Comparison Between House of Commons and House of Lords (4)

8/10/2019 Comparison Between House of Commons and House of Lords (4)

1/24

Contents Introduction

Origin of the House of Lords Origin of the House of Commons

Composition of both the Houses

Functions

Relationship with government

Powers of the Houses

Conclusion


2/24


3/24

COMPARI O! "#$%##! $H# HO& # LOR'

A!' $H# HO& # OF COMMO! (

PR#PAR#' FOR)

ir Hassan Masood

Political cience 'epartment

PR#PAR#' "*)

Abuba+ar addi,ue

--./

0overnment College &niversit1

Lahore(


4/24

COMPARI O! "#$%##! HO& # OF LOR'

A!' HO& # OF COMMO!

Introduction)

The House of Commons is the popularly elected component of Parliament, consisting of

650 members. Members of the government sit in, and are answerable to the House of

ommons. Most ma!or government legislation is introduced in the House. The House of

ommons alone is constitutionally authori"ed to introduce legislation concerned with the

raising or spending of funds. The House is also a place where MPs hold the government

to account, discuss national issues, and represent constituents# views. The $% public

elects 650 Members of Parliament &MPs' to represent their interests and concerns in the

House of ommons. MPs consider and propose new laws, and can scrutini"e government

policies by as(ing ministers )uestions about current issues either in the ommons

hamber or in ommittees.

The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the $nited %ingdom. *i(ethe House of ommons, it meets in the Palace of +estminster. ills can be introduced

into either the House of *ords or the House of ommons and members of the *ords may

also ta(e on roles as -overnment Ministers. The House of *ords has its own support

services, separate from the ommons, including the House of *ords *ibrary.

$nli(e the elected House of ommons, most new members of the House of *ords are

appointed. Membership of the House of *ords is made up of *ords piritual and *ords

Temporal. There are currently /6 *ords piritual who sit in the *ords by virtue of theirecclesiastical role in the established hurch of ngland. The *ords Temporal ma(e up the

rest of the membership1 of these, the ma!ority are life peers who are appointed by the

Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of *ords

2ppointments ommission.


5/24

Origin of the House of Lords)

Thee origins of the House of ommons date from the second half of the 34th century,

when landholders and other property owners in the counties and towns began sending

representatives to Parliament to present grievances and petitions to the (ing and to accept

commitments to the payment of ta es. n the 37th century the (nights and burgesses

chosen as representatives &i.e., the commons' began sitting in a separate chamber, or

8house,9 from that used by the nobles and high clergy &i.e., the lords'.

The House of *ords was initially the more powerful of the two houses, but over the

centuries its powers gradually diminished. y the late 3:th century, the House ofommons had gained the sole right to initiate ta ation measures. The House of *ords

retained its veto power over bills passed by the ommons, however, and in 3;4/ the only

recourse of the *iberal Party government was to threaten to flood the House of *ords

with new *iberal peers in order to prevent it from re!ecting that government#s


6/24

Origin of the House of Commons)

The origins of the House of ommons date from the second half of the 34th century,

when landholders and other property owners in the counties and towns began sending

representatives to Parliament to present grievances and petitions to the (ing and to accept

commitments to the payment of ta es. n the 37th century the (nights and burgesses

chosen as representatives &i.e., the commons' began sitting in a separate chamber, or

8house,9 from that used by the nobles and high clergy &i.e., the lords'.

The House of *ords was initially the more powerful of the two houses, but over the

centuries its powers gradually diminished. y the late 3:th century, the House of

ommons had gained the sole right to initiate ta ation measures. The House of *ordsretained its veto power over bills passed by the ommons, however, and in 3;4/ the only

recourse of the *iberal Party government was to threaten to flood the House of *ords

with new *iberal peers in order to prevent it from re!ecting that government#s


7/24

The *ords Temporal ma(e up the rest of the membership1 of these, the ma!ority are life

peers who are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the

advice of the House of *ords 2ppointments ommission.

Membership was once a birthright of hereditary peers. Aollowing a series of reforms, =/

members &as of 3 Buly /033' still sit by virtue of a hereditary peerage. ince males can

only inherit the vast ma!ority of hereditary peerages, only one of these =/ is currently a

woman. The number of members is not fi ed1 as of 33 Bune /03/ the House of *ords has

:64 members &not including 7= who are on leave of absence or are otherwise dis)ualified

from sitting', unli(e the House of ommons, which has a 650?seat fi ed membership.

everal different )ualifications apply for membership of the House of *ords. Co person

may sit in the House of *ords if under the age of /3. Aurthermore, only citi"ens of the

$nited %ingdom, ommonwealth citi"ens, and citi"ens of reland may sit in the House of

*ords. The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent@ under the 2ct of

ettlement 3:03, and prior to the ritish Cationality 2ct 3=7;, only natural?born sub!ects

were )ualified.

+omen were e cluded from the House of *ords until the *ife Peerages 2ct, passed in

3=5; to address the declining number of active members, made possible the creation of

peerages for life. +omen were immediately eligible and four were among the first life

peers appointed. However, hereditary peeresses continued to be e cluded until the

passage of the Peerage 2ct 3=64. ince the passage of the House of *ords 2ct 3===,

hereditary peeresses remain eligible for election to the $pper House1 there are two among

the =0 hereditary peers who continue to sit.

9enis ic0 Constitution of 2.351 ford: ;oo/land0 %!%80 -. 7

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_system
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_systemhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_system


8/24

Composition of House of Commons)

The average age of MPs following the election has fallen slightly to 50 years old.

Dver the last 40 years the average age of MPs following elections has remained stable

around this level, though perhaps contrary to the opinion of some long?serving Members.Eespite increases in the ethnic diversity of MPs, the number of women and a fall in the

average age, the Fpopulation# of the House of ommons remains very different to the $%

population it serves. ome of the most mar(ed differences between the $% population

and MPs are seen in education. =0G of MPs are university graduates, compared with

/0G across the adult population. Dver a )uarter of MPs went to D ford or ambridge.

More than one?third of MPs elected in /030 attended fee paying schools &including

twenty Dld stonians', compared with less than 30G of the adult population. The House

of ommons is more reflective of the population it represents than ever before.

However, it remains the case that more than 700 MPs, 6/G of the total, are white men

aged over 70.

Functions of House of Commons and House of Lords)

3' Parliaments Role)


9/24

Parliament is an essential part of $% politics. ts main roles are@

amining and challenging the wor( of the government &scrutiny'

Eebating and passing all laws &legislation'

nabling the government to raise ta es

$he two2House s1stem)

The business of Parliament ta(es place in two Houses@ the House of ommons and the

House of *ords.

Chec+ing the wor+ of government)

Parliament e amines and challenges the wor( of government.

Legislation)

Parliament is responsible for approving new laws &legislation'.

'ebate)

oth Houses of Parliament hold debates in which Members discuss government policy,

proposed legislation and current issues.

Rules and customs)

The origins of Parliament go bac( to the 34th century, so there are many rules about how

it runs.

$raditions of Parliament)

2 number of traditions are involved in the wor(ing of Parliament.

Parliament and government)


10/24

Parliament and government both play a part in forming the laws of the $nited %ingdom.

Parliament and Crown)

2long with the House of ommons and the House of *ords, the rown is an integral part

of the institution of Parliament.

'evolved Parliaments and Assemblies)

$% devolution created a national Parliament in cotland, a national 2ssembly in +ales

and a national 2ssembly in Corthern reland.

#urope)

The $% is one of /; member states of the uropean $nion and is sub!ect to uropean

$nion & $' legislation.

/' Legislation)

Dne of Parliament s main roles is debating and passing laws.

%h1 are new laws needed3

Aind out why new laws are made and how they are developed.

'raft "ills)

Eraft ills are ills issued for consultation before being formally introduced to

Parliament.

"ills)


11/24

2 ill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change an e isting law that is

presented for debate before Parliament.

Passage of a "ill)

How does a ill become an 2ctI Aind out the stages a ill goes through before it

becomes law.

Acts)

2n 2ct of Parliament creates a new law or changes an e isting law.

'elegated legislation)

Eelegated or secondary legislation is usually concerned with detailed changes to the law

made under powers from an e isting 2ct of Parliament.

$he Parliament Acts)

2lthough rarely used, the Parliament 2cts provide a way of solving disagreement

between the ommons and the *ords.

Method of Legislation)

ills may be introduced in either house, though controversial bills normally originate in

the House of ommons. The supremacy of the ommons in legislative matters is assured

by the Parliament 2cts, under which certain types of bills may be presented for the


12/24

y a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament 2cts, only the House of ommons

may originate bills concerning ta ation or upply. Aurthermore, supply bills passed by

the House of ommons are immune to amendments in the House of *ords. n addition,

the House of *ords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a ta ation or supply?

related provision, but the House of ommons often waives its privileges and allows the

*ords to ma(e amendments with financial implications. $nder a separate convention,

(nown as the alisbury onvention, the House of *ords do not see( to oppose legislation

promised in the -overnment s election manifesto. Hence, as the power of the House of

*ords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice, the House of ommons are

clearly the most powerful branches of Parliament.

$he House of Lords debates legislation, and has power to amend or re!ect bills.However, the power of the *ords to re!ect a bill passed by the House of ommons is

severely restricted by the Parliament 2cts. $nder those 2cts, certain types of bills may be

presented for the


13/24

Relationship with the 0overnment Of House Of Commons)

2lthough it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the

House of Commons is of overriding importance. y convention, the prime minister is

answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of ommons.

Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the overeign appoints the

person who has the support of the House, or who is most li(ely to command the support

of the HouseJnormally the leader of the largest party in the ommons.

&The leader of the second?largest party becomes the *eader of the Dpposition.' ince

3=64, by convention, the prime minister is always a member of the House of ommons,

rather than the House of *ords.

The *ower House may indicate its lac( of support for the -overnment by re!ecting a

Motion of confidence or by passing a Motion of no confidence. onfidence and no

confidence motions are sometimes phrased e plicitly, for instance@ >That this House has

no confidence in Her Ma!esty s -overnment.> Many other motions were considered

confidence issues, even though not e plicitly phrased as such. n particular, important

bills that form a part of the -overnment s agenda were formerly considered matters of

confidence, as is the annual udget. +hen a -overnment has lost the confidence of the

House of ommons, the prime minister is obliged to either resign, ma(ing way foranother MP who can command confidence, or re)uest the monarch to dissolve

Parliament, thereby precipitating a general election. Parliament normally sits for a

ma imum term of five years. Aormerly, the prime minister was able to choose the timing

of the dissolution of parliament up until this time had elapsed with the permission of the

Monarch. However, since the Ai ed?term Parliaments 2ct, terms are now a fi ed at five


14/24

years, with only a vote of no?confidence or a two?thirds ma!ority able to bring about an

early general election.

Relationship with the 0overnment of House of Lords)

The House of *ords does not control the term of the Prime Minister or of the

-overnment. Dnly the *ower House may force the Prime Minister to resign or call

elections by passing a motion of no confidence or by withdrawing supply. Thus, the

House of *ords oversight of the government is limited.

The House of *ords remains a source for !unior ministers and members of government.

*i(e the House of ommons, the *ords also have a -overnment hief +hip as well as

several Bunior +hips. +here a government department is not represented by a minister in

the *ords or one is not available, government whips will act as spo(esmen for them

4' Committee 1stem)

The Parliament of the $% uses committees for a variety of purposes, e.g., for the review

of bills. ommittees consider bills in detail, and may ma(e amendments. ills of great

constitutional importance, as well as some important financial measures, are usually sent

to the > ommittee of the +hole House>, a body that includes all members of the

ommons. nstead of the pea(er, the hairman or a Eeputy hairman of +ays and

Means presides. The ommittee meets in the House of ommons hamber.

Most bills were until /006 considered by tanding ommittees, which consisted of

between 36 and 50 members. The membership of each tanding ommittee roughlyreflected the strength of the parties in the House. The membership of tanding

ommittees changed constantly1 new Members were assigned each time the committee

considered a new bill. There was no formal limit on the number of tanding ommittees,

but usually only ten e isted.


15/24

ommittee, which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised. n Covember

/006, Public ill ommittees replaced tanding ommittees.

The House of ommons also has several Eepartmental elect ommittees. The

membership of these bodies, li(e that of the tanding ommittees, reflects the strength of

the parties. ach committee elects its own hairman. The primary function of a

Eepartmental elect ommittee is to scrutini"e and investigate the activities of a

particular government department.

To fulfill these aims, it is permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence.

ills may be referred to Eepartmental elect ommittees, but such a procedure is

seldom used.

2 separate type of elect ommittee is the Eomestic ommittee. Eomestic ommittees

oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members.

Dther committees of the House of ommons include Boint ommittees &which also

include members of the House of *ords', the ommittee on tandards and Privileges

&which considers )uestions of parliamentary privilege, as well as matters relating to the

conduct of the members', and the ommittee of election &which determines the

membership of other committees'.

Much of the wor( of the House of ommons and the House of *ords ta(es place in

committees, made up of around 30 to 50 MPs or *ords. These committees e amine issues

in detail, from government policy and proposed new laws, to wider topics li(e the

economy.

http://people.howst%ffworks.com/dictator1.htm

http://www.britannica.com/ 'checked/topic/1!(("0/'ritishconstit%tion
http://people.howstuffworks.com/dictator1.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162240/Britishconstitutionhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162240/Britishconstitutionhttp://people.howstuffworks.com/dictator1.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162240/Britishconstitution


16/24

elect Committees)

elect ommittees wor( in both Houses. They chec( and report on areas ranging fromthe wor( of government departments to economic affairs.

4oint Committees)

Boint ommittees are committees consisting of MPs and *ords.

0eneral Committees 5including Public "ill Committees6)

These committees are uni)ue to the ommons and mainly loo( at proposed legislation in

detail. They include all committees formerly (nown as tanding ommittees. The House

of ommons has three -rand ommittees

0rand Committees)

The ommons has three -rand ommittees, which loo( at )uestions on cotland, +ales

and Corthern reland. -rand ommittees in the *ords debate ills outside the *ords

hamber.

7' Prime Political Forum)

The most general and pervasive function is that the House of ommons provide the

prime political forum in the country. n other words, it amounts to a convenient &and

usually non?violent' setting for the e change of views between -overnment and

opposition. This idea of a political forum in theory is ta(en further in reality in that

following a -eneral lection, the choice of -overnment is a matter for the ommons in


17/24

the senses that@ The leader of the party with the greatest number of MPs &not necessarily

the greatest number of votes' is e pected to become Prime Minister

Prime Minister then chooses the political heads of the -overnment &the abinet and

Ministers' from e isting ommons Members of Parliament &though there are also about

/5 out of about 3/0 chosen from the House of *ords'. This picture of the ommons as a

direct bro(er of -overnments is probably e aggerated. The lectorate now largely

determines the choice, so that the -overnment is really settled on election night and not a

wee( or so later when Parliament actually assembles ? unless perhaps no party wins an

overall ma!ority. The conflicting interpretations being presented here have been

categori"ed as two different models

$ he Westminster model ? power flows from the electorate to Parliament that chooses and

controls the e ecutive.

The Whitehall model ? the electorate chooses the -overnment and Parliament is there to

confirm that choice as an electoral college and then to serve -overnment and ensure it

wor(s effectively in accordance with its mandate. The role of MPs is on this view to

facilitate and improve -overnment programmer by e ploring and testing them but

ultimately approving them. n short, Parliament is a critical rather than governmental body.

5' CR&$I!* OF POLICI# A!' A'MI!I $RA$IO!)

The ommons ne t has the tas( of scrutini"ing the -overnment s policies and

administration of its policies. 2gain note that Parliament has few policies of its own andcertainly no coherent overall programmed which rivals that of the -overnment ? its

functions are mainly to e amine and react to the -overnment s policies and actions. The

alternative to the -overnment is the Dfficial Dpposition not Parliament per se.

This point is well made by Bohn tuart Mill@


18/24

"Instead of the function of governing, for which is radically unfit, the

proper office of a representative assembly is to watch and control the

government..."

Parliament is e pected to sustain, scrutini"e and influence rather than bloc( -overnment.

2fter all, most MPs are elected on the basis that they support the -overnment s policies.

Parliament thus provides legitimating for -overnment in the sense that its approval can

be seen as representing the assent of the electorate.

6' pecific Readdress)

The final tas( of the ommons is the redress of specific grievances. 2ll MPs, even the

Prime Minster, are elected by a specific locality &constituency' in which they are the sole

representative and lin( with Parliament. t follows that they are seen as having

constituency interests and responsibilities. n other words, they as( )uestions or raise

matters in debate concerning the problems of their area and constituents. This wor( is

often done informally and behind the scenes by meetings in the constituency and by

letters to, and discussion with, Ministers or civil servants

4udicial Role of House of Lords)

The !udicial functions could also be e ercised by *ords of 2ppeal &other members of the

House who happened to have held high !udicial office'. Co *ord of 2ppeal in Drdinary or

*ord of 2ppeal could sit !udicially beyond the age of seventy?five. The enior *ord of

2ppeal in Drdinary and his or her deputy, the econd enior *ord of 2ppeal in Drdinary,

supervised the !udicial business of the *ords.

The !urisdiction of the House of *ords e tended, in civil and in criminal cases, to appeals

from the courts of ngland and +ales, and of Corthern reland. Arom cotland, appeals

were possible only in civil cases1 cotland s High ourt of Busticiary is the highest court

in criminal matters. The House of *ords was not the $nited %ingdom s only court of last


19/24

resort1 in some cases, the Budicial ommittee of the Privy ouncil performs such a

function. The !urisdiction of the Privy ouncil in the $nited %ingdom, however, is

relatively restricted1 it encompasses appeals from ecclesiastical courts, disputes under the

House of ommons Eis)ualification 2ct 3=:5, and a few other minor matters. ssues

related to devolution were transferred from the Privy ouncil to the upreme ourt in

/00=.

The twelve *aw *ords did not all hear every case1 rather, after +orld +ar cases were

heard by panels (nown as 2ppellate ommittees, each of which normally consisted of

five members &selected by the enior *ord'. 2n 2ppellate ommittee hearing an

important case could consist of more than five members. Though 2ppellate ommittees

met in separate committee rooms, !udgments were given in the *ords hamber itself. Cofurther appeal lay from the House of *ords, although the House of *ords could refer a

>preliminary )uestion> to the uropean ourt of Bustice in cases involving an element of

uropean $nion law, and a case could be brought at the uropean ourt of Human


20/24

House. 2 member standing up, possibly intervening on another member, and moving the

motion without notice brings them into play. +hen the debate is getting e cessively

heated, it is open to a member to move >that the tanding Drder on 2sperity of peech be

read by the ler(>.

pea+ers 'ecision Rule)

pea+er 'enison7s rule is a constitutional convention established by 3=th century

pea(er of the ritish House of ommons Bohn venly Eenison, regarding how the

pea(er decides on his casting vote in the event of a tie.

The principle is to always vote in favor of further debate, or, where no further debate is

possible, to vote in favor of the status )uo. Aor e ample, the pea(er will vote@

n favor of early readings of bills

2gainst amendments to bills

2gainst the final enactment of a bill

2gainst motions of no confidence

The thin(ing behind the rule is that change should only occur if an actual ma!ority vote in

favor of change. o say a bill was introduced to ban all blue cars. f the vote in the House

of ommons was 403?400 in favors, then Parliament wants to ban blue cars and blue cars

are banned. ut if the vote was tied on 400?400, then it cannot be said that Parliament

wants to ban blue cars, so why should blue cars be bannedI

pea(er Eenison s rule is now a guiding principle in many other bodies, which have

neutral chairpersons.

9enis ic0 Constitution of 2.351 ford: ;oo/land0 %!%80 -. 7%%.


21/24

Resignation from the "ritish House of Commons)

Members of Parliament sitting in the House of ommons in the $nited %ingdom are

technically forbidden to resign. To circumvent this prohibition, a legal fiction is used.

2ppointment to an >office of profit under the rown> dis)ualifies an individual from

sitting as a Member of Parliament &MP'.

Conclusion)

Hence the House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the $nited%ingdom which, li(e the House of *ords &the upper house', meets in the Palace of

+estminster. The ommons is an elected body consisting of 650 members (nown as

Members of Parliament &MPs'. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first?

past?the?post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved.

2 House of ommons of ngland evolved at some point in ngland during the 37th

century, becoming the House of ommons of -reat ritain after the political union with

cotland in 3:0: and in the nineteenth century the $nited %ingdom of -reat ritain and

reland after the political union with reland before assuming its current title after

independence was given to the rish Aree tate in 3=//.

$nder the Parliament 2ct 3=33, the *ords power to re!ect legislation was reduced to a

delaying power. The -overnment is primarily responsible to the House of ommons and

the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains its support.

$he House of Lords scrutini"es ills that have been approved by the House ofommons. t regularly reviews and amends ills from the ommons. +hile it is unable

to prevent ills passing into law, e cept in certain limited circumstances, it can delay

ills and force the ommons to reconsider its decisions. n this capacity, the *ords act as

a constitutional safeguard that is independent from the electoral process. n addition to its


22/24

role as the upper house, until the establishment of the upreme ourt in /00=, the House

of *ords, through the *aw *ords, acted as the final court of appeal in the $% !udicial

system.

The ueen s peech is delivered from the House of *ords during the tate Dpening of

Parliament. The House also has a hurch of ngland role, in that hurch Measures must

be tabled within the House through the *ords piritual.


23/24

"ibliograph1) -rofessor .A ali/ 0 1utlines of the constitution of the 2nited 3in4dom 56ahore: -ld-ublisher0 #$ 780.

+ade K Philip, nglish onstitutional *aw &Pld Publisher@ oo(land, /03/', pp. 467?465.s

9enis ic0 Constitution of 2.351 ford: ;oo/land0 %!%80 -. 7

%ebliograph1)

1. htt&:''www.merriam,webster.com'dictionary'democracy(. htt&:''answers.yahoo.com'=uestion'inde (

=id)#$$ AA?=@tb. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_

parliamentary_system". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictatorship?show=0&t=1 !0"#!!!"). http://people.howst%ffworks.com/dictator1.htm!. http://www.britannica.com/ 'checked/topic/1!(("0/dictatorship#. www.salcom&.ca' les'>#'7,9ictatorshi&B#$N T$%.doc*. htt&:''www.&ublishyourarticles.net'en4'articles'diDerence,between,

&residential,and,&arliamentary,form,of,4ovt.html+. htt&:''www.buEEle.com'articles'dictatorshi&,vs,democracy.html10. htt&:''www.&ildat.or4'-ublications'&ublication'S9R'Assessmentofthe?u

alityof9emocracyin-a/istan Gear#$ #.&df

[email protected](NessayN2liG/0 )bal.pdf
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracyhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060905230841AAQqXtbhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060905230841AAQqXtbhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_systemhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_systemhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictatorship?show=0&t=1360476664http://people.howstuffworks.com/dictator1.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162240/dictatorshiphttp://www.salcomp.ca/files/42/3-Dictatorship%20NET09.dochttp://www.publishyourarticles.net/eng/articles/difference-between-presidential-and-parliamentary-form-of-govt.htmlhttp://www.publishyourarticles.net/eng/articles/difference-between-presidential-and-parliamentary-form-of-govt.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/dictatorship-vs-democracy.htmlhttp://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/SDR/AssessmentoftheQualityofDemocracyinPakistan_Year2012.pdfhttp://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/SDR/AssessmentoftheQualityofDemocracyinPakistan_Year2012.pdfhttp://www.youthparliament.org.pk/essay/Ali%20Iqbal.pdfhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracyhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060905230841AAQqXtbhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060905230841AAQqXtbhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_systemhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_presidential_system_and_parliamentary_systemhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictatorship?show=0&t=1360476664http://people.howstuffworks.com/dictator1.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162240/dictatorshiphttp://www.salcomp.ca/files/42/3-Dictatorship%20NET09.dochttp://www.publishyourarticles.net/eng/articles/difference-between-presidential-and-parliamentary-form-of-govt.htmlhttp://www.publishyourarticles.net/eng/articles/difference-between-presidential-and-parliamentary-form-of-govt.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/dictatorship-vs-democracy.htmlhttp://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/SDR/AssessmentoftheQualityofDemocracyinPakistan_Year2012.pdfhttp://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/SDR/AssessmentoftheQualityofDemocracyinPakistan_Year2012.pdfhttp://www.youthparliament.org.pk/essay/Ali%20Iqbal.pdf


24/24

Comparison Between House of Commons and House of Lords (4)

Documents