Comparative effects of Azolla pinnata (sp africana) and inorganic Ammonium sulphate on growth and yield of Basmati 370, under varied inorganic phosphate.

Comparative effects of Azolla pinnata (sp

africana) and inorganic Ammonium sulphate

on growth and yield of Basmati 370, under

varied inorganic phosphate regimes in

Mwea & Ahero Irrigation schemes

Oyange A. W

Dr. Kanya,.

1

Azolla as indicator of P levels in Paddy

2

Azolla indicative of Nutrient status

3

INTRODUCTION Azolla species is a leaf floating fern and forms

symbiotic ass. with a Cyanobacterium (Anabaena azollae).

The association with the cyanobacteria plays a very important role in rice production.

For centuries, Azolla and its nitrogen-fixing partner Anabaena have been used as "green manure.

Industrial revolution reduced the traditional use of Azolla as green manure due to Increase in supply of chemical fertilizers.

In1970’s oil crisis had negative impact of inorganic fertilizers leading to intensified research on Azolla 4

INTRODUCTION

In Mwea Irrigation scheme, Azolla pinnata is widespread,

Invasion noticed in early 1990’s, source is unknown

Coverage stands at 30-50% during the peak season

The heavy bloom of Azolla is enhanced by perennial application of P fertilizers to levels equivalent to 45 kg P2O5 ha-1

The presence of Azolla is aggravated by; land preparation practice(3 months early maintenance of flooded paddies (BL survey, 2012)

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INTRODUCTION

Azolla incorporation (“Isahan” ) contributes nearly 45% of the soil N in MIS.

Research: 1970s, confirmed the bio-fertilizer potential of Azolla◦AIRS reported same in 1980’s

Azolla provides organic fertilizers, increases efficiency of nitrogen use, & reduces water pollution

Azolla can increase rice ylds by 158% & no decline in pdtivity, no need of rotation.

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INTRODUCTION

The N requirement for Mwea is 60-80 kg ha-1

Current soil N levels are as high as eqv. to 35 kg N ha-1

Other benefits; low incidents of malaria in Mwea

Potential of Azolla is high, can reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers,(20% of the pdn cost)

Most research data available related to experiments in Asian countries

A two year field experiment on the comparative effects of Azolla and AS on rice Basmati 370 will be conducted at MIAD and AIRS. 7

Justification

Azolla is widely spread( 30-50% at peak in MISCost of fertilisers high and on the increase

(20% of pdn cost.Chemical fertilizers have effects on soil

fertility, productivity and environmental degradation.

Need for a complemented, sustainable agriculture, with low risk of environmental effect.

Azolla-Anabaena system provides an alternative use of bio fertilisers.

It is an option, wholly or complementarily as a fertilizer especially in MIS 8

General Objective Determine the bio-diversity and comparative effects of Azolla organic fertilizer source and SA, on growth & yield of Basmati 370.

Specific objectiveIdentify the bio-diversity of Azolla in KenyaFind the effects of Azolla “green manure” and

SA on growth and yield of Basmati 370Establish the effects of timing of

incorporating Azolla biomass on growth and yield of Basmati 370

Determine the effects of P and K on growth of Azolla biomass & the rate of xn with time.

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MATERIALS AND METHOD

MIS & Ahero

Within AEZ LM3 & LM4 (marginal cotton zone)

Rainfall is bimodal 930mm/yr with 510mm during

long season with 66% reliability.

Temperature ave. 22oC with min 17 & max of 28 oC

Soils are vertisols, imperfectly drained

Weather data to be taken and soil analysis done

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Experimental procedure

2 experiments will be done;Basmati 370 to be grown at 30 x15cm, 2 N

levels, 2 P levels and 3 timings of Azolla applications split plot design.

N levels will be the main plot while P and timings of Azolla application will be the sub plots.

K will be applied at standard rate of 50 kg ha-1

3 factor, 3 x 2 x 2 factorial exp in 3 repsN levels will be N1 & N2,(0 and 60 kg ha-1)

P as P1, P2 (0 and 50 kg ha-1 P2O5)

Timing as T0 , T1 , and T2 ( non, Basal , at veg 11

Treatments & treatment combinations

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Where ; N1- 0kg N ha-1, N2-60kg N ha-1, P1- 0kg P2O5 , P2- 60kg P2O5

T1- No appn, T2- basal, 60kg biomass, T3- 60g inoculation/plot

  N1P1 N1P2 N2P1 N2P2

To N1P1-To N1P2-To N2P1-

To

N2P2-

To

T1 N1P1-T1 N1P2-T1 N2P1-

T1

N2P2-

T1

T2 N1P1-T2 N1P2-T2 N2P1-

T2

N2P2-

T2

Plot Layout

R1 R2 F3

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Split plot design; N- Main plots and P & T sub plots, all randomized in 3 replications

B1 B2 B3

N2P1-T2 N2P2-To N1P2-To N1P2-T1 N2P2-T2 N2P1-T2

N2P2-T1 N2P2-T2 N1P1-T1 N1P1-T2 N1P2-T1 N2P2-To

N2P1T1 N2P1-T0 N1P1-T1 N1P1-To N2P1-T0 N2P1T1

N1P2-T1 N1P1-T1 N2P2-To N2P1-T0 N1P1-T1 N1P2-To

N1P1-To N1P1-T1 N2P2-T2 N2P1-T2 N1P1-T2 N1P1-T1

N1P2-To N1P1-T2 N1P2-T1 N2P1T1 N1P1-To N1P2-T1

Data collection

Growth parameters Plant Height (cm) Chlorophyll content Tillers m-2,

Dry weight

Yield parameter

Panicle number m-2 Spikelet paniclem-1

% ripened grain 1000-grain wt(g) Yield (tons ha-1)

Growth observations taken at 21, 30, 45, 55 & 75 DAT 14

Experiment 2 (Pot)10 g of Azolla biomass inoculated 8.4 x

10-3 m3 (30.5cm x11.5 cm) for 10 days◦ Use Canal and tap water -W1 and W2.

◦ 4 P levels; P1, P2, P3, P4

◦ 2 K levels- K1 & K2

2 factor, 4 x 2 factorial in split plot design, 3 reps

P1, P2, P3 and P4- are 0, 50,75 and 100 kg ha-1 P205,

K1 and K2 are 0 and 50 kg ha-1 K20.◦ W1 - Canal water & (W2) Tap water

The N, P, K, pH of W1 and W2 analysed 15

Design & Layout

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B1 B2 B3

K2 K1 K1 K2 K2 K1

K2P1 K1P1 K1P4 K2P1 K2P2 K1P2

K1P1 K1P4 K1P3 K2P2 K2P4 K1P1

K2P2 K1P3 K1P2 K2P3 K2P3 K1P4

K2P4 K1P2 K1P1 K2P4 K2P1 K1P3

Azolla biomass will be measured on the 10th day after inoculation N, P and K contents of the biomass analysed

Data Analysis

Data was collected, summarized in excel & analyzed using SPSS & SAS.

ANOVA at 5% sig. used to assess main & interactive effects

Means for the treatments, separated using LSD Test.

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Schedule of activities

Months August

Week(s) 3 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 4

Activities

Soil sampling

Land preparation

Azolla establishment

Nursery establishment

Transplanting

Weeding/ Azolla incorporation

1st fert. split

2nd split application

Plant length assessment

Harvesting

yield analysis

Soil analysis

March April MayJuly FebSept Oct Nov Dec Jan

Thank You

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Budget

  Activity Man daysQuantit

yUnit cost

Total cost  

  Land preparation      1st trial

1st & 2nd

1Herbicide applicaton 1   600 600 

2 Rotatavion   1 3000 3,000 

3Weed/stubble removal 8 X 1 300 2,400 

4 Paddling   X2 1000 2,000 5 Banding 6 1 300 1,800 

6Nursery & seed preparation       9,800 19,600

 Nursery preparation 3 2 300 1,800 

7 seed preparation 1 1 300 300 

8Seed establishment 2   300 600 

  2,700 2,700Inputs          

10Seeds   10kgs 100 1,000 11Fertilizers       6,100   TSP   50kgs   3,800   SA   50kgs   2,400   KCL   50kgs   2,500   herbicides   4 lts 1800 7,200           23,000 46,000

21

  Agrnomic practices          12 Transplanting 8 1 300 2,400 

13Fertilizer application 4 X 3 300 3,600 

14 weeding 6 4x2 30014,400 15 Bird scaring 4 45dys 30054,000 16 Harvesting 12 1x2 300 7,200 17 Threshing 16 1x2 300 7,200 18 Grain counting 16 1x2 300 7,200 19 Data collection 4 5x2 30012,000 

         105,60

0211,20

0

20Farm assistant- labour 2 x 2 800032,000 32,000Equipment required      

21Bird net with metalic frame 2

50x30m

150000

150,000300000

22 Chlorophyl meter 1        

23Electronic measuring scale 1     45,000 

24 1 meter ruler 2     700 25 Drying Oven 1        26 Leaf area meter 1        27 Hand tallies 10     12,000 

28Electronic grain counter 1    

150,000 

29specific gravity meter 1     6,500 

30 Moisture meter 1     50,000 31 0.75m2 basins 36     7,200 32 Buckets 4     600 33 Bloating papers 10packets     4,200 

22

         276,20

0 276,200Subsistence & Travelling No of dys Fare

Subsiste    

34MIAD-Ahero-West Kano & Back 2 5500 500015,500 

35MIAD-Baringo & Back 2 4600 5000 9,600 

36MIAD - Bunyala & Back 2 6000 500011,000 

37MIAD- Msambweni & Back 3 6500 500021,500 

38MIAD- TARDA & Back 3 6600 500021,600 

39MIAD- HOLA & Back 3 7000 500022,000 

40MIAD- Taveta & Back 3 5000 500020,000 

41MIAD - Pekera & Back 3 5500 500021,500 

142,700 142,700

Laboratory charges 1000 x 8 Samples          

43

Sample identification, 1000x8 samples       8000 

44

soil analysis , 100 x4 samples X 2 sites       8000 

16000 16000Field Visit allowances for supervisors staff no rate Visits total  

45Tech staff 3 8000 2048000

0 480,00046Driver 1 3000 20 60000 60,00047Fuel   4000 20 80000 80,000

          620,000

TOTAL COST        1,815,70

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