Comparative Development Analysis of Barangay San Antonio, Municipality of Bay and Barangay Real, City of Calamba

Laboratory Exercise II: Comparative Analysis on Development Theories

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT THEORIES:COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT THEORIES:COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT THEORIES: The Case of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna The Case of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna The Case of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna and Brgy. Real, Calamba, Lagunaand Brgy. Real, Calamba, Lagunaand Brgy. Real, Calamba, Laguna

Development: Development: Development: Definitions, Perceptions, Views and Related ConceptsDefinitions, Perceptions, Views and Related ConceptsDefinitions, Perceptions, Views and Related Concepts

Development is a multi-dimensional concept that has to do with a rate of change in a particular direction” change in technology, social, economic and political aspect of life resulting in happy human life (Lawal, 2006).

Replan, E. L., Campang, R.L., Salom, R.C., Santos, T.R., Concio, J.,

SFFG 125 SFFG 125 SFFG 125 --- Political Economy and Administration of Forestry DevelopmentPolitical Economy and Administration of Forestry DevelopmentPolitical Economy and Administration of Forestry Development

Comparative Analysis on Development Theories

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Development is a contested notion around the world, meaning different things to different people (Philippine Macro-Study KAMP, 2011). Past and present situation of a community has a great deal on what it would be in the next moment of time, and this would be the basis of one thinker or an anthropologist to conclude or make theories out of it, then he makes his own judgement and definition a to what is development. Sen (2004) emphasizes that there should be a clear common definition of development as a process of „enlarging people‟s choices‟. As to what we gained from the activity, the particular wording varies over time, with later reports engaging language of freedoms and capabilities more often, which entirely deal with social and economic dimensions of the society, and as an individual. Futhermore, today‟s current events in our sociiety makes people being more aware about achieving development. Corruption, high market prices, disasters, wars, decrease in agricultural productivity and climate change are some of the factors for a developing world and a community to achieve development. They define development as what society must be, in terms of economic, social and high standards of living. However, this is the most common single definition of development. As will be noted at once, this definition loses a great deal of the richness present in the longer definition from one development theories to other. We would be dealing with the concepts and theories that are presented in the lecture. It could have been the case that subsequent concepts and ideas retained that richness in their conceptual chapter but it does seem, rather, that the evolution of reports led to an abbreviation of the conceptual statement and, at least during many years, an omission of human agency, collective action and process freedoms. Furthermore, the short definition does not explicitly include time – the need to sustain outcomes across years and indeed generations, on a limited planet. It also does not include principles such as equity. Our group wishes to thank all those who supported and actively participated in the case study and other activities in the selected barangays. Appreciation is extended to all the local government units, the Municipal office and other barangay residents, and community stakeholders who shared their valuable time, expertise, information and insights, and for their support and participation that is needed and requested during the conduct of this study. Lastly, special thanks are extended to the members of the group and Prof. Rose Jane Peras for providing guidelines and advice during the entire duration of the activity.

FOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORD


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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS

CASE STUDY COVER………………………….……...……………...…. i

FOREWORD…………..…………………………………………………… ii

ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS…………………………………...….. vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………...….. v

1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 1

1.3 Importance of the Study……..……………….………………. 2

1.4 Scopes and Limitations……………………………………… 2

1.5 Case Study Rationale…………………..…………………….. 3

2 PROCESSES AND METHODS ……………………………………….. 3

2.1 Guiding Principles and Approaches…………………………….. 6

2.2 Dimensions of Development…………………….….……………. 7

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ..…………………………………….. 9

3.1 Case Study 1: Barangay Real, Calamba City……………… 10

3.1.1 Description of the Barangay…………………………… 11

3.1.2 Biophysical Characteristics……………………………. 11

3.1.3 Socio-Demographic Characteristics………………….. 11

3.1.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics……………………… 13

3.1.5 Leadership and Decision Making…………………….. 15

4 ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND OUTCOMES………………………………………………………….

16

4.1 Past and Present Development Situation…….………….. 16

4.2 Major Development Intervention………………………….. 18

4.3 Local People‟s Perception of “Development”……………. 19

4.4 Local People‟s Perception of “Genuine Development”… 20

4.5 Factors that facilitate “Development”…………………….. 21

4.6 Factors that inhibit development …………………………. 22

4.7 Conclusion and Recommendation……………………….. 24


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5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ..…………………………………….. 25

5.1 Case Study 2: Barangay San Antonio, Municipality of Bay……………………………………………..

26

5.1.1 Description of the Barangay…………………………… 26

5.1.2 Biophysical Characteristics……………………………. 26

5.1.3 Socio-Demographic Characteristics………………….. 28

5.1.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics……………………… 31

5.1.5 Leadership and Decision Making…………………….. 33

6 ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND OUTCOMES………………………………………………………….

34

6.1 Past and Present Development Situation…….………….. 34

6.2 Major Development Intervention………………………….. 36

6.3 Local People‟s Perception of “Development”……………. 37

6.4 Local People‟s Perception of “Genuine Development”… 38

6.5 Factors that facilitate Development….…………………... 6.6 Factors that inhibit Development……............................

39

4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation……………………….. 41

7 COMPARATIE ANALYSIS OF DEV”T THEORIES: RELATION-SHIPS TO OTHER THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT……………..

42

7.1 Modernization Theory……………………………………… 43

7.2 Dependency Theory……………………………………….. 44

8 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………. 46

8.1 Theoretical Implications of the findings………………….. 46

8.2 Recommendations to Promote Genuine Development… 46

8.2.1 The perception of the local residents towards the “Government”………………………………………..

47

9 REFERENCE(S)………………………………………………………… 48

10 APPENDICE(S)………………………………………………………… 49

10. 1 Schedule of Activities for the Case Study……………… 49

10.2 Interview Schedule………………………………………… 50

10.3 Questionnaires and Communication Materials…………. 51


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LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURES

No. Title/Description Page

1 Framework of the Case Study Analysis 8

2 Local Administration Ladder of the Philippines (Barangay Unit) 9

3 Respondent‟s certainty to the “Concept of Development”, Real 19

4 Respondents Opinion on “Genuine Development” Brgy. Real 19

5 Factors that hinder “Development” Brgy. Real (Subsection) 21

6 Generalized respondents‟ opinion on Factors that can hinder “Development” Brgy. San Antonio (Subsection) 22

7 Figures of the Total Population and Mean Population Density of Brgy. San Antonio

27

8 Age Structure of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna 29

9 Barangay Map of San Antonio, Bay, Laguna (TMP) 30

10 Respondent‟s certainty to the “Concept of Development”, Brgy. San Antonio 36

11 Respondents Opinion on “Genuine Development” Brgy. San Antonio (Subsection)

37

12 Respondents Opinion on Factors that can hinder “Development” Brgy. San Antonio (Subsection)

38

13 Simplified dimensions that inhibit “Development” (Subsection) Based from local perspectives 39

14 Generalized respondents‟ opinion on Factors that can hinder “Development” Brgy. San Antonio (Subsection) 39

15 Rostow‟s Five (5) Stages of Development Framework 41

16 Dependency theory model with relationship to modernization theory. 43

17 Certainty of the Barangay San Antonio and Real residents towards the “Government”

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LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES

No. Title/Description Page

1 Demographic Characteristics of Brgy. Real, Calamba City 12

2 Number of Household members with residential lands 13

3 Household income of Brgy. Real, Calamba City 13

4 Characteristics of residents houses (Brgy. Real, Calamba City) 14

5 Newly Elected Barangay Officials of Brgy. Real (2013-2016) 15

6 Timeline of Events and Major Development Intervention, Real 17

7 Topographic Characteristics of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna

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8 Soil type of Barangay San Antonio, Bay, Laguna 26

9 Total Population and Mean Population Density of Brgy. San Antonio

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10 Age Distribution of Male residents of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna

27

11 Age Distribution of Female residents of Brgy. San Antonio 29

12 Total Number of Population and Households of Brgy. San Antonio

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13 Newly elected officials of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna (2013-2016) 32

14 Timeline of Events and Major Development Intervention, Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna

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15 Schedule of Activities for the entire conduct of the Laboratory Exercise II.

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ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

BDP Barangay Development Plan

CDP Community Development Plan

CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan

CPDO City Planning and Development Office

CDF Community Development Foundation

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

IRA Internal Revenue Allotment

MRF Material Recovery Facility

NFA National Food Authority

MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office

UNDP United Nations Development Program

PPL Pagamutang Pangmasa na Laguna


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Education, economic progress, freedom and the fulfillment of political, social and economic aspects are essential to achieve effective and genuine development. Yet, in many countries these aspects are not observe and development actors and citizens face significant challenges not only to their effectiveness, but also to their safety, sustainability and livelihoods (Lawal, 2006). These challenges are often felt most severely in situations of instability, conflict and fragility. This study will not try to provide answers to the problems arising from development. It will try to provide the context, and give explanation on the local idea and opinion regarding development concept and the theories governing those that often accompanies development actions in some communities. The general objectives of the exercise is to identify specific cases in which concept of development has arisen, between the local people and those running the projects, between the people and the government, and between the people themselves based from their past and present development situation, the community profile and local perception towards the concept. The activity will give analysis on two (2) different communities: the urban and rural community. Urban community includes Brgy. Real in the Municipality of Calamba; Rural community includes Brgy. San Antonio in the Municipality of Bay. Both communities are located in the Province of Laguna. The activity has the following specific objectives, (1) To determine the local perspective of the barangays and its constituents on “Genuine Development”; (2) Identify the factors that inhibit and/or facilitate development based on how resident‟s common views; (3) To identify the form of leadership present in the communities and how public administration does affects the exchange of resources towards barangay development; (4) Assess the extent of barangay and level of participation of the people in community development projects; and (5) Determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the communities under study in relation to public administration and resource use. Situated in the urban core, Barangay Real is under the Congressional District II of the Province of Laguna. It has a total land area of 221.6128 has. The barangay was officially declared as Barangay Real through Presidential Decree (P.D.) 12. Based on the City‟s Comprehensive Land Use Plan, the barangay has a total Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of P 5.1 Million in accordance to the Local Government Code for the funds of the Barangay. Due to industrialization and economic progress, Barangay Real has supported its jurisdiction for many revenue sources and subsidies.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Basic utilities and services were improved. The area is near to malls and other establishments that facilitate the development and trade in the barangay. For the analysis, 50% of the respondents interviewed say that industrialization and absence of poverty is the true meaning of “Genuine Development” , while the other 50% was fragmented to presence of livelihood, total improvement, low price of goods and service, cooperation between residents and 5% has no idea. For the case of factors that can hinder development, 25% say that corrupt officials of the land and/or community will likely inhibit or hinder achieving development. This would clearly show that people are very aware and vigilant to the current situation of their barangay and the whole country as well. However, 10% say that lack of unity will likely to interfere development goals, the other 65% and remaining was having crimes and criminals as a result of industrialization, having crab mentality, resource allocation and other related issues. 10% of that portion believed that insufficiency of budget on the government and over-taxation will hinder achieving development. Overall, 60% of the respondents look at the human or social dimension with regards to factors that can inhibit development. Furthermore, 25% looks on the economic dimension, because they believed that economic progress is already a part of the human journey. The remaining 15% has no idea regarding the concept and has not experienced on their barangay the concept of development. Barangay San Antonio is one of the fifteen barangays of the Municipality of Bay, Laguna. Bay is located almost at the geographic center of the Province of Laguna. It is 67 kilometers southeast of Manila, 20 kilometers west of San Pablo and 26 kilometers of Sta. Cruz, Laguna. It is bounded on the North by Laguna de Bay (Laguna Lake). In the case of Barangay San Antonio, most respondent‟s views and perception of genuine development is more of participatory. Eight respondents (40%) says that genuine development is about having cooperation among members of the barangay. O the other hand, three (3) respondents conclude that genuine development is more likely to have livelihood and employment for the residents, also they added that, it is followed by faith in God and religious matters. Moreover, four (20%) of the respondents say that high quality education is the true meaning of development, resulting to high quality jobs, while the other 2 respondents has no idea. Others say industrialization and presence of government project would likely to show that a community is achieving genuine development. In terms of factors that can inhibit or hinder development, most respondents say that criminals and bad elements of the society can hinder achieving genuine development, (45%), 4 out of 20 (20%) say that lack of education can hinder, most of the reasons was there is no available jobs for who did not finish study or din attend schooling. On the other hand, one (1) says that corrupt officials may hinder development, he added that for the present situation of our country, we can never achieve development, 15% or 3 respondents claim that crab mentality and greed can hinder development as it affects the behavior of people towards cooperation and wealth. Two respondents has no idea of the concept and one says lack of unity. From this point, we can see that for a particular place and status in the society, there will be differences on how people view concept of development. The current condition of the are and past history would mold residents on how will they live their interest and rights towards “Genuine Development”


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D evelopment as perceived by many people varies from one point to another. Development does not aim to create one lovely but transitory state of affairs; it aims to sustain positive outcomes steadily over time. There are a lot of types of development that could happen to certain area or place (UNDP, 2000). One may think of development based on the economic progress, includes infrastructures, environmental health, and many other notion of development. In a broader sense, development is an organized intervention in collective affairs according to a standard of improvement (Bancoguis, CED as cited by Malabayabas, 2013). This is dependent on how people manage their resources and how they respond to the needs of their constituents. Public administration of resources, manpower and the ambitions of the community constituents are just some of the ingredients of attaining development (Parsons, 1976b). Theories and all other concepts lies from the resources that human need in order to sustain the function of them, and as a whole, the society. The activity pertains to the analysis of two (2) different communities: the urban and rural community. Urban community includes Brgy. Real in the Municipality of Calamba; Rural community includes Brgy. San Antonio in the Municipality of Bay. Both communities are located in the Province of Laguna. Specifically, the exercise aimed to: To determine the local perspective of the barangays and its constituents on

“Genuine Development”. Identify the factors that inhibit and/or facilitate development based on how

resident‟s common views To identify the form of leadership present in the communities and how public

administration does affects the exchange of resources towards barangay development.

Assess the extent of barangay and level of participation of the people in

community development projects. Determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the

communities under study in relation to public administration and resource use; and

To make a comparative analysis of the development theories based on

established literatures and the one that is obtained from the interview of the local people.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION 1


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Importance of the Study The output of the analysis shall have the following importance (1) contribute to the awareness of the community as well as the barangay administration on the different views of their constituents on the socio-political aspect of the community (2) try to address issues and concerns of the residents with regards on how their barangay cope-up with changes in the society in terms of development, and (3) try to compare the origins of theories and conceptualization of development from the established theory (4) contribute to the present administration of the Barangay in terms of knowledge and awareness regarding the perception of their residents towards development; and (5) To facilitate them (in terms of analysis) in their plans and programs in a participatory approach. Scopes and Limitations The study is conducted to assess the perception and views of local barangays of different setting based on the theories and concepts studied on the concept of development. Data gathering is conducted from November to December 11, 2013. The study shall have the following limitations: The results of the study shall only represent the analysis on the grassroots

level and does not represent the overall views of the public. Data information on demographic and socioeconomic profiles are obtained

from the barangay offices. The information gathered would be dependent on the willingness of the

respondents to give information from the interview. The biases of the information gathered in the two communities are not

subjected to deeper analysis, since the study only deals with on the surface information acquired from the lecture and interview.

The study sites are contained only to the Brgy. San Antonio and Brgy. Real

of the Municipality of Bay and Calamba, respectively. The scope of the study would only focus on the two barangays subjected for the study. Discussions would only deal on the results of the interview.


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Comparative Analysis on Development Theories: Development Concepts and Meaning of Development Case Study Rationale Local people‟s perception on development is seen as central to the successful management of community resources. A basic perspective equates development with economic growth (UNDP World Economic Forum, 2011). Also with regards to barangay residents and of the whole community, they need to be capacitated and empowered to be effective partners in the good and responsive governance of the barangay resources. In as much as forestry sector in concern, there is a need to realize the need for achieving Genuine Development specially to those communities living near mountain ecosystems. Development of a community is a structured intervention that gives communities greater control over the conditions that affect their lives (Community Development Foundation of UK, n.d). It may not be able to solve all the problems of the community but the confidence built by the community over time to effectively tackle and act on the problem is an indication of development. It also gives priority to the principles of empowerment, aims to encourage sharing of resources and responsibilities, and to create structures which give genuine participation and involvement and eventually, achieved “Genuine Development”. Development may also be viewed as a collective process that enhances the integrity, skills, knowledge and experience, as well as equality of power, for each individual who is involved in the process. Individuals and communities grow and change according to their own needs and priorities and at their own pace provided no environmental damage will be made. For community development concept to work, it needs the grass roots initiatives and the responsiveness of key institutions to the needs of local communities. Development theories which have relationships on the study will be elaborated and draw conclusion regarding the past and development situation of the barangay. According to Keita (2004), development is an “expansion by process of growth or growth and differentiation of some entity along lines natural to its kind”. This would proves that social transformation and growth of a community is moving, from a less developed to a developed one. By general purpose, along with these concepts and ideas, the study will try to contribute and help the Barangay Officials in terms of decision making and to facilitate development projects and encourage the residents.


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The survey and analysis process is illustrated in Figure 1. The four phases undertaken to accomplish the various stages starting from formulating the questionnaire to analysis and writing. They are graphically presented in Figure 1. Phase 1. Coordination and secondary data gathering Secondary information about the two (2) barangays were collected from Barangay and Municipal offices , mainly in the form of maps, project plans, barangay reports, laws and project accomplishment reports. The kinds of document collected from offices were:

Administrative boundary map Barangay project report Demographic profile Socioeconomic profile Political profile Other relevant information

Other secondary information were collected from municipal and city offices like the MPDO and CPDO. The comprehensive land use plans (CLUP), census data and development plans of Barangay San Antonio were also browsed and studied to have an appreciation of the socio-economic condition of the communities in the area and the kinds of development projects already undertaken as well as those currently being implemented in the barangay area. A household survey of 20 representative samples from the different barangays covered by the study was conducted to collect the different socio-demographic variables relevant in the case study analysis. In addition to household survey, an interview was conducted to determine the following:

1. Key stakeholders in the barangay, their development-related interests, and their level of importance and influence in barangay development.

2. Major development interventions in the area and their influence in the development perception in the community

3. Present and future barangay-related needs of the communities within the barangay.

PROCESSES AND METHODSPROCESSES AND METHODSPROCESSES AND METHODS 2


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Secondary data were primarily gathered from barangay offices. The data collected from these offices were supported or complemented by the results of interviews with selected barangay officials and respondents. At the barangay level, key informants were interviewed to generate data on the specific objectives of the case study. The key informants principally included community elders, Barangay Chairmen and Kagawads, vendors, barangay officials and youth. Within the case studies, a survey was done. A total of 40 respondents were drawn from the two (2) barangay. These samples were drawn using random sampling ad guided by the Brgy. Kagawads. For each site, the total sample size of 20 was allocated proportionally among community residents based on the total number of the two types of respondents in the site. Phase 2. Fieldwork and primary data gathering

The study was conducted from two (2) different barangays. The first barangay was Brgy. San Antonio located at the Municipality of Bay (Rural Area). The second barangay was on the urban core of Calamba City, which was Brgy. Real. For the initial step, the group sent a letter to both barangay chairman of the site requesting conduct of interview to the community residents and gathering of the documents relating to barangay profiles. The letter was then responded by the focal person. Our group was divided into two (2) batches of interviewers for both barangays. Phase 3. Data analysis

Prior to the interview, we have formulated set of questions that would be used to ask respondents based from two major point of idea: (1) perspectives towards the “Government”, and (2) their own notion/opinion of “Genuine Development”. The survey also makes use of direct and probing questions regarding the perception and views of the respondents on the past and present development happened in their community, their opinion in regarding the resource use and leadership of the past and present administration. These parameters would facilitate our analysis on how people respond or address changes in the community as a whole and how their views do would help barangay officials increase their awareness on the pulse of their constituents regarding development. Phase 4. Finalization and Report Writing

After the survey and data gathering, the team work on the Identification of Development Issues and Problems, Definition of “Genuine Development “and Objectives, Analysis on the different levels of development, Socioeconomic profile analysis, Demographic characteristics and History analysis, Time lining and summing up and finally Report Writing. We also discussed about development theories and other related concepts that would explain the case of the two barangays and relate it to the theories.


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Guiding Principle and Approach From these concepts, we have been able to capture peoples‟ perception to-wards development. A grasp and basic knowledge on some concepts facilitates us on analyzing and realizing if these concepts would come up based from the local perception. For the Development Theories, using the concepts and ideas learned from the lecture, we will try to relate the concept of development from the established theories and related articles from the perception of our respondents towards the true concept of development. Analysis would be made based upon the respond-ent‟s idea, perception statement, status in the society and other related infor-mation that would help our analysis of the community. The past and present de-velopment trends of the community could also be our baseline of information and analysis, as this would give influence on the notion and upbringing of the residents in the community under study. To pick up from what Bramley and Bramley (1988) has mentioned, basic perception on “development” anchors in the following: Growth. Volume and variety of economic activity in the territory increases. Modernization. People of the territory adopt technologies, design, and cus-

toms characteristics of countries considered to be more developed (Bramley and Bramley, 1988).

Improving quality of life. Satisfying basic needs for adequate nutrition , wa-ter, clothing, housing, health, education and cultural expression.

Achieving self-sufficiency. Achieving a state of less dependence on out-side technologies and vital goods.

This case study is broadly empirical and comparative, identifying common pat-terns and regularities across diverse cases from the barangay which is rural and urban. Our case discussion contributes to a more informed theoretical discus-sion of the reasons for certain kind of development that an area is experiencing. To frame the presentation of our case studies, we first provide a working defini-tion of development, and outline the major justifications of development con-cepts and theories


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Dimensions of development As viewed in development concepts, the following dimensions are used for cate-gorizing local perceptions according to ideas and concepts of Bellu (2011). Economic development. refers to improvement of the way endowments

and goods and services are used within (or by) the system to generate new goods and services in order to provide additional consumption and/or invest-ment possibilities to the members of the system.

Human development. refers to people-centered development, where the

focus is put on the improvement of the various dimensions affecting the well-being of individuals and their relationships with the society.

Sustainable development. refers to a development which considers the

long term perspectives of the socio-economic system, to ensure that im-provements occurring in the short term will not be detrimental to the future status or development potential of the system.

Territorial development . refers to development of a specific region (space)

achievable by exploiting the specific socio-economic, environmental and in-stitutional potential of the area, and its relationships with external subjects.

Other theories of development contribute to explain perceptions and concepts based from the influential issues and idea. Pieterse (2001) explain these con-cepts. Some of the classification are listed as follows: As a social science: influenced by classical economic and social thought

shaped by social and economic theory. As an ideology: a political leaning shaped by more ideology rather than theo-

ry, a by-product of political processes.


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Figure 1 Framework of the Activity.

Coordination with the Concerned offic-es

Compilation of the following: Communication materials Results of communication updates Minutes of meetings

Gathering of Relevant Information Acquisition of the following maps: Profiles Census data Roster of residents Demographic profile Administrative Boundary Socioeconomic data

Gathering of Secondary Data Research of the following secondary information: Barangay Development Plan (BDP/CDP) Population data/Profiles Maps (Topographic/Base/Administrative) Census data Barangay roster Socio-economic data

PHASE

1

COORDINATION & SECONDARY DATA

GATHERING

Limited Household interviews and Verification

Barangay Official interviews: Timeline of events Past and Present Development Projects Interview and Primary Data Collection: Interview (using the formulated questionnaire) Perception information Socio-economic and institutional/stakeholder analysis Other observations Updating of socio-economic profile

PHASE

2 FIELD WORK AND PRIMARY DATA

GATHERING

Data Analysis and Group Discussion Analysis on the timeline of events in the barangay Tallying the overall results of the interview Analysis of current conflicts, pressure and changes Analysis on the perception and notion of the respond-

ents on the true meaning of “Genuine Development” Analysis of the residents’ perception toward the

“Government” Analysis of the development concepts and related

theories for the case study Desktop Review and Brainstorming

PHASE

3

DATA ANALYSIS

Finalization and Report Writing

Identification of Development Issues and Problems Definition of “Genuine Development “and Objectives Analysis on the different levels of development Socioeconomic profile analysis Demographic characteristics and History analysis Time lining and summing up Report Writing

PHASE

4

FINALIZATION AND REPORT WRITING


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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The local administrative body at the grassroots level in the Philippines is the barangay (Figure 1). Originally, a barangay was an indigenous social unit existed even before the Spanish colonial period. Most were small gatherings of 15–100 households in the inland area of Luzon (Jocano, 1998; Corpuz, 1997). Outside of individual barangays, there was no political power that integrated barangays (Jocano, 1998, 1975; Corpuz, 1997). Under Spanish colonial rule, people in rural areas were forced to gather into pueblo, a unit of local administration consisting of about 500 households (Corpuz, 1997).

The living quarters of former rural residents were called barrio (Romani & Thomas, 1954). Each barrio had a barrio lieutenant, assigned by the provincial governor. Later, barrio residents gradually moved away from the township and formed a kind of “breakaway barangay”. Local priests could not neglect such new settlements and took to visiting them regularly. Later, a small chapel was built in each of the settlements (Corpuz, 1997). Thus, the barrio, scattering around a pueblo, became an administrative unit of its own. Now the pueblo is called a municipality, while the barrio has been renamed barangay.

Figure 2 Local administration ladder of the Philippines, Barangay and its upper units.(Panganiban and Ocampo, 1987)


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CITY OF CALAMBA, PROVINCE OF LAGUNACITY OF CALAMBA, PROVINCE OF LAGUNACITY OF CALAMBA, PROVINCE OF LAGUNA BARANGAY REAL (URBAN)BARANGAY REAL (URBAN)BARANGAY REAL (URBAN)

Region : Region IV-A

Province : Laguna

Congressional District : District II

City/Municipality : Calamba

Barangay : Real

Legal Basis of Creation : PD 12

Land Area : 221.6128 hectares

Barangay Category : Urban

CASE STUDY 1CASE STUDY 1CASE STUDY 1


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1.1 Description of the Barangay Situated in the urban core, Barangay Real is under the Congressional District II of the Province of Laguna. It has a total land area of 221.6128 has. The barangay was officially declared as Barangay Real through Presidential Decree (P.D.) 12. Based on the City’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan, the barangay has a total Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of P 5.1 Million in accordance to the Local Government Code for the funds of the Barangay. Due to industrialization and economic progress, Barangay Real has supported its jurisdiction for many revenue sources and subsidies. Basic utilities and services were improved. The area is near to malls and other establishments that facilitate the development and trade in the barangay. 1.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics The socio-demographic characteristics of the barangay are summarized in Table 1. The age ranged from 19 to 75, with mean age of 47 years. Females comprised 8 842 (56%) of the population and almost 85% were married. Males comprised of 8, 167 (24%) of the total population. In terms of education, most of the residents graduated from elementary (20%) and closely followed by high school (32%) (BDP, Brgy. Real, 2012). Those who were able to reach college or have graduated from college have reached more than 48%. Majority (95%) of the resident was Catholics as in many other parts of the country and the remaining 5% were either Christian, Iglesia ni Cristo and Dating Daan. Barangay Real has a total population of 17, 009 (NSO-BR, 2011). Overall, there are 3, 933 households in the area belonging to 4, 550 families which constitutes for around 10, 442 voters.

CITY OF CALAMBA, PROVINCE OF LAGUNACITY OF CALAMBA, PROVINCE OF LAGUNACITY OF CALAMBA, PROVINCE OF LAGUNA BARANGAY REAL (URBAN)BARANGAY REAL (URBAN)BARANGAY REAL (URBAN)


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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of Brgy. Real, Calamba City.

Source: Brgy. Real Profile (NSO-Calamba) 2012

From Table 1, demographic characteristics of Brgy. Real are shown. Educational attainment, Gender, Civil Status, Religion and origin are tabulated with their corresponding percentage in the barangay. There are 4.12% of single residents in the barangay, 84.5% of the residents are married. Approximately 6% are widowed and 2% are separated. In terms of education, roughly 19% are elementary graduate and 29% are graduate. Graduate of secondary education makes 26% of the total population.

Characteristic Percentage (%)

Gender

Male 39.18

Female 60.82

Total 100.00

Civil Status

Single 4.12

Married 84.54

Widowed 6.19

Separated 2.06

Living with a partner 3.09

Total 100.00

Educational Attainment

Elementary Undergraduate 19.59

Elementary Graduate 28.87

High School Undergraduate 15.46

High School Graduate 25.77

College Undergraduate 2.06

College Graduate 6.19

Vocational 2.06

Total 100.00

Religion

Roman Catholic 94.85

Iglesia ni Cristo 2.06

Dating Daan 1.03

Christian 2.06

Total 100.00

Originally from the area

Yes 75.26

No 24.74

Total 100.00


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1. 3 Socioeconomic Characteristics Most of the households (47%) have only one family member earning money for the household expenses (Table 51). This is closely followed with families (38%) having two family members with income source/s. There are two respondents who declared that there is no one in the household who has a source of income.

Table 2 Number of household members with income.

Source: Barangay Economic Data (NSO-R4 Census), 2011

Table 3 Household Income

Source: Barangay Economic Data (NSO-R4 Census), 2011

In terms of income (Table 3), almost 92% of the residents have an average household income of P50,000 and below per year, with most families (37%) living with an average household income of over P30,000 but not over P100,000 with an average of P5,667 a month.

Number of HH with source of income

Percentage (%)

0 2.06

1 47.42

2 38.14

3 10.31

4 2.06

Total 100.00

Household Income Bracket Percentage (%)

Not over P5,000 3.09

Over P5,000 but not over P10,000 6.19




Over P70,000 but not over P100,000

6.19

Over P100,000 2.06

Total 100.00


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Property Ownership In terms of housing, 74% claimed that they own their houses, while some rents the house, owns the house but not the land or are living with relatives. Houses were usually semi-permanent (40%) but most have GI sheet (71%) as roofing material. The lot area ranged from 7-200 sq. m with an average of 30.16 sq. m.

Table 4 Characteristics of residents‟ houses

Source: BPSO-Real, Calamba City (2011).

House Characteristic Percentage (%)

Ownership

Owned 74.23

Owns house but not the land 16.49

Living with relatives 7.22

Rented 2.06

Total 100.00

Type of House

Permanent 32.99

Semi-Permanent 40.21

Temporary 26.80

Total 100.00

Type of Roof

GI Sheet 71.13

Nipa 23.71

Both 5.15

Total 100.00


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Leadership and Decision Making Barangay Real, as a small community planning unit it has a central planning and decision making body in terms of jurisdiction and administration, this is the office of the Barangay Chairman. the government put more importance on barangay, considering it the body most suited to implementing rural development policy (Po,1980). Barangays now have more authority to govern their residents. Barangay Real has a decision-making council; residents directly elect council members and the village headman, the barangay captain. Currently, Chairman Florencio E. Morales assumed leadership over the area after the recent elections for barangays. As part of the Local Government Unit (LGU), It received more resources from the government, especially after the government started allocating a fixed portion of tax revenue, this is what they call IRA. Barangay Real has several administrative procedures that is highly formalized, the same for all the barangays in the Philippines. The barangay council enacts ordinances to control or coordinate the conduct of residents. For example, the law mandates that a barangay ordinance should be discussed at three readings of the barangay council, and stipulates what should be done at each reading.

Table 5. Newly elected Barangay officials of Brgy. Real (2013-2016)

Source: BPSO-Real, Calamba City (2013).

Position Name

Chairman Florencio E. Morales

Kagawad 1 Glorias C. Aviles

Kagawad 2 Jose M. De Juras

Kagawad 3 Fabian P. Almadovar

Kagawad 4 Isagani G. Canicosa

Kagawad 5 Kimberly P. Marquez

Kagawad 6 Nemensio B. Morales

Kagawad 7 Sherlyn M. Morales


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Past and Present Development Situation

The local community respondents and Brgy. Officials identified major development interventions that happened in Barangay Real. They related that in the 1980s, commercial activities boomed the area and exercise its economic trade, markets and business trails. Then first public school, the Real Elementary School in 1945 was established. After 5 decades, significant decrease agricultural land productivity was observed. In mid-1990s, the start of manufacturing and industrialization of Calamba city was observed. Barangays and its residents got many jobs and business opportunities. Medium industries and manufacturers started to dominate the city thereby increasing the business competencies of the area. Inauguration of the new building school for secondary education sponsored by the Door of Faith Christian Society, and formally called by its sponsor‟s name. In year 2000, Calamba registered the most number of industrial workers which many came from Brgy. Real. In year 2011, human population and establishments increased. The construction of SM City Calamba made negative impacts on small stalls in the market because buyers are more likely to go to SM than to shop or buy materials in the public market. Because of the „Blue Ladies‟ or the SM employees, there are more apartment rentals. Other establishments that are being complained by market dwellers are Puregold and NewTopp, and can be the cause of their bankruptcy. Some of the activities in the barangay were feast, dance contest, basketball tournament for sports and gaming's of youth, “Mr. and Ms. Barangay Real” as part of the Youth improvement and development activities, and some variety show like Ms. Gay. In terms of social work and environmental activities for the barangay, there are censuses and daily garbage collection guided by the DENR for the MFR (Material Recovery Facility), as well. During President Arroyo‟s term, NFA rice were given to the poor. Human population and establishments increased. Due to the industrialization, the construction of SM City Calamba made negative impacts on small stalls in the market because buyers are more likely to go to SM than to shop in the market. Because of the „Blue Ladies‟ or the SM employees, there are more apartment rentals. Other establishments that are being complained by market dwellers are Puregold and NewTopp, and can be the cause of their bankruptcy.

ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND OUTCOMESAND OUTCOMESAND OUTCOMES

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Table 6. Major Development Interventions and Events.

Decade/ Year Major Events Development Intervention

Remarks

1890’s Commercial Activites like public market, trade and business stalls.

LGU of Calamba;Proclamation provisions (P.D. 86)

Area includes the Brgy. Real Area Itself

1945 First publlic school (Real Elementary School)

DECS and Local Donors innauguration; LGUs

1990’s Significant decrease in agricultural land productivity was observed

MAO Start of manufacturing and industrialization competencies of Calamba City wide

1996 Medium industries and manufacturing

1999 Door of Faith Christian School was founded pre-elementary to secondary education

2003 Calamba registered the most number of industrial workers

Many came from Brgy. Real (5th most populous brgy. In calamba

2008 New investors have applied for permits from city government and Brgy. Real

Waltermart Corp. Putting up street lights , establishment of roads, pathways and canals

2009 Diversion road was established

DPWPH

2010 Barangay Real‟s Forest Park was rehabilitated

2011 Opening of SM City Calamba

SM Investments Corp.

Includes widening of Real‟s Dose de Pebrero Monument

2012 Fence around the Barangay Hall was constructed

2013 Health care center was constructed

MPDO


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Major Development Intervention: Barangay Present Development

Through the City‟s continuing progress and development, Barangay Real shares benefits from the overall City progress. Barangay Real became near to economic zones of Calamba as being a city. Many business establishment and other infrastructure brought a lot of increase in the overall economic health to the adjacent and neighboring areas. From construction and rehabilitation of old roads and bridges, Barangay Real has benefited from the projects. It facilitates the business and livelihood of the barangay and gave more jobs as well to the community residents. More benefits on health and education was granted for the community residents like scholarship, free check-ups, medicine and discounts to senior citizens. Economic progress and advancement over other neighboring municipalities has led Calamba City and its barangays to increase its population and establishment. As usual feedback of the some of near barangays, the construction of SM City Calamba made negative impacts on small stalls in the market because buyers are more likely to go to SM than to shop in the market. Because of the „Blue Ladies‟ or the SM employees, there are more apartment rentals. Other establishments that are being complained by market dwellers are Puregold and NewTopp, and can be the cause of their bankruptcy.


19

Local People’s Perception of “Development” From the interview of the respondents, they are asked if they believe in the con-cept of development. This is to know if they had a notion of it, and how do they see it from the community. From the interview of the 20 respondents of different ages and status, 85% believe that development is possible and they believe on it. Some of the respondents follow up answers are “ Oo, kung sakali ay umunlad pa ang barangay namin”, “siguro oo, kung may darating pang mga investors at lumakas ang bentahan sa market at maraming trabaho sa pabrika. On the other hand, 5% of the respondents says that they don't believe in development. Much of their reason dwell on the present situation of the barangay and its administra-tion, though they said that they benefit from them. The exchange of the re-sources and the budget allocation for the barangay will have the area sustaina-bly sourced. They equated that the present development of there are would con-tinually grows as it progressively reach the whole areas of which are near to the urban core.

Figure __. Respondent‟s certainty on the “Concept of Development”.

From the interview, two (2) respondents have no idea on the concept of devel-opment. They then added that, “its enough that they have sources of income”. In this case, the basic premise of the meaning of development hangs on every per-son‟s own definition and opinion. On the other hand, one respondent is indiffer-ent, and no reaction or reasons behind his respond. In the case of the respond-ent that says no, it seems that they have not been believing also in government, most likely, as this implies that the government for them is not effective, from the previous discussion, the government is one of the component of development ladder or achieving development.


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Local People’s Perception of “Genuine Development”

Figure 3. Respondent‟s Opinion on “Genuine Development”.

Based on the figure above, most of respondents from Brgy. Real, Calamba believes that genuine development means “ the absence of poverty and equality”. It means that everybody should have equal chances or rights on the resources of the Barangay. Second to this factor is the industrialization. The community believes that having industrialized environment would offer them bigger job opportunities. Another opinion on the genuine development is having total improvement. It means that all factors including socio-economic, environmental, political and other aspects are well developed and functions according to the standard. Other than this are properly priced goods and services, cooperation between leaders and members, presence of projects and plans and presence of livelihood. These perceptions would reflect what type of development occurs in the community. We can notice that the community sees industrialization as an integral part of their lives where they can benefit and enjoy. The same angle for the perception towards the “government”. 17 out of 20 believes in the government, implies that there is a strong integrity from the government and achieving towards development will not be difficult because the community residents would likely be participating towards government project. however, one respondent has no idea, or don‟t know any about how government works for the society. Two (2) respondents are indifferent.


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Factors that can hinder/facilitate “Development”

First, we review what is known about development, both theories and related concepts. The perspective that we take upon this is closely similar to the view of modernization and other related theories that advance in the case of Brgy. Real about the fundamentals behind development and growth anywhere: that this is a manifestation of the working of a complex series of interlocking systems, of which the economic component is an essential part (Lawal, 2006). There is, however, a long way to go in the development of these systems.

Figure 4. Factors that inhibit or can hinder Development. Based on Fig. 4, some factors that can hinder development are lack of unity, improper resource allocation, over taxation, insufficient budget and no idea. The presence of corrupt officials is the most significant factor that hinders development for Brgy. Real. Second to that is the problem with social behavior and crab mentality. Other than that factors, insufficient budget and criminals have been identified to be a potential hindrance to development. In addition, the area gives us more realistic views on what would hinder development. Most of the factors given deal with economic development in terms of taxation and budget/ resource allocation for example. One of the issues from Philippine politics is corruption among government officials. Sociologist relate this issue in the concept of development, whereby public officials in a poor State or community tend to be corrupt and the chance and opportunity of the area is compromised.


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Most of the respondents think that education, job, unity, and fear of the Lord are the keys for genuine development. As for education, using our own language is better to easily understand science and technology. “The wealth of education can never be stolen.” As for the job, competitors must not be near, there must be more buildings, and at times, be a servant abroad. As for unity, there must be no fight but talk when there‟s a problem. There should be equal progress for everybody. As for the fear of the Lord, love will reign and if the government has love for the people, there will be no corruption. Other things for genuine development are good roads for product transportation and which there are no beggars roaming around, lighting because of robbing incidents, and funds for basketball tournament, health center and barangay hall.

Figure 5. Simplified dimensions that inhibit “Development” based from local perspectives.

From the simplified parameters, economic dimension has the highest score from the figure. It shows that people respond to development in relation to economic changes and stability. In this case, based from the interview, respondents want more jobs, earnings, and low prices of goods. Furthermore, over-taxation, high prices, insufficiency of funds of the government and resource allocation are factors that can inhibit development. On the other hand, social dimension includes lack of unity, crab mentality, crimes and criminals on society, and lack of education are regarded as factors. As shown in the graph, social dimension got the score of 5 out of 20 respondents. Local people normally relate development from self integrity, peace and order , without these there is no complete development in the society.


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Theoretical Implications of the findings In relation with development theories, we can notice that the best theory that would define this type of community is modernization theory. Being a community in an urban area, this theory would best describe their development. Modernization theory as described by Eisenstaedt (1966) is the process of change towards those types of social, economic and political systems. The community stated that there have been many changes in the political, social and economic aspects from the past up until now. Some say that the industrialization and total improvement are the signs of their development because from the past years until their Barangay have experienced development in terms of new establishments, roads and highways, and other technological advancement which will contribute on the part of modernization theory. Recommendations To attain genuine development, the distribution of opportunities must be considered. Because as we can see from their perspectives of the respondents, they want equal life chances and the theory best fit for their development is the growth with equity which can be attained through distribution of resources without bias. This also pertains having equal life chances. The community defined development as having an equal chances to resources and opportunities and absence of poverty. The community wanted to maximizes the chances of the poor to fully participate in the markets, even though they can see industrialization for now.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


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CASE STUDY 2CASE STUDY 2CASE STUDY 2

MUNICIPALITY OF BAY, PROVINCE OF LAGUNAMUNICIPALITY OF BAY, PROVINCE OF LAGUNAMUNICIPALITY OF BAY, PROVINCE OF LAGUNA BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO (RURAL)BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO (RURAL)BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO (RURAL)

Region : Region IV-A

Province : Laguna

Congressional District : _______

City/Municipality : Bay___

Barangay : San Antonio ______

Legal Basis of Creation : P.D. 557

Land Area : 138.72 hectares

Barangay Category : Rural__


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Description of the Barangay 1.1 Biophysical Characteristics Barangay San Antonio is one of the fifteen barangays of the Municipality of Bay, Laguna. Bay is located almost at the geographic center of the Province of Laguna. It is 67 kilometers southeast of Manila, 20 kilometers west of San Pablo and 26 kilometers of Sta. Cruz, Laguna. It is bounded on the North by Laguna de Bay (Laguna Lake). Barangay San Antonio is bounded on the North by Laguna Lake, on the East by Brgy. Tagumpay and Brgy. San Isidro, on the west by Brgy. Maitim and Brgy. Sto. Domingo, and on the south by Brgy. Calo and Brgy. San Nicolas. It has approximate total land area of 138.72 has composing of seven (7) puroks, namely; Purok 1 (kaingin), Purok 2, Purok 3, Purok 4, Purok 5, Purok 6 (Waggish), and Purok 7 (Pinak). Topography The barangay is relatively flat and situated along the coastline of Laguna Lake.

Table 7. Topographic characteristics of Brgy. San Antonio.

MUNICIPALITY OF BAY, LAGUNAMUNICIPALITY OF BAY, LAGUNAMUNICIPALITY OF BAY, LAGUNA BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO (RURAL)BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO (RURAL)BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO (RURAL)

Slope Classification

Characteristics Area (has) Location

0-3% Level to very gently sloping

2, 582.00 Brgy. Calo, Maitim, Masaya, Paciano Rizal, Puypuy, San Antonio, San Isidro, Sto. Domingo, Tagumpay, and portion of Brgy. Masaya.

5


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Climate The closest weather station is the UPLB Agromet Station in Los Banos, Laguna. Records show that the mean annual air temperature of Bay is around 27.2ºC. December is the coldest month with mean temperature of 25.7ºC and May is the warmest month with mean temperature of 28.5ºC. Barangay San Antonio has the same climate and weather condition with that of Metro Manila having two (2) distinct season: dry and wet. Wet season is from June to October and dry season for the rest of the year. The area has an annual rainfall of 1.822 mm and 34.4 C°, has a relative humidity of 76% and 4.83 km/second speed of the southeast winds. The area belongs to TYPE __ under the modified Corona‟s Classification. Soil Type Barangay San Antonio has a Hydrosol Soil Type characterized by a low-lying area in the barangay that is often waterlogged. It is a soil that is influenced by seasonal or permanently wet conditions for as least 2-3 months in most years and is classified as a Hydrosol soil.

Table 8. Soil type of Barangay San Antonio, Bay, Laguna.

Source: MPDO Bay and Brgy. Profile, 2012

Hydrosols commonly form in alluvial soil landscapes and so could be expected to be quite fertile. However poor drainage on the site in addition to poor internal drainage through the soil profile limits the potential for crops and pastures. Under such saturated conditions organic matter doesn't break down easily and this profile has a high organic matter content right through the profile. Note the mention of iron and manganese (Fe/Mn) concretions in the profile description. These concretions and mottling indicate fluctuations of the water table and prolonged seasonal waterlogging. With reference to previous typhoons like Ondoy, the barangay was inundated for a month because of heavy rains that cause floods to negiboring sitios.

Soil Type Area (has) Location

Hydrosol 143.00 Coastal areas of Brgy. San Antonio and San Isidro


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1.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics Barangay San Antonio (6,228) and Bitin (5,275) are the two (2) most populated barangays, while San Nicolas (1,341) and San Agustin (1,397) are the least populated barangays both in the 2010 and 2011 censuses in the Municipality of Bay, Laguna. In 2007 Census, San Antonio has the largest percentage share of 10.96 to total population of the municipality, followed by Bitin which has a percentage share of 10.39. The total number of household was 9,194 in 2000 and 10,793 in 2007 with an average household size of 4.75 and 4.70, respectively.

Table 9. Total Population of Barangay San Antonio, Bay, Laguna

Source: Brgy. San Antonio Profile (2012); NSO-Bay (2011)

There is an increase on the population of the barangay from year 2000 up to 2007, as shown in Figure __. As of 2012, the total population of the barangay is 6, 228, which is higher than that of other barangays in the Municipality of Bay.

Figure 6 Total number of Population and Households of Brgy. San Antonio. There are approximately 1000 households in the barangay in year 2000. an increase of about 0.2 % in the total number of

Barangay Total Population Number of Household

2000 2007 2012 2000 2007 2012

San Antonio

4, 723 5, 563 6, 228 1,025 1, 228 1, 590


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Age-Sex Composition

There are more females than males. The overall sex ratio (number of males per 100 females is 0.86. it has a young population of 31. 46% young-age dependency (from age under 1 to 14 years old) and 6.25% old-age dependency (from 65 years old and above).

Table 10. Age distribution of male residents of Barangay San Antonio.

Source: Barangay Population Data (NSO-MPDO Census), 2012

Table 11 shows the different age classes of male residents of the barangay. From the table there are a lot of male residents belonging age range of 1 year to 12 years old. Also work force belonging to age classes of 22-59 years old are small.

Table 11. Age distribution of female residents of Barangay San Antonio.

Source: Barangay Population Data (BAY-MPDO-NSO Census), 2012

Female

Age Number

0 – 11 mos. 30

1 – 2 65

3 – 5 60

6 – 12 72

13 – 14 82

15 – 16 64

17 29

18 36

19 – 21 115

22 – 24 112

25 – 59 1320

60 – 64 30

65– 70 (above) 26

Total 3, 349

Male

Age Number

0 – 11 mos. 25

1 – 2 70

3 – 5 244

6 – 12 72

13 – 14 63

15 – 16 66

17 32

18 38

19 – 21 120

22 – 24 83

25 – 59 1240

60 – 64 6

65– 70 (above) 389

Total 2879


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Analysis on the Age Structure of Brgy. San Antonio The age structure of Brgy. San Antonio has a distribution focusing on the labor force class. There are around 2,990 residents having jobs which mean contributing to the labor force and over-all economy of the barangay. Some 554 residents are still studying and future part of the labor force. Some 494 are young and still dependent on the working classes. This reserve would mean surplus and abundant jobs for next batch of working classes. Also the depedency rate of the adult which belongs to 60 years of age and above would be low. Some 112 adult may be catered by the working classes.

Figure __. Age Structure of Brgy. San Antonio, Bay, Laguna. (Source: Data of Brgy. San Antonio on Demography; Distb.Graph:RLCampang, 2013)

As shown in Figure __, the distribution of age is not or far perfect. As a barangay unit, it could also contribute to the overall economy of the municipality since most of the population comes from Barangay San Antonio with large distribution of working class.


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Population Size and Density The population size of the barangay has roughly increased by 20% last 2012. As shown in Table __. Average population density was expressed in person/ha basis. In 2000, there are 34 persons/ha in the barangay, because nearly, say 100 per purok are currently present in the area. Migration and population increase are factors for the increase in the mean density of population.

Table 12. Total Population and Mean Population Density of Barangay San Antonio.

Source: Barangay Profile (2012) and BAY-NSO-MPDO updated (2012)

1.3 Socio-Economic Characteristics There is one health center that is located adjacent to Barangay Hall. There is another health center being constructed as an extension clinic of the barangay in Purok 1 (Pinak). This center is serviced by five (5) barangay Health Workers (BHW), one barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS), a Municipal Nurse and Municipal Midwife. A public hospital, Pagamutang Pangmasa ng Laguna (PPL) is located in Barangay Maitim, Bay, Laguna which is 3 kilometers away from the barangay. Education. In terms of education, formal education is being served by the public and private schools in the barangay. There is one public elementary school. There are two public pre-schools or day care schools, a Day Care Center and an RICC-Children Center and a private pre-school located in Purok 1. Secondary education is delivered by one public school which is the Nicholas Galvez Memorial National High School. Housing. Regarding the houses, they are mostly made of mixed materials (concrete and wood). Approximately 40.47 hectares are occupied by residential areas and public institutions. Water supply. Much of the water supply comes from Laguna Water District (LWD) whereas quite a number of pumps and artesian wells which are constructed especially for those in the depressed areas. Water supply is no longer the major problem of the residents. On the other hand, the availability of water in some portion comes from deep well.

Barangay Total Population Average Population Density (Persons/ha)

2000 2007 2012 2000 2007 2012

San Antonio

4, 723 5, 563 6, 228 34 40 45


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Labor Force As for the labor force of San Antonio for 2011, there are 1,315 persons (approximately 30.0% of the population) were members of the total labor force. Livelihood In terms of livelihood, most of the residents derived their income from managing sari-sari stores, jeepney and tricycle driving, factory and construction work, farming, fishing, and handicrafts. Agricultural Resources There are three Puroks which are involved in vegetables and crop production, namely: Purok 1, Purok 6, and Purok 7. The annual production of crop and vegetables consists of rice and eggplants. Fishing is the source of livelihood for most residents. Environment There is an existing Material Recovery Facility or MRF located in Purok 3, near the barangay hall. The facility was build year 2000 for the purpose of managing the waste disposal and recycling. Currently, the building was damage by Typhoon Ondoy because it is near to the lake whereby high waves splash the establishment during the calamity. There is also weekly collection of garbage facilitated by the Municipal Office.


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Leadership and Decision Making As a community-level political unit, the barangay is the planning and implementing unit of government policies and activities, providing a forum for community input and a means to resolve disputes (Republic of the Philippines 1991, Sec. 384). According to section 386 of the code, a barangay can have jurisdiction over a territory of no less than 2,000 people, except in urban centres such as Metro Manila where there must be at least 5,000 residents (ibid.). Elected for a term of five years (ibid. 14 Feb. 1998, Sec. 43c; see the attached Republic Act No. 8524, Sec. 43), the chief executive of the barangay, or punong barangay enforces the law and oversees the legislative body of the barangay government (ibid. 1991, Sec. 389). In addition to the chief executive, there are seven legislative, or sangguniang, body members, a youth council, sangguniang kabataan, chairman, a treasurer and a secretary (ibid., Sec. 387). (See attached organizational chart of Brgy. San Antonio 2013-2016).

Table 13. Newly elected Barangay officials of Brgy. San Antonio (2013-2016)

The newly elected officials of the Barangay as tabulated in Table__. Chairman Efren P. Quintos assumed leadership over the Barangay after the term of Chair-man Juanito Ilagan. His councilors was Mr. Dennis Replan, Cornelio Masarap, Evelyn Alcuran, Juan Quintos, Vergilio Elindo, Toto Dela Cruz, and Papa Ilagan.

Position Name

Chairman Efren P. Quintos

Secretary Pio Rosellon

Treasurer

Kagawad 1 Dennis Replan

Kagawad 2 Cornelio Masarap

Kagawad 3 Evelyn Alcuran

Kagawad 4 Juan Quintos

Kagawad 5 Vergilio Elindo

Kagawad 6 Toto Dela Cruz

Kagawad 7 Papa Ilagan


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Past and Present Development Situation The local community respondents and Brgy. Officials identified major development interventions that happened in Barangay San Antonio. They related that 1571, Father Martin de Rada, the superior of Augustinian religious who came with the Legaspi expedition in 1565 started to build a bamboo and nipa church under the patronage of St. Augustine along the lakeshore of Bay ( i.e., presently known as Barangay San Antonio/Aplaya) and later become a barangay. In the same year, the town of Bay was the first capital of Laguna. It was the center of the Provincial Government and trade until 1688 before the capital was transferred to Pagsanjan. Since then, the “Pinagsimbahan” which was the former name of the barangay was called Baransgay San Antonio. In 1948, elementary education commence in the barangay and established the school which was then called San Antonio Elementary School (SAES), it becomes the leading school in the barangay which was attended by many children residents and produce graduates in the area. In the later years, San Antonio National High School (SANHS) was inaugurated to serve secondary education for youth in the barangay and nearby barangays. Barangay San Antonio became a barangay in 1974 by the power of Presidential P.D. No. 557, “Declaring all barrios in the Philippines as Barangays”. In 1991, as stated in Republic Act 7160 (R.A. 7160) also know as the “Local Government Code of 1991”, every barangay is considered a local government unit. Before the barangay hall and other offices were moved to the new location in Purok 2 in 1989, the barangay government was already doing business transactions in Purok 3, where the Barangay Health Center, Day Care Center, RIC-Children Center and BPSO were also established. In the present location, a covered court was also constructed serving as the multi-purpose building for the activities of the Barangay. It serves many activities of the barangay like general meetings, sports fest, games like basketball tournament for the youth (e.g. inter-barangay), festivities and seminars. In 2005, SANHS is renamed after the donor of the new location named Dr. Galvez and his family with ≈ 1 ha of land area. It was then called, Nicolas L. Galvez Memorial National High School (NLGMNHS). At present time, a new Barangay Health Center Extension is under construction in Purok 7 to address the health needs of the residents in the area.

ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND OUTCOMESAND OUTCOMESAND OUTCOMES

6


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Table 14. Timeline of Events and Major Development Intervention of Brgy. San Antonio.

Decade/ Year Major Events Development Intervention

Remarks

1948 Elementary education commence in the Barangay named San Antonio Elementary School (SAES)

1971 San Antonio National High School was established

1974 Barangay San Antonio was declared a “Barangay”

P.D. 557

1989 Barangay hall and other offices were moved to the new location in Purok 2

Health Center, Day Care Center, RIC-Children Center and BPSO were also established

The barangay government was already doing business transactions in Purok 3

1991 RA 7160 declared every Brgy, as LGUs

SB and Chairman of the Brgy. (Decision making body)

2005 SANHS is renamed after the donor of the new location

Dr. Galvez and his family donated ≈ 1 ha of land

New Nicolas L. Galvez Memorial National High School (NLGMNHS)

2008 New Buildings of NLGMNHS was inaugurated

Donations from Senators and Private Organizations

NLGMNHS expansion and development plans (Phase 1)



NLGMNHS expansion and development plans



NLGMNHS expansion and development plans


35

Major Events that Led to Present Development Every barangay has its own health center. There is one Rural Health Unit located in Barangay San Nicolas near Barangay San Antonio. Other health facilities include a district hospital (Pagamutang Pangmasa ng Laguna – PPL) and a private clinic in Barangay Maitim, dental clinics and drugstores. There were a total of 10,793 households based on 2007 NSO Census (68.07% or 7,347 are owned, 31.93% or 3,446 are rented and rent-free). There are 3,494 households have been classified by the MPDO as informal settlers located along the Philippines National Railroads (Core and Non-Core), other government properties, along the highway (DPWH), river banks and lakeshore). All barangays have access to electricity, and 13 barangays are served by the Laguna Water District (LWD). At Present, recreation facilities like basketball and volleyball courts are usually found in school grounds in Barangay San Antonio. Barangay San Antonio is basically is both agricultural and coastal community; about 68% of the total land area is devoted to agricultural production (rice, coconut, fruit trees and vegetables). Fish production is another major source of income of families in the coastal barangays. The Municipal Public Market located in Barangay Dila serves as the center of commerce and trade. As of 2010, there are 357 commercial/business establishments in the municipality. In September 2009, when Typhoon Ondoy hit the country, Bay and the whole Province of Laguna were severely flooded resulted to great damage to lives and properties. In Bay, six (6) barangays (Tagumpay, San Isidro, Dila, San Antonio, Maitim, Sto. Domingo) were submerged in deep floodwaters. About 4,229 families were affected and 2,703 families were underwater. Houses especially along the coast and river banks were totally and partially damaged. Damaged to agricultural production was estimated to reach 34 million pesos. The said disaster led the to build the LGU of Barangay San Antonio to construct bolders and ripraps in the coastal communities or puroks.


36

Local People’s Perception on “Development” From the interview of the respondents, they ask if they believe in the concept of development. This is to know if they had a notion of it, and how do they see it from the community. From the interview of the 20 respondents of different ages and status, 80% believe that development is possible and they believe on it. Some of the respondents follow up answers are “ Oo naman, kasi diyan tayo pupunta, kung magtutulungan sa barangay”, “syempre, kung may pagkakaisa”. On the other hand, 5% of the respondents says that they don't believe in development. Much of their reason dwell on the present situation of the barangay and its administration. They see that given the present status of youth and the residents, there is no development waiting for them if they continue being like lazy, two respondents same comment added.

Figure __. Respondent‟s certainty on the “Concept of Development”.

From the interview, two (2) respondents have no idea on the concept of development. They then added that, “its enough that they have sources of income”. In this case, the basic premise of the meaning of development hangs on every person‟s own definition and opinion. On the other hand, one respondent is indifferent, and no reaction or reasons behind his respond. In the case of the respondent that says no, it seems that they have not been believing also in government, most likely, as this implies that the government for them is not effective, from the previous discussion, the government is one of the component of development ladder or achieving development. This would substantiate by the answers from the interview that development will only be achieve by individual‟s work. Hence, if really possible, development start from one‟s self.


37

Local People’s Perception on “Genuine Development” Development appears to occur when a number of necessary components are put in place, and the equivalent checks have been removed. Much of the early literature on development extrapolated from individual events of this sort to general - usually economic - prescriptions. Respondents from Brgy. San Anotonio view development as a complete development vis-a-vis high industrialization . As shown from Figure 7, cooperation and

Figure 7 Respondent‟s opinion on “Genuine Development”.

Based on the figure above, it can be concluded that the meaning of genuine development for respondent‟s of Brgy. San Antonio is “cooperation among leaders and members‟” since it has the highest frquency equal to 8 which is 40% of the total respondents. Peace and order and presence of livelihood are their next perceptions. Other than this are the presence of projects and plans, industrilization, and high quality education. These perceptions would mean that Brgy. San Antonio reflect on a particpatory approach. The community wants to have collaborative force between the leaders and the members of the community to achieved their goals and objectives. According to Tsui (2002), people respond to what they see in their community, based from the thought of conditions, status and present situations of their community. As a result, they vision the community to progress to achieve its goals and redirect the path of the community towards development. This should be the reason why people want to have cooperation that starts from the community.


38

Factors that inhibit and/or facilitate Development In the case of Brgy. San Antonio, respondents view “development” to be a precious one. Based from the interview, respondents as one of these can be a limiting factor and restrict the plant's growth. When the supply of any one of these is limiting, then adding what is needed or otherwise adjusting the system to correct the limit will produce a burst of growth. Injections of capital, the creation of security or a change in political balances may correct something which was limiting in the social fabric of a nation, and a burst of activity will follow.

Figure 8 Respondent‟s opinion on factors that can hinder “Development”.

Based on the figure above, the barangay belives that criminals has the highest influence that would hinder the development of their community where 45 % of the respondents agreed to the statement. They have stated that criminals cases may be due to drugs, prostitution, robbery and others. Second to this factor is the lack of education. They assumed that lack of formal education of the members of the community would not benefit any. They believe that education is important in achieving better status in the society. Other factors that would hinder the development of the barangay includes lack of unity, crab mentality and corrupt officials. Some of the factors were based on what they actuaaly saw in their community like criminals. These perceptions from the community can be a guiding principles in achieving the genuine development of their barangay.


39

From the figure below, What do we make of this set of dimesions? Clearly they were written in the context of development as cited by Sen (2004) and Parsons (1978). The figure below shows the different factors that inhibit certain kind of development. Its shows three parameters, social dimension (human induce events or cause by humans like crimes, sabotage, war, poverty, killings and drugs), economic dimension (those that arose from economic activities, e.g. High market price, taxation, trade, economic sabotage, and others alike.) , no idea in particular. Figure 8 Simplified respondent‟s opinion on the factors that can inhibit achieving

“Development”.

In particular, we can see that in all levels, crime, lack of education and poor living standards have been mentioned without exception by 11 respondents in which they view that order, cooperation and unity is vital to achieve development. Freedoms of one kind or another have been also mentioned. Brgy. San Antonio, in general , emphasized that focusing on these dimensions would rather facilitate development. Interestingly, seven (7) respondents view insufficient budget, over-taxation and high price of goods as factor for achieving development which is included and appear under the name „economic dimension. Similarly, the environment was only mentioned for the questions that link development results, although its centrality to development at this time is indisputable since environment conditions should be consider also (see reference questionaires for this section). Human rights and physical security appear in several questions as answers of some respondents and are often mentioned even if not in the „list‟ of dimensions. Social freedoms including dignity and respect, belonging and participation appear in government part/ section.


40

Theoretical Implications of the findings In relation with development theories, we can notice that the best theory that would define this type of community is the dependency theory. Being a commu-nity in an rural area, this theory would best describe their development. Depend-ency theory as described by Andre Gunder Frank (2005), it embodies four main points: internal demands for domestic market, recognition of industrial sector, worker‟s income, effective government role. On the present situation of Baran-gay, they believe and entrust all their resources for the current government/administration, hence, the notion and concept of development Is possible and attainable if there is cooperation and participation with the Government. Some residents feel that industrialization, peace and order, presence of liveli-hood, and human development would greater contribute to the overall develop-ment process of the community. In the same manner, as what UNDP (1990) has emphasized: “People are the real wealth of a nation. The basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to live long, healthy and creative lives. This may appear to be a simple truth. But it is often forgotten in the imme-diate concern with the accumulation of commodities and financial wealth” Recommendations To attain genuine development, the distribution of opportunities must be consid-ered. Because as we can see from their perspectives of the respondents, they want equal life chances and the theory best fit for their development is the growth with equity which can be attained through distribution of resources with-out bias. This also pertains having equal life chances. The community defined development as having an equal chances to resources and opportunities and absence of poverty. The community wanted to maximizes the chances of the poor to fully participate in the markets, even though they can see industrializa-tion for now.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


41

Comparative Analysis of Development Theories: Relationships to other theories of Development

In comparison with the established literatures on developement theories, we will try to relate and compare the cases and resultts from other theories and concepts of development namely: Modernization Theory, Dependency Theory, World Systems Theory, State Theory, Uneven and Combine Development Theory. Modernization Theory, Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) The Modernization theory as conceptulaized by political economist Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003), was the dominant and most popular theoretical perspective on development and poverty in the period that followed World War II in rich communities. As per Samuel Huntington, he considered development to be a linear process which every country must go through. Modernization theory, in contrast to Classical Liberalism, viewed the state as a central actor in modernizing “backward” or “undeveloped” communities. As shown in Figure __, traditional society is demarcated with traditional beliefs, limited production and fatalism.

Figure 6. Rostow‟s five (5) stages of development.

7


42

Modernization Theory: Barangay Real and Barangay San Antonio We view that Barangay Real in relationship to the theory starts from traditional society, from the beginning, agricultural lands were very expansive in terms of area. As the years past, the periphery of the Barangay and surrounding communities starts to fuel up its economy, politics and social aspects. Barangay Real also has an Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of about Php 5M. In this case, it has high income generations from business and tax payers which are allotted to the overall budget of the Barangay. The basic assumption of Rostow states that modern societies are more productive, children are better educated, and the needy receive more welfare. In the case of Barangay Real, the community rose to prominence as vehicles of popular development participation and advocates for the poor, as well as service providers like SM City and other business and investment drivers. According to Bebbington (2005), as seen to offer participatory and people-centered approaches to development that were both innovative and experimental, they offered the opportunity for generating bottom-up opportunities for development, reflecting the needs and wants of local communities and disadvantaged groups. Therefore, we think that in the modernization theory, modernization is a phased process. In the case of Barangay San Antonio, the theory would have no exact or definite relationship. Being a rural area, the barangay would take many years for take off to transitional development, or as what Rostow has emphasized, that the major assumptions of the theory relies on homogenizing process and development I not necessarily undirectional ; modernization perspective only shows one possible model of development and eliminate traditional values. These cannot be embraced by the community if abrupt pursuit of development is to take place.


43

Dependency Theory: Barangay Real and Barangay San Antonio The Dependency Theory emerged in the 1950‟s from the research of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). It was made popular by Latin Americam writers Fernando Cardoso (former President of Brazil), Theotonio dos Santos and Raul Prebisch. The Dependency Theory was embodied from the Keynes‟ economic approach. The four (4) main points of the theory are stated as follows: To develop an important internal effective demand in terms of domestic

markets; To recognize that the industrial sector is crucial to achieving better levels of

national development, especially due to the fact that this sector, in comparison with the agricultural sector, can contribute more values-added to products;

To increase worker‟s income income as a means of generating more

aggregate demand in national market conditions; To promote a more effective government role in order to reinforce national

development conditions and to increase national standards of living. The Dependency Theory also explains that areas are divided into a core of wealthy nations which dominates a periphery of poor nations whose main functions in the system is to provide resources and raw materials to the core (See figure__). It held that the benefits of this system accrue almost entirely to rich areas, which become progressively richer and more developed, while the poor nations, which continually have their surpluses drained aways to the core and do not advance (Stiefel and Wolfe, 1994). To sum up, modernization theory understood development and underdevelopment as a result off internal conditions that differ between economies, dependency theory understood development and underdevelopment as relational.


44

Figure __. Dependency theory model with relationship to modernization theory. In relation with development theory, we can notice that the best theory that would define Barangay San Antonio would be the dependency theory. Being a community in an rural area, this theory would best describe their development. Dependency theory as described by Andre Gunder Frank (2005), embodies four main points: internal demands for domestic market, recognition of industrial sec-tor, worker‟s income, effective government role. On the present situation of Ba-rangay, they believe and entrust all their resources for the current government/administration, hence, the notion and concept of development Is possible and attainable if there is cooperation and participation with the Government. However, in the case of Barangay Real in Calamba City, which is an urban area there is a need to consider the pattern of development that Real has achieved for the present time. The theory is also relational to the area, since the transfer of technology and the modernization lift the area from being a traditional or rural area. This was brought about the establishment and the construction of malls, trade shops, business establishment, highways and other means of business engines. Dependency theory considers ties with transnational corporations as being only detrimental to areas, when actually these links can be used as a means of technology transfer. In summary, Barangay Real become dependent on what development brought from the periphery Calamba and all of a sudden they benefited from these business establishments that fuel up their area in eco-nomic terms.


45

Theoretical Implications of the findings We can see that in the urban area (Brgy. Real, Calamba), their development was attained through urbanization and industrialization which in turn described by the modernization theory. But believes that a community with equal life chances would be the best way in achieving genuine development which will be tackled in theory on growth with equity. While in the rural areas, Brgy. San Antonio believes that their present development was achieved through participatory and cooperation. If these factor continue they believed that development will continue to progress in their community and for the next generation. But residents believe that a participatory approach would be the best way in having genuine development where people are united and there will always be connection and relation between the leaders and the community members. This would be included in the theory of participatory development. Based on their answers, we conclude that the two different areas would have different perceptions on development based on their environment and what community they belong. For example, locals from the rural areas still depends on a unifying factor which in their case is the Brgy. Chairman or even in our government. This will imply that their development is still dependent on how leaders take actions and decisions for the community he/she is administering, and in addition, part of advancement. In contrast, locals from the urban areas sees technological advancement, continuous change and industrialization would produced development. Recommendations to Promote Genuine Development Genuine development as perceived by two different type of communities should also have different approach. First, in the urban areas, Development is widely understood and perceived as something that brings about changes for the better. But what can we make of development projects that give rise to conflict? What if development destroys the economic base of the local populace? And what if development creates divisions instead of enhancing unity? And what if this leads to serious animosities among the people, or even violent confrontation? Is such development worth it? And can we really call it development?

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSGENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSGENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8


46

The perception of the Local residents towards the “Government” A community needs leaders and for a community to change and develop, it needs active political leaders. Change and development of a communit is a major function of political activity. Cunningham (2003) remarked that leaders of today cannot be successful without having a broad understanding of the social, political and economic dynamics that influence and are shaped by global competition. Leaders must be aware of the ideologies, political pressures, a shifting economic and social conditions, if they are to provide effective leadership. Effective leadership is characterized by attention on the welfare of the citizens. As part of the survey, one of the parameters in analyzing development theories is to look into the local perception towards their governments. We think that the government is a part or share big role in achieving development in many aspects of an area under its jurisdiction. They are partners in achieving development, and because they are mandated to create path towards development. From the interview, we asked them first if they believe in the government, its concepts and how it works. Interestingly, our respondents still believes in the government. In the case of Barangay San Antonio, 18 out of 20 says that they believe in the government. While the other two respondents are neither have no idea nor says no.

Figure 17. Certainty of the Barangay San Antonio and Real residents towards

the “Government”

In the case of Barangay Real, 17 out of 20 believe and certain towards the government. The other two respondents says, they do not believe. They then added that, “ sa ngayon, puro kurap (corrupt) and mga pulitiko, kaya hindi sila dapat paniwalaan” and as these statements are related to their answers on the follow up questions. On the other hand, one respondent is indifferent on the concept. For this section, we have seen that, many people still entrust the resources and the chance of administering them towards achieving development.


47

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APPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICES

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ove

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28

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9

30

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Lette

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ay, L

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ity (R

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TR

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nd B

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f the

La

bo

rato

ry E

xe

rcis

e II.


50

List of Respondents (Barangay Real, City of Calamba)

Alona Siksik Nidia R. Aquino

Gloria Aviles Artemio Penaflor

Nancy Delos Santos Marcelo Atienza Marvin Palisoc Kristin Alfonso

Mark Dela Cruz Jobelle Borsa

Marvin Concepcion Rosalinda Tandang

Jayson Eusebio Rosemarie J. Evasco

Jose Torio Guillerma Carpio

Ana Alcantara Marilou Cristobal

Gat Reyes Gertrudes Pasion

List of Respondents (Barangay San Antonio, Bay, Laguna)

Nora Reyes Roeden dela Rosa

Helen L. Replan Leo dG. Villanueva Demetrio Quintos

Nilma Replan Paldo A. Alegre Alipio C. Replan

Daniel L. Alejandrino Cesar G. Replan

Maximiano Ramos Victor Q. Genil

BongBong Reyes Marlon Patag

Cornelio V. Masarap Carmen Pornea

Zosimo C. Saturan Marisa Rigor

Angelica Atienza Kristina Quintos

Comparative Development Analysis of Barangay San Antonio, Municipality of Bay and Barangay Real, City of Calamba

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