicles 78,82,262 87,27,558 97,84,812
Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
107
TABLE- 4.15DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT
TABLE - 4.17URBAN AIR POLUTION FROM VEHICULAR EMISION
Sl.No. Pollutant Source of
Emission
Contribution(percent) of thesource to total
emissions
Remarks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Carbon Monoxide Petrol - DrivenVehicles 85 Contribution of two wheel
ers is expected to rise.
2. UnburntHydrocarbons
Two and ThreeWheelers 35 to 65 -
3. Nitrogen Oxides Diesel DrivenVehicles 90 or more -
4. Particulates Diesel DrivenVehicles - -
Note-In Andhra Pradesh, Two Wheelers which have generally two stroke engines aregetting popular because of more fuel economy, better specific power, loweroperational and maintenance costs and lower production costs. However, in twoand three wheelers powered by two stroke engines, exhaust emissions are theprincipal source of pollutants. Diesel vehicular exhaust pollution is due toparticulate matter, aldehydes and other toxic pollutants like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of Nitrogen.
Source: Teri Energy Data Directory of Year Book 1996-97.
111
TABLE - 4.18EMISSION STANDARDS NOTIFIED
1. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWhYear Reference Test CO HC NOx PM1992 - ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -1996 - ECE R49 11.2 2.40 14.4 -2000 Euro I ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*2005 Euro II ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
2010 Euro III ESCETC
2.15.45
0.660.78
5.05.0
0.100.16
2010 Euro IV ESCETC
1.54.0
0.460.55
3.53.5
0.020.03
2. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWhYear Reference Test CO HC NOx PM1992 - ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -1996 - ECE R49 11.2 2.40 14.4 -
2000 BharatStage I ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
2005 BharatStage II ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
2010 BharatStage III
ESCETC
2.15.45
0.660.78
5.05.0
0.100.16
2010 BharatStage IV
ESCETC
1.54.0
0.460.55
3.53.5
0.020.03
3. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - - -
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -
2000 Euro I 27.2-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 -
2005 Euro II 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17 -
2010 Euro III0.640.800.95 -
0.560.720.86
0.500.650.78
0.050.070.10
2010 Euro IV0.500.630.74 -
0.300.390.46
0.250.330.39
0.0250.040.06
4. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - - -
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -
2000 BharatStage I
27.2-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 -
2005 BharatStage II 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17 -
2010 BharatStage III
0.640.800.95 -
0.560.720.86
0.500.650.78
0.050.070.10
2010 BharatStage IV
0.500.630.74 -
0.300.390.46
0.250.330.39
0.0250.040.06
112
TABLE - 4.18 (Contd…)EMISSION STANDARDS NOTIFIED
5. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWhYear Reference CO HC NOx PM1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*2005 Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
6. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWhYear Reference CO HC NOx PM
1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
2000 BharatStage I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
2005 BharatStage II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
7. Emission Standards For Gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg),g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+ NOx NOx1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 - -1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36 -1998 - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18 -2000 Euro I 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 -2005 Euro II 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7 -
10. Emission Standards for 2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/kmYear CO HC HC+ NOx1991 12-30 8-12 -1996 5.50 - 3.602000 2.00 - 2.00
2005.04(BS II) 1.5 - 1.52010.04(BS III) 1.0 - 1.0
11. Emission Standards for 2-Wheel and 3-Wheel Diesel Vehicles, g/kmYear CO HC+ NOx PM
2005.04 1.00 0.85 0.102010.04 0.50 0.50 0.05
Co: Carbon Monoxide, HC: Hydro Carbon, NOX: Oxides of Nitrogen PM: Particulate MaterSource: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.19NEW NORMS
Sl.No. Vehicle Type CO
%HC
ppm1. 2. 3. 4.1. Two-Wheelers - (2/4S) Manufactured on or before 31st March 2000 4.5 9,0002. Two-Wheelers - (2S) Manufactured after 31st March 2000 3.5 6,0003. Two-Wheelers - (4S) Manufactured after 31st March 2000 3.5 4,5004. Bharat Stage - II compliant 4-wheelers 0.5 7505. 4 - wheelers other than Bharat Stage - II compliant 3.0 1,500
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.20ANNUAL GROSS GENERATION OF POWER BY VARIOUS SOURCES
(In Million Units)Sl.No. Year Hydro Thermal Gas Private
3. Ba-gasse based Co-generation 300 203.954. Municipal solid waste 100 6.155. Industrial waste 100 34.016. Small Hydro Power 500 87.4387. Solar Energy 38,440 1,880.376
TOTAL 84,169 6,240.224Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh ,Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.30LIGHTING FACILITIES (HOUSE HOLDS) IN ANDHRA PRADESH
AS PER CENSUS 2011Sl. No. Item Rural Urban Total*
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Electricity 81,12,273 34,96,726 1,16,08,9992. Kerosene 8,10,043 88,028 8,98,0713. Solar Energy 18,995 10,449 29,4444. Other Oil 18,154 3,649 21,8035. Any Other 5,360 1,557 6,9176. No Lighting 32,198 6,440 38,638
Total Number of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872* Data excludes merged villages of Khammam.Source: Director of Census Operations,Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad.
120
TABLE - 4.31SUMMARY STATUS OF POLLUTION IN 17 CATEGORIES
Total 22857.78 19988.66 24614.24 14399.29 13432.30 15436.13CFC: Ch:prp-Floro-Carbon CTC: Carbon Teracloride HCFC: HydroChloro Fluoro Carbon*- For Essential Use Nominations(EUN),**-The quantities for pre-shipment & quarantine
application.Source: Envistas, 2018, Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.
TABLE - 4.38NOISE (AMBIENT STANDARDS)
AreaCode
Categoryof Area/Zone
Limit in dB(A) Leq*Day time Night time
1. 2. 3. 4.A Industrial Area 75 70B Commercial Area 65 55C Residential Area 55 45D Silence Zone 50 40
*-1. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 mtrs around hospitals,
education institutes, courts, religious places or any other area which declared assuch by the competent authority.
2. dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels(units in which noise is measured) on scale A which is relatable to humanhearing.
3. “A” in dB (A) Leq, denotes the frequency waiting in the measurement of noiseand corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.
4. “Leq” denotes the energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.39LAND AREA & POPULATION AFFECTED BY ONE METER SEA LEVEL RISE
Sl. No. State % of State'sarea inundated
% of State'sPopulation affected
1. 2. 3. 4.1. Andhra Pradesh 0.19 0.93
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 1999, Central Statistical Organisation,New Delhi.
124
TABLE-4.40MONTHWISE AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2016-17
Sl.No. Month
Tirupathi(GNC
Building)
Vijayawada(All India
radio)
Visakhapatnam(Siripuram)
Visakhapatnam(Zoo Park)
Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. April,2016 74 70 70 65 75 69 66 65
2. May,2016 75 71 69 65 74 67 63 58
3. June,2016 59 55 70 65 75 66 59 55
4. July,2016 61 58 70 65 75 67 61 58
5. Aug,2016 74 70 72 66 75 66 61 56
6. Sept,2016 73 69 69 64 75 66 58 54
7. Oct,2016 74 70 69 64 74 66 58 53
8. Nov,2016 74 70 69 64 75 66 59 54
9. Dec,2016 75 70 69 64 75 66 59 54
10. Jan,2017 74 69 69 64 75 65 58 53
11. Feb,2017 74 69 69 64 75 66 59 47
12. Mar,2017 74 69 70 64 75 67 64 57
*Standards 65 55 65 55 65 55 50 40*-1.Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise
2 .All values are expressed in d/B (A)Leg.3. Day time means 6.00A.m. To 10.00P.M.4. Night time means 10.00P.M to 6.00A.M.
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.41AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014 to 2017 (Upto July)
Sl.No. Year
Tirumala(Commercial)
Vijayawada(Commercial)
Visakhapatnam(Commercial)
Visakhapatnam(Silence Zone)
Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night
1. 2014 73 71 70 66 73 69 66 65
2. 2015 73 71 70 65 74 68 67 65
3. 2016 71 67 70 65 75 67 60 56
4.2017(UptoJuly) 75 70 69 65 75 67 65 59
*Standards 65 55 65 55 65 55 50 40
*-1.Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise2 .All values are expressed in d/B (A)Leg.3. Day time means 6.00A.m. To 10.00P.M.4. Night time means 10.00P.M to 6.00A.M.
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
125
TABLE - 4.42EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
A. Noise HazardsStage – I Stage – IIThreat to Survival
(a) Communication interference(b) Permanent hearing loss
Land under MiscellaneousTree Crops and Groves notincluded in Net Area Sown 1,74,705 1,64,534 1,60,057 1,59,399 1,57,073
8. Current Fallows 10,36,986 11,33,765 10,87,497 14,01,455 14,10,0919. Other Fallow Lands 7,32,497 8,19,106 7,91,619 8,58,334 8,32,196
10.Net Area Sown(including fish ponds) 65,61,202 64,62,822 65,61,129 62,36,050 62,08,602
11. Area sown more than once 16,04,589 16,06,244 16,79,662 15,76,686 14,50,34612. Total Cropped Area 80,57,509 79,59,907 81,27,748 76,89,820 75,31,587
*-Data for the years from 2011-12 to 2013-14 excludes merged villages of KhammamNote: Forest, Barren& Uncultivable land and land put to non-Agricultural use are yet to
be finalized for East Godavari district and the gap of 20,368 hectares is included inGeographical Area for 2014-15.
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 5.8INFORMATION ON RAPID RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015(Area in Lakh Hectares)
SurveysArea
Priority AreaTotal Priority % PriorityVery high High
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1,76,371 7,945 18,670 26,695 15.09Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O.,Govt.of India, New Delhi.
TABLE - 5.9AREA UNDER HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
TABLE – 5.21DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance
Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.1 April 18,
1700Severe CyclonicStrom (MoreDreadfulStrom)
Coast: This cyclone crossed VisakhapatnamCoast in Andhra Pradesh.
Loss and Damage: All vessels in the seaalong the coast were lost and many in therivers by the force of current and tide. A shipbound for Bengal was driven ashore.
2 December1706(date notknown)
Severe CyclonicStorm
Coast: It crossed Kakinada Coast of AndhraPradesh.
Loss and Damage: A great number ofpeople were lost at Kottapalam and otherneighboring villages. Paddy fields, springs offresh water were all spoiled.
3 October12, 1779
Severe CyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricane winds
(It wasmentioned as ahurricane in thereferences)
Coast: The cyclone crossed the coast ofMachilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Surge Height: Sea flowed 3.63 m (12ft.)deep inland (Inside a Dutch Factory).
Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000(drowned)
Many houses were destroyed.4 May 20,
1787Severe CyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricane winds(It wasmentioned as aGreat Storm inthe references)
Coast: The cyclone crossed the CoringaIsland near Injaram, Andhra Pradesh.
Surge Height: Coringa Island and Countrynear Injaram were flooded and so was Injaram,Andhra Pradesh.
Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000(Enquiry by Mr. Topping Astronomer in 1789)
5 December,1789
Severe CyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricane winds
Coast: It crossed the Coringa coast, AndhraPradesh.
Surge Height: Several feet of waterentered the town. All low lying areas wereinundated. The whole Coringa village wasdestroyed in single day. (The hurricane startedat the time high tides and it generated threeincredibly high waves moving towards thetown. The first destroyed everything enrootinundated the city to a depth of 1-2 m, thesecond covered the entire city and penetrateddeep into plain, the third inundated everythingthat remained. All the boats anchored on theshore were driven far inland into the plain andsailors drowned.
Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000(Contd.)
153
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.93 November
6-10,1995
SevereCyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricanewinds
Formation: It was detected as a lowpressure area over the Andaman Sea andadjoining area at 0300 UTC on November 6,became a depression near 11.0o N and 91.5o Eat 0300 UTC on November 7 over theSoutheast Bay of Bengal and neighborhood. Itconcentrated into a cyclonic storm at 0000UTC on November 8 and was centered near13.5o N and 87.5o E at 0300 UTC on the sameday. It intensified into a severe cyclonic stormnear 15.50 N and 85.50 E about 350 Km.southeast of Visakhapatnam at 1200 UTC onNovember 8 and further intensified into asevere cyclonic storm with a core of hurricanewinds at 1500 UTC on the same day and layclose to North Andhra Pradesh - South Orissacoast with its center near 19.0 0 N and 85.0 0
E at 0300 UTC on November 9.
Movement: Moved North West and North.
Coast: It crossed North Andhra Pradesh -Orissa coast near Ichchaturam inKalingapatnam district between 0400 and0500 UTC on November 9 and weakened intoa cyclonic storm.Maximum wind: S’ly/111 kph (60 kts) atGopalpur at 0500 UTC of 9th.
Intensity: T 4.5Loss and Damage: In Nepal:
IMD website gave:93 persons and 81 boats were affected.2,631 houses damaged.153 fishermen were missing.
June 13-16, 1996
CyclonicStorm
Formation: Formed as a monsoondepression over the South West Bay andadjoining area at 0000 UTC near 12.50 N and84.00 E on June 13, became a deepdepression near 13.50 N and 82.50 E at 1200UTC on the same day. It concentrated into acyclonic storm near 14.00 N and 81.50 Eat 1500 UTC on June 14.
Movement: Moved North West, NorthNorth East, North East and North.
Coast: It crossed Andhra coast as acyclonic storm near Kalingapatnam at 1200UTC on June 1996.
154
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.95 November
5th-6th,1996
SevereCyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricanewinds
Formation: Initially it was detected as awell-marked low over the West Central Bayand adjoining Bay on November 4 and thiswell-marked low concentrated into adepression near (about 810 kms. southwest ofChittagong port and 700 kms. southwest ofKhulna town) 17.00 N and 86.00 E at 0300 UTCon November 5. It became cyclonic stormnear 17.00 N and 85.50 E at 1200 UTC on thesame day. It intensified into a severe cyclonicstorm near 17.00 N and 84.50 E at 0600 UTCon November 6. It further intensified intosevere cyclonic storm with a core of hurricanewinds near 17.00 N and 83.50 E at 1200 UTCon the same day.
Movement: Moved in a W’ly direction.Coast: Crossed Andhra coast near
Kakinada of India at midnight (1800 UTC) ofNovember 6th.
Maximum Wind: Reported wind speed =200 kph.
Surge Height: 12 ft. ECP: 990 hPa
Loss and damage:People feared killed = 2,000Dead bodies recovered = 710People missing = 900People were stranded by flood water = 0.5millionCrops destroyed were 3,20,000 hectaresHouses destroyed = 10,000(almost all housesexcept pucca buildings)Villages under water = 300Worst affected area: Coastal city of Kakinada(300 miles east of Hyderabad).
Duration of the cyclone’s destructionperiod was 5hrs.
Timely estimate of the loss for crops (Rice,oil seeds and some sugarcane) andproperty = Rs. 150 croresIMD website gave:978 persons died1,375 persons reported to be missing1,380 villages affected6,464 boats lost at seaRao et al (1997) gave:^P= hPa, R = 20 Km,Wmax= 90 knotsLatitude of landfall = 16.70 N(South of Kakinada)
155
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.96 Nov 28
-Dec 6,1996
SevereCyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricanewinds(Unusualmovement ofthe cyclonein thehistory)
Formation: A depression was formed onthe morning of 28 November with center near11.50 N and 86.50 E. Moving initially in anortheast and intensified into a deepdepression by November 29 and later in theafternoon of November 30, it movedsouthwards when it was centered near 14.50 Nand 89.00 E as a depression up to the morningof December 1. Thereafter, it moved almost ina westerly direction. Thus it executed a looparound the point 15.00 N and 88.00 E. Furthermoving in a westerly direction, it intensifiedinto a cyclonic storm on December 2nd andsevere cyclone in the morning of December3rd with its center near 14.0o N and 81.4o E.By the same evening it attained the intensityof a severe cyclonic storm with a core ofhurricane winds and was centered near 14.50
N and 83.00 E. At this point, it came close toAndhra Pradesh coast 15.40 N and 81.40 E bythe evening of December 4th. During the nightof December 4th, the system showed sign ofweakening and made a small loop there andmoved slowly in a SE’ly direction. It is locatednear 14.50 N to 82.00 E at 0300 UTC onDecember 5th. Thus it took another clock-wiseloop close to the Andhra Pradesh coast at1200 UTC on December 4th. Moving in a SW’lydirection, it crossed the coast.Note: This cyclone created a record in thehistory of the state due to its unusual behaviorof movement over the Bay of Bengal. This wasthe first time that a cyclone made two loopsover the Bay of Bengal. Though the system didnot cause any severe damage to the life andproperty, it kept alive the anxiety and interestduring its life period of 9 days.
Movement: Moved NW, NE, S, W, WNW,NW, SE and SW.
Coast: Crossed the coast close toMahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu on the eveningof December 6th.
Intensity: T 4.5
Loss and Damage: The cyclone did notcause any severe damage to the life andproperty.
IMD website gave:Cyclone crossed the coast near Chennai
around 2100 UTC on 6th December 1996. Thecyclone persisted for 9 days which is reportedto be very long life compared to any cyclone inIndian Ocean. It caused severe damage to lifeand property.
156
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.October15th-17th,2001
CyclonicStorm
Under the influence of the North EastMonsoon, the state has been lashed bycyclonic weather accompanied by very heavyand incessant rains due to depression in theBay of Bengal. This depression turned up intodeep depression on 15th October.
September18th-19th,2005
Heavy Rains /Flash Foods
The deep depression over North West Bayof Bengal moved slightly west wards and laycentered at about 125 kms. South East ofParadeep at 14.30 hrs. IST. The cyclonicstorm crossed the coast near Kalingapatnamat 08. hrs. on 19th September 2005.
August2nd-5th,
2006
CycloneStorm/Floods
The low pressure area formed in the Bayof Bengal intensified into depression on2.8.2006 and lay close to Orissa. Under itsinfluence, the South West monsoon turnedactive over Orissa and Coastal districts ofAndhra Pradesh.
Oct. 28th
-Nov.4th
2006
Ogni Cyclone A Cyclonic storm Ogni has formed overSouth West Bay of Bengal, which lay centredat 08.30 hrs. IST on 29th October 2006 nearlatitude 14.50 N and longitude 80.50 E about50 kms. east of Nellore in South CoastalAndhra Pradesh.
June21st-24th
2007
Heavy Rains/Flash Floods
A well marked low pressure formed overEast Central and adjoining West Central Bayof Bengal on 20th June 2007 and lay centeredat 2.30 hrs. IST of 21st June 2007 nearlatitude 16.50 N and longitude 82.60 E close tocoast.
September17th-22nd
2007
Heavy Rains/Floods
A well marked low pressure formed overWest Central and adjoining North West Bay ofBengal at 17.30 hrs. IST of 21st September2007. It moved towards Northwest wards andlay centered at 08.30 hrs. IST of 22nd
September 2007 over north West andadjoining.
October5th-7th
2007
Heavy Rains/Floods
Under the influence of cyclonic circulationextending up to mid troposphere level overWest Central Bay of Bengal off Coast, atrough of low pressure developed and existedover West Central Bay of Bengal and NorthCoastal Andhra Pradesh.
157
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.October29th
-Nov,1st
2007
Heavy Rains/Floods
Depression over South West Bay of Bengalmoved further westwards and centered at05.30 hrs. IST of 29th October 2007 over WestCentral Bay and adjoining South West Bay ofBengal close to coast. This depression movedslightly north westwards and weakened.
February9th-13th
2008
Heavy Rains Due to persistence of upper air troughextending from Vidarbha to south Tamil Nadu,there was heavy rainfall from February 9-13,2008.
March22nd-29th
2008
UnseasonalHeavy RainsandHailstorm
Under the influence of low pressure airtrough near the South Coast of AndhraPradesh and neighborhood, fairly wide spreadrainfall with isolated heavy falls occurred inthe state during 22nd to 29th March 2008.Rains with hailstorm during 1st week of April.
August3rd-11th
2008
Heavy Rains /Floods
Due to low pressure formed over WestCentral and adjoining North West Bay ofBengal and adjoining coastal areas of SouthOrissa and North Andhra Pradesh during 3-5th
August and subsequent depression in Bay ofBengal on 9th August 2008
November14th-16th
2008
Khaimuk-Cyclone
The deep depression over South West andadjoining South East Bay of Bengal movedNorth West wards and lay centered at 14.30hrs. IST of 14thNov,2008 over South West&adjoining west central Bay near latitude 13.50
N & Longitude 84.50 ENovember25th-30th
2008
Nisha-Cyclone
Due to Cyclonic Storm “Nisha” over interiorTamil Nadu on 27th November 2008, SouthCoastal districts have received heavy to veryheavy rains on 28th, 29th and 30th November2008.
29th Septto 4th Oct2009
Floods/Heavy Rains
A low Pressure system developed in WestCentral Bay of Bengal and Adjoining Areas on29th Sept-2009 and persisted till 4th Oct-2009 under its influence the South WestMonsoon became active /Vigorous overAndhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The torrentialand incessant rains received during this periodin Mahabubnagar and Kurnool Districts, Whichare part of Krishna river catchment upstreamof Srisailam reservoir,caused floods to Krishna& its tributaries such as Kundu River inAndhra Pradesh.
158
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
17th to22nd
May2010
Laila-Cyclone A low pressure area over southeast Bay ofBengal and neighbourhood has concentratedinto depression over southeast Bay of Bengaland lay centerd at 11.30 hours IST on 17-5-2010 near Lattitude 10.50 N & 88.50 E about930 KM east south east of Chennai. TheSystem was intensify further into cyclonicstorm and moved north westerly towardsAndhra Pradesh coast. The cyclonic stormwas named as LIALA which lay over southEast and adjoining South west. The Bay ofBengal, moved west north west wards andlay centered at 8.30 hrs. IST on 18th May,2010 over south east and adjoining southwest Bay of bengal near lattituded 12.00 Nand 85.50 E about 690 Km south East ofVisakhaPatnam. On 19-5-2010, it lay oversouth west and adjoining west central Bay ofBengal near lattitude 13.50 N and long 82.00
E about 480 kms west South west ofVisakhapatnam. By 20-05-2010 evening thesevere cyclonic storm was over west centraland adjoining south west Bay of Bengal andlay centered at 14.30 hrs, near lattitude15.80 E & 80.50 E, close to Bapatla. By 21-05-2010. the afore said Laila Cyclone hadweakend into a deep depression, movednorth northeast wards ans centered at 08.30hrs over north coastal A.P about 50 kmsnorth of Machilipatnam. The Laila Cyclonecrossed the AP coast in the after noon on 22-05-2010 between Bapatla of Guntur Dist andOngole town. The crossing of Cycloneresulted in large scale damage to public andprivate properties.
159
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.SouthWestMonsoon,2010
Heavy Rains/Floods
The unprecedented highest stateaverage rainfall of 808 mm in South westmansoon of 2010 resulted in naturally, inan unprecedented damages to Agricuturalcrops, Horticultural crops, Milch Animals,draught animals and Poultry Birds of AHdepartment extensive damages to theinfrastructure of the fishermen besidescausing extensive damages to public andprivate proporties of roads, bridges,buildings,panchayathraj works of roadsand buildings irrigation and commandarea sources etc.
29th Oct.-8th Nov.2010
Heavy Rains/Floods/Jal Cyclone
A well marked low pressure area oversouth Andaman Sea concentrated into adepression on 4th Nov.2010 near Lat. 8.50
N & 91.00 E and gradually intensified intoa cyclone JAL on 5th Nov. 2010, laycentered near Lat 9.00 N & 87.50 E andfurther intensified into a severe CyclonicStorm and lay centered at 8.30hrs. IST of6th Nov. 2010 near Lat 10.00 N & 85.50 E.It weakened into a Cyclone Storm on 7th
Nov-2010 over south west Bay of BengalLat 12.50 N & 82.50 E. The systemcrossed north Tamilnadu and south APcoast close to Chennai in the night of 7th
Nov.-2010.5th Dec.to8th Dec.2010.
Heavy Rains/Floods due todepression in Bayof Bengal
The depression in the Bay of Bengalduring the period from 5th Dec. 2010 to8th Dec. 2010 resulted in heavy rainfall of82.5 mm in 15 out of 23 districts which ismore than 16 times of the normal rainfallof 5.2mm.
2011-12 Thane Cyclone A very severe Cyclonic developed overthe Bay of Bengal during the last week ofDecember,2011.It crossed NorthTamilNadu and Pudducherry coastbetween Pudducherry and Cuddalore within 6.30 to 7.30 hrs. IST of 30th Dec,2011with a wind speed of 120-140 Kmph.
160
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.2012 Nilam Cyclone The Cyclonic Storm ‘NILAM’ developed
over Southwest Bay of Bengal on 30th
October, 2012 near latitude 10.0 N andlongitude 82.0oE.about 400 km southsouth-east of Chennai and 180 km northnorthest of Trincomalee ( Srilanka). Thesystem crossed north Tamilnadu coastnear Mahabalipuram sourth of Chennai(near latitude 12.50 N and longitude80.20E) between 1600 and 1700hrs ISTon 31st October, 2012.
Unseasonal HeavyRains and Hailstorm
The IMD in its weather forecast reportdated 15-02-2013 has informed thatthe Western Disturbance as a mid-tropospheric system (5-6 kms abovemean sea level) an induced cycloniccirculation has formed over Rajasthan &neighbourhood. Under its influence, alow pressure area developed over thesame area. There is high moistureincursion taking place from Arabian Seaas well as Bay of Bengal over northwest,central and east India.
Phailin Cyclone Cyclonic storm, PHAILIN over eastcentral Bay of Bengal moved westwards,intensified into a severe cuclonic stormand laid centred at 0830 Hours IST of10th near Lat. 14.5N and Long.91.0°E. Itmoved west northwestwards, laidcentred over east central Bay of Bengalat 0830 Hours IST of 11th near Lat.16.0N and Long.88.5°E. It moved west-northwestwards and further intensifiedinto a veru severe cuclonic storm andlaid centred over west central andadjoining northwest Bay of Bengal at0830 Hours IST of 12th near Lat. 17.8°Nand Long.86°E. Then it moved north-northwestwards and crossed the coastnear Gopalpur (Odisha) about 40 kmsfrom border of Andhra Pradesh State,from Itchapuram (Srikakulam District)between 2030 to 2130 hours IST of 12th.
161
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
2013 Heavy Rains /Floods A well marked Low Pressure area over
West Central Bay Bengal & adjoining
areas of south coastal Andhra Pradesh,
laid over Rayalseema & adjoining areas
of Telangana with associated cyclonic
circulation extending upto mid-
tropospheric levels on 24th Oct,2013 and
over Telangana and adjoining
Rayalseema & coastal Andhra Pradesh
on 25th Oct,2013. It weakened into a low
pressure area and laid over Telangana &
neighbourhood on 26th Oct,2013. It laid
over north coastal Andhra &
neighbourhood with associated cyclonic
circulation extending upto mid-
tropospheric levels on 27th morning and
became less marked on 27th night.
However, its associated upper air
cyclonic circulation laid over north
coastal Andhra Pradesh & neighbourhood
extending upto 3.1 km above mean sea
level. The upper air cyclonic circulation
over west central Bay of Bengal &
adjoining coastal areas of Andhra
Pradesh extending upto 1.5 km above
mean sea level on 28th persisted over
the same region on 29th & 30th October,
2013.
162
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.2013 Helen Cyclone &
Leher Cyclone
Helen: A depression formed over westcentral Bay of Bengal and lay centred at05.30 am, on 19-11-2013 about 700kmEast Northeast of Chennai, 600 km east-south east of Machilipatnam and 500kmsoutheast of Visakhapatnam and turnedinto a deep depression and movedcloser to Chennai Machilipatnam,Visakhapatnam and Kavali by 5.30 a.m20-11-2013, It intensified into aCyclonic storm HELEN and lay centred at8.30. am and further intensified into asevere cyclonic storm and lay centred at5.30 am on 21-11-2013 about 460 kmEast North East of Chennai, 360 km Eastof Ongole, 260 km East Southeast ofMachilipatnam and 230 km Southeast ofVisakhapatnam and further movedslightly westwards and lay centred at11.30 am on 22-11-2013 about 15 kmof East of Machilipatnam and crossed APCoast close to south of Machilipatnambetween 1-30 pm and 2.30 pm as acyclonic storm with a wind speed of 80-90 kmph.LEHER: A depression formed over southAndaman sea and lay centred at 1730hrs IST on 23rd November,2013 nearlatitude 8.50N and longitude 96.50E,about 550 km south-southeast of PortBlair and moved northwestward,intensified into deep depression and laycentred at 2330 hrs IST near latitude9.00N and longitude 96.00E, about 470km south southest of Port Blair. Itfurther intensified into a cyclonic storm“LEHER” and lay centred at 0530hrs ISTof 24th November, 2013, over AndamanSea near latitude 10.00N and longitude95.00E, about 300 km south-southeastof Port Blair. It intensified into a severecyclonic storm crossed Andaman andNicobar Islands, close to Port Blair in theearly morning.
163
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
2014 Damages due to
unseasonal Rains/
Thunderbolt/Hailstorm
State experienced Unseasonal Heavy
rainfall/ Thundershowers/ Hailstorm
from 28-03-2014 to 10-03-2014. Rain or
thundershowers with or without hail
would occurred at a few places over
Telangana at isolated placed over
Coastal Andhra Pradesh and
Rayalseema.
2014 Very severe Cyclone
storm ‘HUDHUD”
cyclone
The deep depression over north
Andaman Sea & neighbourhood moved
west north westward (11-10-2014 to
13-10-2014) intensified into a Cyclonic
Storm ‘HUDHUD’ which is and lay
centered at 8.30 hrs IST of 8th October,
2014. At 8.30 hours on 9-10-2014, the
Cyclonic Storm ‘HUDHUD’ over east
central Bay of Bengal moved west north
westward and intensified into a Severe
Cyclonic Storm and lay centered. At
14.30 hrs IST of 10-10-2014, the
severe Cyclonic Storm, ‘HUDHUD’ over
west central Bay of Bengal moved
northwestwards and intensified into a
very severe cyclonic storm ‘HUDHUD’
and crossed over Visakhapatnam coast
between 1200 hrs and 1300 hours IST
and lay centered near latitude 17.8 N
and longitude 83.0 E, about 30 km
west- northwest of Visakhapatnam.
164
TABLE - 5.21(Concld.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
10. 2,4D-Malathian11. Aldrin12. Total BHL13. Methyl Parathian14. Anilophos15. Chloropyriphos
Measurement of water pollution
Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of
methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed
by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without
180
sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have
published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability
of results from disparate testing events.
Sampling
Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several
methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant.
Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association
with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully
quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-
sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals.
Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals
from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may
be identified for bio surveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they
may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.
Physical testing
Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentration
like total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity.
Chemical testing
Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry.
Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds.
Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals
(including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.
Biological testing
Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial
indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.
Control of water pollution
Domestic sewage
Domestic sewage is 99.9% pure water; the other 0.1% are pollutants. While
found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas,
domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. Cities with
181
sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering
approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:
utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water
management capacity throughout the system, and reduce the hydraulic
overloading of the treatment plant
repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment
increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often
a very expensive option).
A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have
an individual septic tank, which treats the wastewater on site and discharges into the
soil. Alternatively, domestic wastewater may be sent to a nearby privately owned
treatment system (e.g. in a rural community).
Industrial waste waterSome industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be
treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high
concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g.
heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as
ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-
treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated
wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater
typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems.
Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing
processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution
prevention.
Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be
controlled with:
cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by
evaporation, convection, and radiation
cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through
evaporation and/or heat transfer
cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or
industrial heating purposes.
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Agricultural waste water:Non point source controls
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are typically applied to farmland as
commercial fertilizer; animal manure; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater
(effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water,
wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement nutrient
management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.
To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control) to maintain control over
pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect water quality.
Sediment from construction sites is managed by installation of:
erosion controls, such as mulching and hydro seeding, and
sediment controls, such as sediment basins and silt fences.
Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prevented by use
of spill prevention and control plans, and
specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete wash out) and structures
such as overflow controls and diversion berms.
Urban runoff (storm water)Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of
storm water, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a varietyof storm water management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. Thesetechniques, called best management practices (BMPs) may focus on water quantitycontrol, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions
Pollution prevention practices include low impact development techniques,installation of green roofs and improved chemical handling (e.g. management of motorfuels & oil, fertilizers and pesticides).[31] Runoff mitigation systems include infiltrationbasins, bio retention systems, constructed wetlands, retention basins and similardevices.
GROUND WATER POLLUTIONInteractions between groundwater and surface water are complex.
Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwatercontamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution.[7] By its verynature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that maynot directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point sourcemay be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants
183
into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume.The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transportmodel or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on thesoil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of thecontaminants.
The Net annual Ground Water availability in the state is 18,48,035 Hm out ofwhich 8,10,401 Hm is the utilization for various purposes leaving a balance of 10,20,434Hm for the year 2012-13 and overall stage of ground water development is about 44%.
Pollutant State Place of occurrencesSalinity(Coastal)
Andhra PradeshVishakapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna,Guntur, Prakasam.
Heavy Metals Andhra Pradesh Ananthapuramu, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, YSR.
The Central Pollution Control Board undertook a major groundwater qualitysurvey and the report published in 1995 identified about 20 locations in various states ofIndia as critical sites of ground water pollution. CPCB found that industrial effluents arethe primary reason for ground water pollution. In the industrial and urban fringe zones ofcities, sub-soil water has already been polluted by industries which release highly toxicsubstances. The wells in many residential areas are contaminated with nitrate anddetergents.
For maintaining the quality of river water, the pollution levels in rivers havebeen detected by monitoring limited number of the physico-chemical parameters, whichcould only determine the changes in chemical characteristics of water bodies.Deterioration in water quality, over the past several years has gradually rendered theriver water quality unsuitable for various beneficial purposes.
Water Quality Monitoring Objectives:The water quality monitoring is being carried out to ensure that the water
quality is being maintained or restored at desired level and the objectives of the waterquality monitoring are as follows:
For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritization To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water
bodies or their part To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in
existence To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time
184
To assess assimilative capacity of a water body there by reducing cost onpollution control measures
To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants To assess the fitness of water for different uses
Water Quality Monitoring Programme:Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board is participating in the “National Water
Quality Monitoring Programme”–NWMP, since 1980 in collaboration with Central PollutionControl Board. Several rivers, lakes, tanks and ground water resources of AndhraPradesh state are being monitored under various programmes like Global EnvironmentMonitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS)and Ganesh Immersion etc.
The details of the monitoring network and frequency of sampling are providedin the following table.
MONITORING NETWORK IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No.
Name of the MonitoringProgramme
No. ofMonitoringStations
Frequency No. ofStations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.National Water Quality MonitoringProgramme (NWQMP)
50Monthly 37
Half Yearly 132. Kolleru lake 20 Monthly 20
3.Coastal Water Quality MonitoringProgramme
39 Monthly 39
Total 109 109Source: AP Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
APPCB is also monitoring the water quality of rivers, lakes, canals etc., duringGanesh idol immersion every year at 10 towns of Andhra Pradesh state.
Monitoring Parameters:It was observed that some of the regular parameters are not giving much
information on water quality and hence not used in interpretation for the major waterquality issues. Also some additional parameters are becoming important in certain areasdue to increased human/industrial activities.
Therefore, the compulsory parameters to be analyzed for all the monthly,quarterly, half yearly monitoring stations under GEMS and MINARS Programmed aredecided as follows:
Core parameters for surface waters:1. Temperature2. pH
Core parameters for ground waters:1. Temperature2. pH3. Conductivity4. BOD5. Nitrate - N6. Faecal Coliform7. Total Coliform
In addition to the above, the following parameters will be analysed for all thestations once in a year during summer (usually in the month of April) for assessment ofwater quality along with the regular parameters.
1. COD2. TKN/NH3-N3. Turbidity4. Total Hardness5. Total dissolved solids6. Total Fixed solids7. Total Suspended Solids8. Total Alkalinity9. Phenolphthalene Alkalinity
It is the 2nd longest river in India. It is about 1465 kms length of which, 757
kms lie in the state. River Godavari is one of the important perennial rivers of South
India. Its total catchment area is about 3.13 lakh sq. kms. There are two main
tributaries i.e., Manjeera and Maner joining the river Godavari apart from several small
rivers like Kadam, Pranahita, Indravathi and Sabari. The confluence point of river
Godavari is Bay of Bengal near Antharvedi and Bendamurlanka in the East Godavari
district.
The A.P.P.C.B. is monitoring river Godavari at 5 (five) stations under National
Water Monitoring Programme (NWMP) regularly and sending the data to CPCB.
Water quality trend:
The water quality trend indicates that there is a slight improvement in the
water quality status of river Godavari at stations Polavaram u/s of Rajahmundry when
compared to the previous years.
River Krishna:
River Krishna is the 2nd longest perennial river of Andhra Pradesh and 3rd
longest river of India. It has rather poor water wealth because of fairly low rainfall in the
basin. Its total length in the state is about 720 kms with a catchment area of 2.59 lakh
sq. kms. It is entering the state in Kurnool district and confluence with Bay of Bengal
near 'Hamsaladeevi’ and ‘Nachakunta' in Krishna district. Tungabhadra, Musi, Dindi,
Wyra, Chandravanka, Tammileru and Naguleru are some of the important tributaries.
The A.P.P.C.B. is monitoring river Krishna at 7 (seven) stations under NWMP
regularly and sending the data to CPCB.
Water quality trend:
The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly
improved when compared to previous years.
River Pennar:Pennar River also called as "Pinakini" originates in the Chennakesava Hills
(Nandi Hills in Kolar district of Karnataka State) and flows through 597 kms and
188
confluence with Bay of Bengal. The river enters Andhra Pradesh State in the extreme
south of Hindupur of Ananthapuramu district. The total length of the river from head to
its outfall into the sea is 597 kms of which about 61 kms is in Karnataka and the balance
of 536 kms is in Andhra Pradesh State. APPCB is monitoring at 4 stations.
Water quality trend:The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly
improved when compared to previous years.
River Nagavali:Nagavali River flowing in the North-East of the State is about 115 kms length
and confluence with Bay of Bengal near Mofaz Bandar in Srikakulam district.
Swarnamukhi is a tributary of river Nagavali. The monitoring point is at "Thotapalli"
regulator.
Water quality trend:The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly
improved when compared to previous years.
Wet land conservation:Wet lands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic system where
the water table is usually or near the water surface and land is covered by shallow
water. They are life support systems for people living around and are effective in flood
control, waste water treatment, reducing sediment, recharging of aquifers and also
winter resort for a variety of birds for shelter and breeding and provide a suitable habitat
for fish and other flora and fauna. They also act as buffer against the devastating effect
of hurricanes and cyclones, stabilize the shoreline and act as bulwark against the
encroachment by the sea and check soil erosion.
Status of Water Quality of Kolleru Lake:Kolleru lake is a natural wet land lake situated between Krishna and Godavari
deltas in the coastal districts of West Godavari and Krishna lying between the latitudes
16o32’ and 16o47’ and longitudes 81o05’ and 81o21’ E. It is one of the largest fresh water
eco-systems (Wet land) of international importance recognized under Ramsar
Convention (Iran 1971) covering 2,25,250 acres up to its +10 feet contour with a total
catchment area of 4763 sq. kms. This lake is situated nearly 35 kms away from the
coast line. The important activities in the lake area are agriculture and aquaculture. The
lake is a drinking water source for the people living in the vicinity of the Kolleru Lake and
it is a bird sanctuary for indigenous and migrating birds.
189
The ecological degradation of the lake was due to extensive use of pesticides
by farmers of upper catchment and delta regions, bunding for pisciculture, drainage or
sewage and industrial effluents from paper mills, sugar factories etc. located in Krishna
and West Godavari districts. Further the municipal waste from the major towns of
Vijayawada, Gudivada and Eluru polluted this lake.
Monitoring of Kolleru Lake:APPCB is monitoring the water quality of the lake at 20 points viz. 11 inlets, 8
lake points and one outlet.
The Supreme Court appointed a committee to set right the Kolleru Lakeproblem. Under the guidance of the committee the District Collector took up a massiveillegal encroachments clearance. He was successful. Now, again the same illegalencroachers put pressure on government to reduce the size of the Kolleru Lake from 5th
contour level to 3rd contour level. Government passed a resolution in this direction.However, we have to wait and see whether Supreme Court agrees on this or not. Meanwhile the illegal encroachers started their activities secretly.
Urban development:Rapid urbanization, particularly in case of large cities, is accompanied by
problems of overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, inadequate health facilities, poorsanitation, environmental degradation and growth of urban slums. Urban population inthe State in 2001 is 1,09,56,153 and increased to 1,46,10,410 as per populationcensus- 2011.
In order to address the issues arising out of pressure from the urbanizationprocess, the State Government has taken several initiatives. Some of these are longerterm and could have a great impact on the State of environment while several othermeasures have specific short term impacts, and are meant to solve immediate problemsof congestion, drinking water shortage, urban poverty, proliferation of slums etc. someof these initiatives are
1. Environmental conservation and protectiona)Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 (APWALTA)
2. Drinking water supplya)Godavari water supply project
3. Sewerage Developmenta)Water supply and sewerage lines in housing colonies
Provision of water supply and sewerage infrastructure in formalsettlements
4. Poverty alleviation programmesa) Establishment of Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas
(MEPMA) for addressing urban poverty issuesb) Increasing access to creditc) Pavala vaddi (low interest loans)
190
5. Social security schemesa) Dr. Y. S. R. Abhaya Hastam Insurance scheme for BPL peopleb) Group insurance scheme for Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Rural developmentThe rural population of the State is 70.5 % of the total population, and is
mainly dependent on agriculture and allied activities, which are climate dependent.
Climate change has brought in its wake problems in rural hinterlands as well – delayed
monsoons, decline in rainfall, use of more pesticides to get good yield. These
environmental issues have impacted the lives of people which are evident in the
migration to urban areas in search of livelihood. The rural areas also have problems of
poor water supply, sanitation, degradation of soil, ground water contamination, health,
education etc.
The State Government apart from ushering in several initiatives on its own
has been implementing the national policies to address the rural problems and reduce
the rural poverty. Some of the important National and State level initiatives are as under
1. National policies:
National policy on sanitation
a) NREGA
b) Watershed Development and Drought Relief Programme
c) Swarnajayanthi Grama Swarojgar Yojana
d) Water supply and Drinking Water Programmes
e) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment guarantee Scheme(MGNR)
f) Pradhanamantri Matrutva vandana yojana (PMMVY)
g) PM Surakshita Matrutva Abhiyan.
2. State Government Policies
a) NTR Jala Siri
b) Adarana Padhakam
c) Chandranna Bheema
d) NTR BHarosa
e) Jagajeevan Jyothi
f) Giri putrika Kalyana Padakam
g) Strinidhi
h) Badikosta
i) Ksheera Sagara Pathakam
j) NTR Uchita Vaidya Pareekshalu
k) Janani Sishu Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
The rural development programmes have significant environmental impact by
way of improving sanitation, creating better living conditions, discussions of environment
191
related issues, soil and moisture conservation works, afforestation etc. The alleviation of
rural poverty checks migration to urban areas which would have adversely affected the
urban environment.
Environment Pollution:Much of the Environmental deterioration is the direct or indirect result of
advances in technology and industrialization, also responsible for increased urbanization
interfering to a large extent in all the areas of the environment such as air and water.
Environmental pollution can be discussed with respect to air, water and noise, all of
which have detrimental impacts on living beings. The first and foremost effect of
pollution is seen in air which has its long term effects both globally and locally.
Details of common air pollution sources and their pollutants, suspended
particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter, microbial pollution, water
pollution, noise pollution, annual averages of respirable suspended particulate matter,
annual averages of total suspended particulate matter, prevalence of sulphur dioxide
(SO2) concentrations of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are provided in the report, besides
providing the policy initiatives of the Government for prevention of environmental
pollution.
Environmental Acts and Laws of Andhra PradeshGovernment of India has formulated environmental laws which are applicable
to all the States and Union Territories in the country. However, as India has a diverse
and varied set of resources and social conditions, most of the States have their own set
of specific laws and Acts, in consonance with what is applicable nationally.
Since 1974, some of the major environmental laws that have been passed by the
Government of India are as under:
1. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended in 1978
again amended in 1988.
2. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended in
1991.
3. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended in 1987.
4. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
5. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 amended in
2003.
6. Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 amended in 1992.
7. Bio-Medical waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 amended in
2003.
8. Plastics manufacture & Usage Rules, 1999 amended in 2003.
9. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000.
192
In consonance with the Central laws and Acts, Government of Andhra
Pradesh has also notified specific laws which are applicable to the State. The State
specific laws are–
1. Andhra Pradesh Farmer Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1977
2. Water User Associations, 1997
3. Water Conservation Mission, 2000
4. Intensification of watershed development programme, 2000
5. Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002
6. Massive Promotion of Micro Irrigation, 2003
7. Andhra Pradesh State Water Policy, 2008.
In addition to the above, certain green movements like Karga Movement,
Kolleru Lake Management, filed by the fishermen opposing the Sompeta power plant
have been included in the report.
193
TABLE - 6.1RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2015-16
Note: The Water Quality at any location is determined as the one which is satisfied at least80% of time by all the criteria parameters. To further elucidate on this if at alocation, 80% of the time Dissolved Oxygen, pH were in the range specified for classA, BOD for class B and total coliforms for Class C, then the existing status isdetermined as C.
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016,C.S.O.,Govt.of India, New Delhi.
205
TABLE - 6.13RIVER WATER QUALITY DURINGTHE YEAR 2015-16 (UNDER NWMP PROGRAMME)
Sl.No Station Name
Inorganic Pollutants Physico ChemicalParameters
DOmg/L
BODmg/L
Niitrate-N
(mg/L)pH
Conduc-tivity
(uS/cm)
Ammonia-N
(mg/L)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
KRISHNA1. River Krishna at Srisailam 6.1 1.3 1.1 8.1 632 BDL2. River Krishna at Vedadri 6.8 0.8 0.6 7.9 622 BDL
3. River Krishna at Amaravathi 6.9 0.7 0.5 7.8 713 BDL
4. River Krishna at Prakasambarrage, Vijayawada 7.0 0.8 0.5 7.8 636 BDL
5. River Krishna atHamsaladeevi 6.1 1.9 1.0 7.7 23144 BDL
THUNGABHADRA
6. River Thungabhadra atManthralayam 6.4 2.7 1.6 8.2 870 BDL
7. River Thungabhadra atBhavapuram 6.2 2.8 1.5 8.2 1176 BDL
Tributaries to river Krishna
8.Munneru before confluencewith river Krishna atNandigama
6.6 1.2 0.6 7.9 735 BDL
9. River Paleru at Jaggaiahpet 6.9 1.3 0.9 7.8 961 BDLPENNAR10. River Pennar at Unganoor 6.4 1.8 1.4 8.2 589 BDL
11. River Pennar at Pushpagiri 4.7 1.8 1.4 8.1 841 BDL
12. River Pennar at Siddavatam 4.4 1.8 1.2 8.2 843 BDL
13. River Pennar at Somasila 5.9 1.2 0.38 7.8 815 BDL
GODAVARI
14. Polavaram 6.5 1.2 0.4 7.8 219 BDL
15. U/s of River Godavari atRajahmundry 6.0 1.1 0.4 7.8 233 BDL
16.D/s of River Godavari atRajahmundry(Dhavaleswaram
6.0 1.8 0.6 7.6 247BDL
17.River Godavari atRajahmundry U/s of NallaChannel
5.8 1.6 0.78 7.5 259BDL
18.River Godavari atRajahmundry D/s of NallaChannel
Note:Andhra Pradesh has a coastal length of 974 kilometers covering in 9 districts inCoastal Andhra by making the state with the longest maritime boundary in thecountry. The sea coast is spotted with some of the most fascinating beaches inthe country and has a potential of the most exciting sea side destinations. A driveon beach road from Visakhapatnam to Bheemunipatnam is quite fascinating.
Source: Director of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 6.16MAIN ACTIVITIES ALONG THE COASTAL ZONE IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Base Activities1. 2.
Land BasedI. Coast Dependent Ports & Harbours, Oil terminals, Paper & Pulp Mills, Meta
-llurgical Plants, Fish Processing and Power Plants
II. Coast Preferring Urban, Commercial and Residential development, Tourismand Beach recreation and Agriculture
III. Coast independent Defense
Water Based Off-shore oil and gas, Off-shore placer mining, Navigation,Naval defense, Water sports and Fishing
Note: Coastal areas are of enormous socio-economic importance, because of theirtraditional resources viz., fishing, tourist-potential, commercial and residentialdevelopment as well as the new types of resources using new technologies such asocean thermal energy, wave energy, off-shore mineral deposits, Mari culture etc.The high economic value of these areas and the relative fragility and vulnerabilityto natural hazards, sea level rise and anthropogenic activities make thepreservation and the management of coastal zone resources and its environmentof enormous importance.
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
208
TABLE - 6.17POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Sl. No. Source Impacts1. 2. 3.
1. Municipal anddomestic waste
Reduce dissolved oxygen (DO); increase hydrogen sulphidelevels; incidence of faecal coliform and faecal streptococci;high biological oxygen demand (BOD)
3. Toxic metals Cause change in chemical and biochemical processes, increasein turbidity, lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine life
4. Oil pollution Causes smothering, clogging and toxicity5. Fertilizers Affect nutrient levels and may cause eutrophication
6. Dredging andreclamation
Affect habitats of marine organisms; lethal and sub-lethaleffects; affects flushing capacity of the water body
7. Siltation Increases in nutrient levels and can cause excessive algal bloom;may also cause damage to coral reefs and coastal nurseries
8. Discharge ofcoolant waters
Raises the temperature of the water can cause the growth of theblue-green algae
9. Toxic chemicals Cause lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine organisms
10. Offshore mining Increases particulate loading which can lead to loss of light and reducedprimary productivity; smothering and clogging of benthic communities
11. Radionuclide Bio-accumulation in fish and other benthic communitiesSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE – 6.18BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA (BWQC)
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics 2015, CSO, GOI, New Delhi
211
TABLE - 6.23
POTENTIAL HOT SPOTS ALONG THE ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
State Coastal City
1. 2.
Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam
Pressures on the marine environment arise from both natural as well as anthropogenicactivities. The latter occurs either due to over exploitation of coastal and marine resourcesor due to the use of the coastal and marine environment as sinks of pollutants and otherwastes arising as by-products of development activities. There are various such sources ofmarine pollution and their impacts varying according to the nature of the coastal or marineenvironment impacted upon and on the nature of the pollutant itself. Marine pollutionoccurs off most metropolitan cities and densely populated coastal towns in Andhra Pradesh.
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE - 6.24WATER REQUIREMENT FOR VARIOUS SECTORS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(in M.C.M)Sl.No. Sector Utilisation in 2000 Need by 2025
1. 2. 3. 4.1. Drinking Water 601 3,4682. Irrigation 64,252 1,08,0503. Industries 288 1,4454. Power Generation 28 56
Total 65,169 1,13,019
Source: Environment Production & Training Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.
TABLE - 6.25ESTIMATED ANNUAL REQUIREMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC
PURPOSES INCLUDING CATTLE IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2026Sl.No. State/India Projected Population
BCM: Billion Cubic Meters.Source: 1. Population Projection for India and States 2001-2026, The registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India,GOI, New Delhi, May,2006.2. Central Water Commission (Which is worked out by the standing
subcommittee for assessment of availability and requirement of water fordiverse uses in the country,2000 and distributed prorata in the states inproportion to population)
3. Compendium of Environment Statistics 2015, CSO, GOI, New Delhi.
Note: Data for the years from 1984 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE - 7.5EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT BIRTH (WITHOUT AIDS) BY SEX IN UNITED ANDHRA
PRADESH AND ALL INDIA FROM 2001-05 TO 2021-25
Sl. No. Period Andhra Pradesh All IndiaFemale Male Female Male
Note: Data for the years from 1984 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.Source; Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.
224
TABLE - 7.7
ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES BY AGE GROUPSIN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011 TO 2016
Note: Data for the years from 2011 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.Source: Sample Registration System Statistical Reports, 2011 to 2016 of the Registrar
General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.
225
TABLE - 7.8
ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES BY SEX IN ANDHRA PRADESHFOR THE YEARS 2015 & 2016
Source: Sample Registration System Statistical Reports, 2015 and 2016 of Office of the RegistrarGeneral of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
226
TABLE - 7.9MUNCIPALITY-WISE NUMBER OF HOUSE HOLDS BELOW POVERTY
Note: The Directorate of Census Operations,A.P. enumerated the slum population in theslum areas of cities & towns which had a population of 50,000 and above inCensus-1991.
U.A.: Urban Agglomeration, M.C.: Municipal Corporation.M: Municipality, C.B.: Cantonment Board, C.T.: Census Town NP: Nagar Panchayat.
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census, 2011, Directorate of Census Operations, A.P.Hyderabad.
237
TABLE - 7.22
PROJECTED POPULATION BY SEX (AS ON 1St MARCH)IN UNITED ANDHRA PRADESH
(In ‘000)
Sl. No. Year Persons Males Females
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 2001 76,210 38,527 37,683
2. 2002 77,154 38,976 38,179
3. 2003 78,074 39,414 38,660
4. 2004 78,973 39,844 39,129
5. 2005 79,852 40,264 39,587
6. 2006 80,712 40,677 40,036
7. 2007 81,554 41,080 40,474
8. 2008 82,375 41,475 40,900
9. 2009 83,178 41,862 41,316
10. 2010 83,964 42,240 41,724
11. 2011 84,735 42,611 42,124
12. 2012 85,491 42,974 42,517
13. 2013 86,229 43,329 42,901
14. 2014 86,952 43,676 43,277
15. 2015 87,662 44,015 43,647
16. 2016 88,361 44,348 44,013
17. 2017 89,035 44,671 44,363
18. 2018 89,691 44,986 44,705
19. 2019 90,330 45,293 45,037
20. 2020 90,949 45,591 45,359
21. 2021 91,549 45,880 45,669
22. 2022 92,111 46,147 45,964
23. 2023 92,649 46,401 46,248
24. 2024 93,160 46,641 46,518
25. 2025 93,636 46,862 46,774
26. 2026 94,073 47,061 47,012
Note: Projections are made on 2001 Census figuresSource: Census of India, 2001 – Population projections of India and States 2001-2026.
O/o Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi.
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TABLE - 7.23VARIATION IN POPULATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 1901 TO 2011 CENSUS
Sl. No. Year Population(Persons)
Variation(+) increase
or(-) DecreaseSex Ratio
(Number ofFemales per1,000 Males)No. of Persons Percentage
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. 1901 1,30,71,874 - - 1,004
2. 1911 1,41,10,152 +10,38,278 +7.94 1,010
3. 1921 1,44,45,471 +3,35,319 +2.38 1,008
4. 1931 1,60,87,691 +16,42,220 +11.37 1,002
5. 1941 1,79,43,071 +18,55,380 +11.53 991
6. 1951 2,02,16,637 +22,73,566 +12.67 988
7. 1961 2,32,88,866 +30,72,229 +15.20 984
8. 1971 2,76,84,813 +43,95,947 +18.88 981
9. 1981 3,33,68,588 +56,83,775 +20.53 978
10. 1991 4,04,18,934 +70,50,346 +21.13 976
11. 2001 4,53,97,069 +48,03,802 +11.89 983
12. 2011 4,95,77,103 +41,64,063 +9.21 99776Note: Data from 1901 to 1991 Census excludes merged villages of Khammam.
Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
TABLE - 7.24GROWTH OF POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1911 TO 2011
ANDHRA PRADESH 520 32,888 2,00,109CPWSS- Comprehensively Protected water Supply Scheme (for multi villages)PWSS- Protected water Supply Scheme (for single village) HPs: Hand Pumps
CHART - 7.4INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN ANDHRA PRADESH-1984 TO 2016 Rural
Urban
24
0
10
20
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
e (P
er th
ousa
nd L
ive
birt
hs)
Year
67.9
69.4
70.9
72.1
73.3
63.4
65.4
66.9
68.4
69.4
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
EX
PE
CT
AT
ION
OF
LIF
E A
T B
IRT
HCHART - 7.5
EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT BIRTH IN ANDHRA PRADESHDURING 2001-05 TO 2021-25
Female Male
58
60
62
2001
-05
2006
-10
2011
-15
2016
-20
2021
-25
Year
ABBREVATIONS
APPCB Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control BoardAPCPC Andhra Pradesh Cleaner Production CellASI Annual Survey of IndustriesBMD Bio Medical WasteCu.m Cubic MetreCPCB Central Pollution Control BoardCFC Chloro-Floro-CarbonsCO Carbon MonoxideCH4 MethaneCl ChlorineCSO Central Statistical OrganizationGHS Green House GasesGOI Government of IndiaH2S Hydrozen SulphideHC Hydro CarbonsIGZP Indira Gandhi Zoological ParkMCM Million Cubic MeterMg MagnesiumMoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMW Mega WattsMLD Million Litres per DayMTs. Metric TonnesNA Not AvailableNeg. NegligibleNH3 AmmoniaNOX Oxides of NitrogenOR Offence ReportsODP Ozone Depletion PotentialPM Particulate MatterPpm Parts per MillionPpmv Parts per Million by volume per yearSEP Social Forestry ProjectSO2 Sulphor DioxideSO4 SulphateSPM Solid Particulate MatterSTP Sewage Treatment PlantsSVZP Sri Venkateswara Zoological ParkSq. Kms Square KilometresWS Sub Water ShedRSPM Residual suspended Particulate MatterTDS Total Dissolved Solidsug MicrogramTSP Total Suspended ParticulateUDOR Undetected Offence Reports