Prehospital Intravenous Fluid Administration is Associated With Higher Mortality in Trauma Patients: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis (Annals of Surgery 2011;00(00):1-7) Helicopters and the civilian trauma system: National Utilization Patterns Demonstrate Improved Outcomes After Traumatic Injury (Trauma 2010;69(5):1030-4)
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Prehospital Intravenous Fluid Administration is Associated
With Higher Mortality in Trauma Patients:
A National Trauma DataBank Analysis
(Annals of Surgery 2011;00(00):1-7)
Helicopters and the civilian trauma system:
National Utilization Patterns Demonstrate Improved
Outcomes After Traumatic Injury
(Trauma 2010;69(5):1030-4)
Background/rationale• Helicopter transport of the injured
patient has been an integral component of trauma care in the United States since the 1970s, due in large part to the military aeromedical experience
• Helicopter transport in the civilian trauma population remains controversial with some asserting that it is over used and others questioning its benefits
• However, previous studies looking at this issue have been limited by small patient populations, relying on single centre or meta-analysis design
• The administration of intravenous (IV) fluids is a key component of the prehospital treatment of trauma patients intended to haemodynamic-ally stabilize trauma patients by replacing intravascular volume and maintaining vital organ perfusion
• An increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that IV fluid administration does not improve survival in trauma and may actually be of harm in certain subsets of trauma patients
• Given the previous data, we chose to examine the impact of prehospital IV catheter placement and fluid administration on survival following traumatic injury using the NTDB - the largest dataset of trauma patients ever created
Objectives
To compare patient outcomes after transport from the scene of injury by helicopter transport and ground transport
To determine the influence of prehospital IV fluid administration on patient outcome
Study design
Retrospective study using 1 year (2007) worth of data from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (Version 8)
Retrospective study using 5 years (2001–2005) worth of data from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (Version 6.2)
What is the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB)?
• Established by the American College of Surgeons as a public service to be a repository of trauma related data voluntarily reported by participating trauma centres
• Follows on from the major trauma outcomes study (MTOS) 1982-1989• Contains data on approx 3 million cases from over 900 US trauma centres• It is not a population-based data set• It is a convenience sample and is thus subject to various forms of bias
– Selection bias• Has a disproportionate number of larger hospitals with younger and more severely
injured patients– Information bias
• Inconsistency in the way clinical variables are measured - ISS has been found to calculated differently by different registry programs
• 31 of the 173 level I trauma centres in NTDB 7.0 submitted no complications associated with trauma incidents at all
– Missing data• In most cases NTDB data are not missing at random and analyses are subject to bias if
missing data are ignored • The results may be misleading when excluding all observations with missing data
Eligibility
• Inclusion criteria:– admitted in 2007 (n=507,262)– complete transport data
(n=427,493)– transported directly to a
trauma centre from the scene of injury by helicopter or by ground ambulance (n=258,989)
military antishock trousers , spine immobilization, splinting, and chest decompression
Study size
• A total of 776,734 patients with complete prehospital procedure files were identified from the 1,466,887 total patients in the National Trauma Data Bank
• Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between prehospital IV and mortality in the 311,071 patients with complete data
Statistical methods• Univariate and multivariate logistic
regression analysis• X2 tests were used to compare
categorical variables, and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare continuous variables.
• Covariates were included in the model if associated with survival at a level of p < 0.2
• A p value < 0.05 was considered significant
• Analysis was conducted using SAS JMP version 7.0 (Cary, NC)
• Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis
• Logistic regression analysis was repeated in numerous subgroups
– after excluding DOA patients– blunt patients, penetrating
patients, GSW, normotensive patients, hypotensive patients, hypotensive blunt patients, hypotensive penetrating patients, hypotensive GSW patients, patients with GCS < 9, patients with severe head injury (GCS<9 and head AIS 3–5) and need for immediate surgery
– based on ISS category• Analysis was conducted using
Stata/Multi-Processor 10.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX)
Helo study
IV study
IV study
Results• Unadjusted survival was lower in
patients transported by helicopter (92.5% vs. 95.6%; p < 0.01)
• Adjusted multivariable analysis demonstrated that patients transported by helicopter were more likely to survive (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.18–1.27)
– HT was a predictor of discharge to home (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.07) after adjustment for covariates
It’s easier to interpret a logistic regression model presented in terms of the less common binary event (e.g. death rather than survival) as this results in odds that are similar to the corresponding probabilities and makes the effects of covariates more apparent. For example if the probability of death is 5% or 0.05 then the odds of death is 0.05/0.95 = 0.053, whereas if the probability of survival is 95% or .95 then the odds of survival is 0.95/0.05 = 19.
• Unadjusted mortality was higher in patients receiving prehospital IV fluids (4.8% vs. 4.5%; P < 0.001)
• Adjusted multivariable analysis demonstrated that patients receiving IV fluids were more likely to die (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.05–1.17)
– The association was identified in nearly all subsets of trauma patients but was especially marked in patients with penetrating mechanism (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.08–1.45), hypotension (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.29–1.59), severe head injury (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.17–1.54), and patients undergoing immediate surgery (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.22–1.50)
Results• Unadjusted survival was lower in
patients transported by helicopter (92.5% vs. 95.6%; p < 0.01)
• Adjusted multivariable analysis demonstrated that patients transported by helicopter were more likely to survive (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.18–1.27)
– HT was a predictor of discharge to home (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.07) after adjustment for covariates
It’s easier to interpret a logistic regression model presented in terms of the less common binary event (e.g. death rather than survival) as this results in odds that are similar to the corresponding probabilities and makes the effects of covariates more apparent. For example if the probability of death is 5% or 0.05 then the odds of death is 0.05/0.95 = 0.053, whereas if the probability of survival is 95% or .95 then the odds of survival is 0.95/0.05 = 19.
• Unadjusted mortality was higher in patients receiving prehospital IV fluids (4.8% vs. 4.5%; P < 0.001)
• Adjusted multivariable analysis demonstrated that patients receiving IV fluids were more likely to die (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.05–1.17)
– The association was identified in nearly all subsets of trauma patients but was especially marked in patients with penetrating mechanism (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.08–1.45), hypotension (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.29–1.59), severe head injury (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.17–1.54), and patients undergoing immediate surgery (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.22–1.50)
Numbers needed
DiscussionLIMITATIONS• First are those inherent to a
retrospective design, [such as] the limited number of variables and detail of information accessible for analysis which limits the type of data that can be used in regression modelling to control for potential confounders
• Second are those outlined by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma for use of the NTDB
ADVANTAGES• The main advantage of the NTDB
is the access afforded to a large number of patients in a national sample
LIMITATIONS• This retrospective study suffers
from some inherent limitations, largely due to potential residual confounders, which were not available
– prehospital transport times– urban versus rural care
• The database did not differentiate between IV catheter placement and IV fluids
• “Due to these limitations, we could not determine the potential causal pathway of the higher mortality”
ADVANTAGES• However, the overall advantages
of using the large NTDB probably outweigh the potential limitations
Conclusions• Trauma patients transported
by helicopter were more severely injured, had longer transport times, and required more hospital resources than those transported by ground
• Despite this, HT patients were more likely to survive and were more likely to be discharged home after treatment when compared with those transported by ground
• Despite concerns regarding helicopter utilization in the civilian setting, this study shows that HT has merit and impacts outcome
• The harm associated with prehospital IV fluid administration is significant for victims of trauma
• The routine use of prehospital IV fluid administration for all trauma patients should be discouraged