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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

Part 4

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Types of Tissues

Types of Tissues

There are Four Types of TissueThere are Four T

ypes of Tissue

1.1. CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

2.2. MUSCULAR TISSUEMUSCULAR TISSUE

3.3. NERVOUS TISSUENERVOUS TISSUE

4.4. EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE

Tissue is a collection of comparable cells that carry out commonTissue is a collection of comparable cells that carry out commonduties.duties.

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Connective Tissue ContinuedConnective Tissue Continued

SUPPORTIVE TISSUESUPPORTIVE TISSUE aids in the formation of bone and cartilage. Due to itsaids in the formation of bone and cartilage. Due to itssolid matrix, this tissues cells usually occupy small cavities known assolid matrix, this tissues cells usually occupy small cavities known as

LACUNAELACUNAE. There are three different types of cartilage:. There are three different types of cartilage: HYALINE CARTILAGEHYALINE CARTILAGE isisconstructed of a whitish matrix with thin collagen fibers. This type ofconstructed of a whitish matrix with thin collagen fibers. This type of

cartilage is found at the end of bones, in the trachea, and in the nose. Similarcartilage is found at the end of bones, in the trachea, and in the nose. Similarto Hyaline,to Hyaline, ELASTIC CARTILAGEELASTIC CARTILAGE contains more elastic fibers which yieldscontains more elastic fibers which yields

more flexibility. Elastic cartilage is found in the outer ear area, the voice boxmore flexibility. Elastic cartilage is found in the outer ear area, the voice box(larynx), and the epiglottis. Lastly, the(larynx), and the epiglottis. Lastly, the FIBROCARTILAGEFIBROCARTILAGE consists of veryconsists of very

durable collagen fibers which can endure pressure/weight and absorb shock.durable collagen fibers which can endure pressure/weight and absorb shock.Fibrocartilage is found in the joint of the pubic bones, spinal disks, and inFibrocartilage is found in the joint of the pubic bones, spinal disks, and in

knee cartilage.knee cartilage.

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrocarti

Supportive Connective Tissue

Supportive Connective Tissue

Fibrocartilage

HyalineCartilag

e

Picture fromhttp://www.victoriacollege.edu/dept/bio/Belltutorials/Histology%20Tutorial/Basic%20Tissues/Connective%20Tissue.html#Elastic%20CT

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Connective Tissue ContinuedConnective Tissue Continued

BONESBONES are the firmest connective tissue which is constructed of aare the firmest connective tissue which is constructed of a

hard matrix and collagen fibers. Bones get some of their structurehard matrix and collagen fibers. Bones get some of their structurefromfrom OSSEOUS TISSUEOSSEOUS TISSUE, which lends to the cylindrical shape of them, which lends to the cylindrical shape of them

(OSTEONS)(OSTEONS). Long and dense. Long and dense COMPACT BONESCOMPACT BONES have rings of hardhave rings of hardmatrix in the osteons. At the ends of long bones is a lighter structurematrix in the osteons. At the ends of long bones is a lighter structure

known asknown as SPONGY BONESPONGY BONE. This material has a separated formation. This material has a separated formation

permitting space for marrow and blood vessels.permitting space for marrow and blood vessels.

Bone

Pictures from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone#Compact_boneand HumanBiology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 63

Spongy Bone

Osteon Compact Bone

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Connective Tissue ContinuedConnective Tissue ContinuedFluidFluid

BLOOD:BLOOD: Plasma liquid with formed elements (red and white blood cells, andPlasma liquid with formed elements (red and white blood cells, and

platelets). Bloods duties include carrying oxygen and nutrients throughoutplatelets). Bloods duties include carrying oxygen and nutrients throughoutthe body to other tissues fluid and circulates heat.the body to other tissues fluid and circulates heat. RED BLOOD CELLSRED BLOOD CELLStransport oxygen throughout the body by loosely binding the oxygen with thetransport oxygen throughout the body by loosely binding the oxygen with thecellscells HEMOGLOBINHEMOGLOBIN,, an iron containing structure. Red blood cells do notan iron containing structure. Red blood cells do notcontain a nucleus. On the other hand,contain a nucleus. On the other hand, WHITE BLOOD CELLSWHITE BLOOD CELLS contain a nucleuscontain a nucleusand are larger in size. Also, they have a more translucent appearance. Whiteand are larger in size. Also, they have a more translucent appearance. White

blood cells help to fight infections by either consuming the pathogensblood cells help to fight infections by either consuming the pathogensthrough phagocytosis or creating antibodies to fight infections.through phagocytosis or creating antibodies to fight infections. PLATELETSPLATELETSare present in bone marrow where they aid in the reconstruction of brokenare present in bone marrow where they aid in the reconstruction of brokenblood vessels. Platelets are pieces of cells.blood vessels. Platelets are pieces of cells.

LYMPH:LYMPH:Yellowish fluid containing white blood cells. Lymph originates fromYellowish fluid containing white blood cells. Lymph originates fromtissue fluid and is cleansed in thetissue fluid and is cleansed in the LYMPH NODESLYMPH NODES which is lymphatic tissue onwhich is lymphatic tissue on

Picture ofelements found in

blood

PicturefromHumanBio

logybySylviaS.Mader

page64

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Muscular TissueMuscular TissueSKELETON MUSCLE:SKELETON MUSCLE:Found where musclesFound where muscles

attach to bone and aid inattach to bone and aid inmovement. The fibers aremovement. The fibers arelong cylinder shapes thatlong cylinder shapes thatare formed by theare formed by thecombining of cells,combining of cells,resulting in multipleresulting in multiple

nuclei.nuclei.

SMOOTH MUSCLE:SMOOTH MUSCLE: Found inFound inthe walls of blood vessels andthe walls of blood vessels and

some internal organs. Aids insome internal organs. Aids inthe transfer of substances.the transfer of substances.

CARDIAC MUSLE:CARDIAC MUSLE: FoundFoundin heart walls. Its functionin heart walls. Its functionis to pump blood.is to pump blood.

Pictures from HumanBiology by Sylvia S.Mader page 65

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Nervous TissueNervous TissueNerve tissue consists of Neurons and Neuroglia.Nerve tissue consists of Neurons and Neuroglia.

NEURONS:NEURONS: A cell consisting of dendrites, aA cell consisting of dendrites, abody and axon.body and axon. DENDRITESDENDRITES are branchesare branchesoff the cell body that receive signals. Theoff the cell body that receive signals. The

CELL BODYCELL BODY contains a nucleus andcontains a nucleus and

cytoplasm. Ancytoplasm. An AXONAXON carries out nervecarries out nerveimpulses from the body.impulses from the body.

NEUROGLIA:NEUROGLIA: Cells found inCells found innervous tissue. Neuroglianervous tissue. Neurogliasupport neurons throughsupport neurons throughnourishment.nourishment.

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page

Axon

Dendrites

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue and CellEpithelial Tissue and Cell

JunctionsJunctions Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEPITHELIAL:EPITHELIAL: Constant layer of firmly packed cells.Constant layer of firmly packed cells.

SIMPLE EPITHELIA:SIMPLE EPITHELIA: Single layer of cellsSingle layer of cellsattributed from three cell types.attributed from three cell types.

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUMSQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM is a layer foundis a layer found

in lungs and blood vessels. It is made ofin lungs and blood vessels. It is made ofcompacted cells and aids in protection.compacted cells and aids in protection.

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUMCUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM is a layer of cubedis a layer of cubedcells found in glands, lining the ovariescells found in glands, lining the ovaries

and kidney tubules. Cuboidal epitheliumand kidney tubules. Cuboidal epitheliumaids in absorption.aids in absorption.

COLUMNAR EPITHELIUMCOLUMNAR EPITHELIUM are rectangularare rectangularshaped cells with the nuclei at theshaped cells with the nuclei at the

bottom. It is found lining the digestivebottom. It is found lining the digestivearea and aids in absorption.area and aids in absorption.

Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader pages68-69

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Epithelial Tissue ContinuedEpithelial Tissue Continued

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNARPSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAREPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM lines the trachea and aids inlines the trachea and aids in

ejecting impurities. Mucus helps to trapejecting impurities. Mucus helps to trapparticles and cilia carries it to the throatparticles and cilia carries it to the throatarea.area.

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUMTRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM lineslinesorgans which stretch. Found inorgans which stretch. Found in

bladder, urethra and ureters.bladder, urethra and ureters.STATIFIED EPITHELIA isfound in the nose,mouth, esophagus, analcanal and vagina linings.The cells are stackedinto layers which offerprotection. GLANDULAR EPITHELIAGLANDULAR EPITHELIA is any epitheliumis any epitheliumwhich secretes products. A cell or awhich secretes products. A cell or a

group of cells that secrete products aregroup of cells that secrete products areknown asknown as GLANDSGLANDS. Secretion to an outer. Secretion to an outer

surface is done bysurface is done by EXOCRINE GLANDSEXOCRINE GLANDS,,whereaswhereas ENDOCRINE GLANDSENDOCRINE GLANDS secretesecrete

products internally through theproducts internally through thebloodstream.bloodstream.Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page 69 and

Transitional epithelia ofbladder

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Cell JunctionsCell Junctions Cell junctions aid tissues in their functions by joining cellsCell junctions aid tissues in their functions by joining cells

together either by tight junctions, adhesion junctions or gaptogether either by tight junctions, adhesion junctions or gap

junctions.junctions.A. TIGHT JUNCTIONS:A. TIGHT JUNCTIONS: CellCelllayers become resilient bylayers become resilient bycreating a tough barrier bycreating a tough barrier by

the joining of plasmathe joining of plasma

membrane proteins.membrane proteins.

B. ADHESION JUNCTIONS:Cells cytoskeleton fibers areattached to one another.

Found in tissues whichstretch, like skin.

C. GAP JUNCTIONS:C. GAP JUNCTIONS: AAjunction formed by twojunction formed by twoneighboring plasmaneighboring plasma

membranes, allowingmembranes, allowingmolecules/ions to circulatemolecules/ions to circulate Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

Integ mentar S stemInte

g mentar S stem Ski d thSki d th

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Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System:: Skin and otherSkin and otherorgansorgans

SKIN:SKIN: Covers the body, protects tissues,Covers the body, protects tissues,prevents Hprevents H22O loss, regulatesO loss, regulatestemperature, and protects againsttemperature, and protects againstdiseases from entering the body. Thediseases from entering the body. Theskin contains two sections, theskin contains two sections, theepidermis and the dermis. Certain cellsepidermis and the dermis. Certain cellscan produce Vitamin D with the help ofcan produce Vitamin D with the help of

UV radiation.UV radiation.

EPIDERMIS:EPIDERMIS: Stratified squamousStratified squamousepithelium. Stem cells get newepithelium. Stem cells get new

epidermal cells for skin renewal.epidermal cells for skin renewal.

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYERSUBCUTANEOUS LAYER:Constructed of adipose and

loose connective tissue. Offersprotective layer against external

abuse.

DERMIS:DERMIS:Thick fibrousThick fibrous(collagen and elastic) tissue(collagen and elastic) tissueunder the epidermis. Allowsunder the epidermis. Allows

movement and flexibilitymovement and flexibilitywithout tearing. Bloodwithout tearing. Blood

vessels deliver nutrients tovessels deliver nutrients tothe skin while regulatingthe skin while regulating

body temperature. Containsbody temperature. Containssensory receptors.sensory receptors.

Nails, hair follicles, and sweatglands are accessory organs of

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview INTEGUMENTARY:INTEGUMENTARY: Skin, hair, hair muscles, nails, blood vessels, glands, and nervesSkin, hair, hair muscles, nails, blood vessels, glands, and nerves

protect body, regulates body temperature, and creates vitamin D from UV radiation.protect body, regulates body temperature, and creates vitamin D from UV radiation. CARDIOVASCULAR:CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart muscle pumps blood into vessels where nutrients/oxygenHeart muscle pumps blood into vessels where nutrients/oxygen

are delivered to cells. Blood removes carbon dioxide and cell waste while circulatingare delivered to cells. Blood removes carbon dioxide and cell waste while circulatingheat. Red blood cells transport oxygen while white blood cells fight infections.heat. Red blood cells transport oxygen while white blood cells fight infections.Platelets aid in vessel repair. Controls Fluid and pH.Platelets aid in vessel repair. Controls Fluid and pH.

LYMPHATIC:LYMPHATIC: System collects tissue fluids, absorbs fat, and stores white blood cells.System collects tissue fluids, absorbs fat, and stores white blood cells.Helps regulate fluid balance.Helps regulate fluid balance.

IMMUNE:IMMUNE: Includes all cells which help to protect the organism from disease.Includes all cells which help to protect the organism from disease. DIGESTIVE:DIGESTIVE:Takes food and breaks it down into nutrient molecules for cells.Takes food and breaks it down into nutrient molecules for cells.

Eliminates waste.Eliminates waste. RESPIRATORY:RESPIRATORY: Sustains breathing by taking oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide.Sustains breathing by taking oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide.

Also helps manage normal pH.Also helps manage normal pH. URINARY:URINARY: Helps regulate fluid balance and manage normal pH through excretion ofHelps regulate fluid balance and manage normal pH through excretion of

waste products.waste products. SKELETAL:SKELETAL: Gives body shape while protecting organs. Skeletal muscles aid inGives body shape while protecting organs. Skeletal muscles aid in

movement. Blood cells are created from marrow and minerals are stored in themovement. Blood cells are created from marrow and minerals are stored in thesystem.system. MUSCULAR:MUSCULAR: Muscle contraction aids in movement and posture. Smooth muscleMuscle contraction aids in movement and posture. Smooth muscle

helps organs contract which releases heat and warms the body.helps organs contract which releases heat and warms the body. NERVOUS:NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord and nerves receive sensory data which is stored. NerveBrain, spinal cord and nerves receive sensory data which is stored. Nerve

impulses are sent to muscles to aid in movement.impulses are sent to muscles to aid in movement. ENDOCRINE:ENDOCRINE: Glands produce hormones into blood. Aids in control of fluids, pHGlands produce hormones into blood. Aids in control of fluids, pH

balance, and metabolism. Helps maintain reproductive organs.balance, and metabolism. Helps maintain reproductive organs. REPRODUCTIVE:REPRODUCTIVE: Creates and moves gametes and hormones; births offspring.Creates and moves gametes and hormones; births offspring.

rgan ys em verv ew

y v v w

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rgan ys em verv ewy v v wContinuedContinued

DORSAL CAVITY:DORSAL CAVITY: Contains theContains theCranial Cavity and the VertebralCranial Cavity and the Vertebral

Cavity.Cavity.CRANIAL:CRANIAL: BrainBrain

VERTEBRAL:VERTEBRAL: Spinal CordSpinal Cord

VENTRAL CAVITY: Contains the Thoracic Cavity,Abdominal Cavity, and Pelvic Cavity.

THORACIC: Heart, lungs, and esophagus

ABDOMINAL: Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas,Gallbladder, and Intestines

PELVIC: Reproductive organs

A muscle known asA muscle known as DIAPHRAMDIAPHRAM separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Four Types of BodyFour Types of Body

MembranesMembranesMUCOUS:MUCOUS: Loose fibrous epithelial tissue which lines the interior respiratory,Loose fibrous epithelial tissue which lines the interior respiratory,digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Goblet cells secrete mucus to fromdigestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Goblet cells secrete mucus to frombacterial or virus penetration.bacterial or virus penetration.

SEROUS:SEROUS: Thoracic cavity and lungs are covered by pleurae, heart is covered byThoracic cavity and lungs are covered by pleurae, heart is covered bypericardial sac, and the abdominal cavity is covered by the peritoneum. Thepericardial sac, and the abdominal cavity is covered by the peritoneum. The

abdominal organs are attached to the wall by mesentery (double layerabdominal organs are attached to the wall by mesentery (double layerperitoneum). Membranes remain lubricated by watery secretion.peritoneum). Membranes remain lubricated by watery secretion.

SYNOVIAL:SYNOVIAL: Loose connective tissue lines cavities of joints and secrete lubricativeLoose connective tissue lines cavities of joints and secrete lubricativesolution to keep bones moving freely.solution to keep bones moving freely.

MENINGES:MENINGES: Protective tissue which covers the brain and spinal cord.Protective tissue which covers the brain and spinal cord.

rgan ys em verv ew

rgan ys em verv ew

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rgan ys em verv ewrgan ys em verv ewContinuedContinued

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Ventral Cavity

Dorsal Cavity

Picture fromHuman Biology

by Sylvia S.Mader Page 77

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Tissue TypesTissue Types Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Organ SystemOrgan System

HomeostasisHomeostasis

H t iH t i

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Homeostasis:Homeostasis:The bodys capacity to physically regulate its internalThe bodys capacity to physically regulate its internalenvironment is known asenvironment is known as HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS. All systems work together to help. All systems work together to help

maintain homeostasis.maintain homeostasis.

The normalThe normalconditions upheldconditions upheldin a cell orin a cell ororganism is knownorganism is knownas Homeostasis.as Homeostasis.For example, theFor example, the

organ systems oforgan systems ofhumans all workhumans all worktogether totogether toperform certainperform certainfunctions such asfunctions such asabsorbingabsorbing

nutrients andnutrients andoxygen, andoxygen, andexcreting waste.excreting waste.

They also adjustThey also adjusttheir processes totheir processes tomaintain regularitymaintain regularity

such as sweatingsuch as sweatingwhen the bod

Picture from Human Biology bySylvia S. Mader Page 79

i i d

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Homeostasis ContinuedHomeostasis Continued

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: The internal environment stays fairly stable due toThe internal environment stays fairly stable due tonegative feedback mechanisms through sensors and the control center.negative feedback mechanisms through sensors and the control center.

When a change occurs, a sensor will notify the control center which releaseWhen a change occurs, a sensor will notify the control center which releasean effect to overturn the change.an effect to overturn the change.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK:POSITIVE FEEDBACK: When the internal environment senses stimulation fromWhen the internal environment senses stimulation from

nerve impulses, the brain sends positive signals to not only keep thenerve impulses, the brain sends positive signals to not only keep thestimulation going, but to make it stronger.stimulation going, but to make it stronger.

Example ofNegative

Feedback Cycle

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"Bone." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 6 Feb 2008, 05:32 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2008 ."Cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 Feb 2008, 15:34 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2008

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"Cell nucleus." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 Feb 2008, 01:41 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2008.

"Eukaryote." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 Feb 2008, 21:56 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2008.

"Fibrocartilage." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 27 Oct 2007, 13:26 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2008

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"Fibrous connective tissue." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Dec 2007, 11:12 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2Feb 2008 .

Mader, Sylvia S.Mader, Sylvia S. Human BiologyHuman Biology. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2008. Pages 41-82.. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2008. Pages 41-82.

Menlo School. Cytoskeleton. Accessed 5 Feb 2008.

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"Mitochondrion." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 Jan 2008, 18:59 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 6 Feb 2008

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"Osmosis." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Feb 2008, 21:04 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 5 Feb 2008.

"Transitional epithelium." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 23 Jan 2008, 07:06 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 3Feb 2008 .

Victoria College. Biology Department - Connective Tissues. Accessed 5 Feb 2008.

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