COMPANY PROFILE.doc

To study the feedback of Sugarcane Mill (Rosa Sugar Works) from the Farmers at ROSA SUGAR WORKS, SHAHJAHANPUR.

Training report submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of master in business Administration

2012-2013By

MOHD.MAHTABEnroll No-1100101587Under the guidance of

Dr. Gaurav Bisaria Mr. B.K. Maalpani Assistant Professor Branch Head IU Lucknow ROSA SUGAR WORWS (SPN)

Integral University Lucknow

Dasauli, P.O Bas-ha Khursi road Lucknow-226026.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to my project guide Dr.Gaurav Bisaria

for giving me the valuable time, guidance & advice during the course of my

summer training report.

I would like to thank Prof. Zeeshan Amir( Dean) FACULTY OF

MANAGEMANT & RESEARCH, INTERGRAL UNIVERSITY. I

would also like to thank all the faculty members for their guidance &

support. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all those who have

supported me in completing my report and without their help the completion

of this report would have not been possible.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents; my friends who kept up me

motivated & provided me with all possible help during the training.

Submitted with regards

MOHD.MAHTAB

GUIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Mohd. Mahtab a student of MBA Second year having Roll no: - 1100122085, has completed his dissertation on the Subject “To study the feedback of Sugarcane Mill (Rosa Sugar Works) from the Farmers” under my supervision and guidance. The behavior of the student during the project work was found to be highly appreciable and satisfactory.I wish him all the best for his future.

Dr. Gaurav Bisaria

Assistant Professor

FACULTY OF MANAGEMANT & RESEARCH

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

Rosa Sugars Works Shahjahanpur Ltd. entered the sugar industry in the late

nineties. Based in the Indian State of U.P, it began operations by setting up

one sugar factory, of which used a scientific method of cultivation. Despite

increasing emphasis on traditional cultivation methods, Rosa sugars Works

was among the few to introduce modernity to this industry .It has eight

Sugar Mills, three Distilleries & five Power plants, among them there are

three Sugar Mills, one Distillery & two Power plants situated in Bihar & rest

of them are in Uttar Pradesh. Rosa Sugar Works, Rosa National highway no.

24 is situated at 900 miles from Shahjahanpur. It believes to produce a good

quality Sugar.

During my study, I find out about the varieties of sugarcane supplied to the

Rosa Sugar Mill from the farmers, study the problems faced by the farmers

during cultivation, harvesting and transportation to the sugar mill. I was to

know the satisfaction level of the farmers regarding the Rosa Sugar Mill. I

also find out the compensation mode of the Rosa Sugar Mill paying to the

farmers. The facilities provided by the Rosa Sugar Mill to the farmers were

also my concern during my study.

The project duration was 60 days and I worked under Mr. B.K.Maalpani

(Executive President) at Rosa Sugar Works, Shahjahanpur.

S.No.

CONTENTS

1 Objectives 1

2 Company profile 2

3 Project Profile 36

Title of the study

Objective of the study

Scope and Significance of the study

4 Research Methodology 56

5 Data and Data analysis 62

Findings, 68

Conclusions, 70

Suggestions of the study. 72

6 Annexure 74

7 Bibliography 76

Objectives

To know about the varieties of sugarcane supplied to the Rosa Sugar Mill from the farmers.

To study the problems faced by the farmers.

To study the productivity of sugarcane in that region.

To know the satisfaction level of the farmers regarding the Rosa Sugar Mill.

To know the compensation mode of the Rosa Sugar Mill.

To know about the facilities provided by the Rosa Sugar Mill.

Company Profile

ROSA SUGAR WORWS SHAHJAHANPUR

PROFILE OF THE COMPANY Rosa Sugars Works Shahjahanpur Ltd. was a pioneer in the exporting of power to other industry situated in state of Uttar Pradesh, it combines for technology and the latest. Mechanization and compliments with a two years experience result, High quality sugar. Alongside, the factory waste namely molasses is used for organo Chemicals industrial alcogol/rectified spirit is manufacture with the sugar waste. This Rosa Sugar Works company is also looking towards venturing into plant a new plant for production.Rosa Sugars Works Shahjahanpur ltd entered the sugar industry in the late nineties. Based in the Indian State of U.P, it began operations by setting up one sugar factory, of which used a scientific method of cultivation. Despite increasing emphasis on traditional cultivation methods, Rosa sugars Works was among the few to introduce modernity to this industry.Sugar factories in Maharashtra were being victimized through state policies Private farms were being nationalized and the co-operative movement quickened the pace of ultimate closure of these farms. This was unfortunate because the yields from these belts of sugarcane were among the best in the world. The yield of cane was 64 ton per acre, recovery of sugar was 11.5% per acre and yieldsugar was 7.36 tons per acre. Realizing that it could no longer work towards its full potential, the opened Rosa Sugars Works Ltd at Rosa sugar Works State U.P. In 2002, the foundation stone at the factory of Rosa sugars Works. lt was laid by then Governor of Utter Pradesh.Due to the prevalent India Pakistan war at that time. The factory was erection on a war footing and commissioned in a record time of less than ten months. Production started in 2005.Todayadvancedtechnology and a high level of Mechanization has made Rosa Sugar Works sugars lt is one of the U.P largest sugar producers. This Rosa sugars Sugar Works ltd company has one of the highest average recovery rates in industry.

ABOUT THE FOUNDER

A Light has gone out of our lives but has left behind many sweet memories. Born with humble feelings, Shri Umesh V. Katti learnt that Honesty and hard work lead to success. Very early in his life, through the example and teachings of great men like swami Vivekanand, Mahatma Gandhi and swami Dayanand Saraswati, he assimilated in his life the maxim that “There is noreligion greater than man”.Shri Umesh V. Katti started his carrier as agriculturist. He use to grow sugar cane as a main crop in his filed. In later days Shri Umesh V. Katti has acquired great name and reputation from his achievements in agriculture, for his insight and analytical skills and for his deep understanding of people problems. A popular person Shri Umesh V. Katti made his mark for his outspoken and fortnight views and stood for the elections of MLA and was also elected as a MLA and after that he was selected another three times as a MLA and for the forth time he became a Sugar minister and was Public Work Department and cabinet minister. He was also Director of Belgaum District Co-operative Bank. And at present he is the Horticulture and Prison Minister in cabinet. Then he started his carrier as a Business man as a industrialist, when we studied about his we would he was a visionary person and a hard worker and he is a self made man and a good decision maker. When we asked his employs their opinion was that “He is a kind hearted Person and also a well knowledge person in the field of sugar industry and distillery industry technical field.” When we asked for some more details they told being a politician he is also a great industrialist. They also told that my establishing this industry in rural place he is feeding thousand of family’s live hoods. Being a agriculturist he understands theproblems of farmers and poor people and helped to solved the problems. When we asked the people of the villages. Shri Umesh V. Katti vision and foresight have led to this huge growth of industry in Karnataka. Due to his belief in

Humanity and faith in Almighty he could transform his dream into reality.

Location:

Rosa sugars Works lt is located at Ruoser kothi village in the Shahjahanpur district of U.P Rosa chini mill lies in presented near realince thermal power plant.

COMPANY VISION AND MISSION:

Rosa Sugar Works will continue to expand its operations by expanding production into new markets and applications. Growth will also come from value add diversification derived from the group’s strengths in products and process. The quality of the products and services delivered as and by Rosa Sugar Works will always strive to exceed customer expectations. RSW always will continue to use renewable resources in its products. We believe that this is an important need for sustainable development. RSW has been and always is aware of its social commitment to the community that it serves. We believe that we have responsibility and obligation to return to society what we earn from it.RSW has a vision to adopt the most modern technologies and equipments to improve the production of the company and to create more no of employment. RSW has a vision to help farmers present in the surrounding area and help them in improving their yield totally they want to see rural development.

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

MANAGEMENT TEAM

Mr. Umesh V. Katti

Mr. Umesh V. Katti is Chairman and Promoter of the company having business and manufacturing interest in Sugar Industrial Alcohol, Organic Chemicals, Agriculture etc. since over five years. He is also associated with various Educational, social and Cultural Organization and is also cabinet minister of the state government.

Mr.Ramesh V. Katti

Mr.Ramesh V. Katti is the vice chairman of the company. He is also Bachelor of Arts from Hukkeri. He is also a Chairman of a Sugar cane factory at Hukkeri.

Shri Mallikarjun Pujar

Managing Director of the company having more than 12 years of experience in the filed of Sugar, Chemical and Power. He is Bachelor of Art shaving such a good experience he is good at managerial skills which helps maintaining of people of the company.

Shri Mukesh Kumar Sharma

He is COO of the company with more than 13 years of experience in the filed of Sugar Industry. He is well known person in Sugar Industry. He is person who had his Bachelor of Engineering from Bihar with specialization in the field of Chemistry.

Mr. Shivanand M Katti

B.E. in electrical from belgaum. He is the person with great knowledge Whole time Chief Electrical Engineer of the company. He is who is most helpful person in the company who looks after power section of the company.

BANKERS AND INSTITUTIONS

Bank of India Industrial Development Bank of IndiaState Bank of India HUDCO

COMPANY QUALITY POLICY

We are committed to produce and supply products to meet our costumers needs.We shall continually strive to improve the effectiveness of our quality management system.We shall train and motivate our employees for continual improvement.We are conscious of our responsibility towards safety, Health and Environment Quality is what we think, and Believe.

PRODUCT AT GLANCE

The specification of Rosa sugar isPolarization : 99.80 to 99.88Moisture : 0.35 to 0.06Icmsa : up to 150 unitsAsh : 0.08 to 0.10Granulation : S-30 of Indian SugarStandard Colour : Sparking whitePacking : Present Packing. 100 kgHowever they can be packaged in 50 kg HDPE bags, if required.

Rosa sugars ltd is the manufacture of White Crystal Sugar, along with sugar some other main products manufactured in Rosa Sugars works lt dare Power ,Distillery Products,Bio-gas etc.

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS

1 Administration Department2 Purchase Departments3 Cane Development Departments4 Production Departments5 Finance Departments6 Sales and Distribution Department

Administration Department

Administration department is the main department in the organization.They are total number of 38 employees working in this department. Is divided into 6 sections and they are as below :1. Share section.2. Purchase section.3. Stores section.4. Sales Section.5. Time office section.6. Computer section.7. Security section.8. Telephone operating section.

SHARE SECTION

The Share section is one of the important sections because more than halfof the total authorized capital is collected from shareholders. In this factory the share are class1. Grower shares A class

2. Non Grower Shares D class3. Society share B Class4. Out of Area Share E class5. Govt share C Class

The person who wants to become a member has to follow the procedure / rules. He has to fulfill appropriate application given by the share section authority. If the boards of directors approve the application in body meeting, then only he is treated as shareholder of the factory. After the approval he has to pay the amount equivalent to face value of the share.There is no transferability of share. If at all he wants to transfer his shares, he has to transfer to such a person who is the member of the factory. If he transfer to another person it is not valid and such shares get cancelled. For the identification of its members, the factory issues share certificate and identity cards to such share holders.

PURCHASE SECTION

Purchase officerClerksAttenders

FUNCTIONS OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT:-

Receiving purchasing requisitiondetermining the volume of materials to be ordered

placing orders inviting tenders and quotations from different suppliersChecking and passing bills for payment.Receiving and inspecting materials.

Steps involved in purchasing the materials:

A. Raising requisition

It is the first step and necessity for particular can be used only by the user of the material.

B. Scrutinizing requisition The manager scrutinizes the demand of materials. Heexamines whether the item mentioned in the requisition note is necessary or not. C. Vendor selection After scrutinizing, if a material is necessary then tender advertisement is given or if they have permanent vendors. The manager chooses the power vendor. The BOD does selection of vendors.

D. Enquiry :

After selecting a proper vendor enquiry is sent to the vendor.

Receiving Quotation :

The purchase manager receives the quotations from vendors to whom the enquiries are sent. Through there quotations a right vendor is chosen.

F. Sending purchase order : Lastly the purchase order is placed to the selected venders. In this waypurchase of material takes place.

STORES SECTION

Stores keeperClerks Tool room Clerk Diesel room ClerkAttainders Tool room attainders ClerksDaily wage labors Attainders

PROCEDURE OF WORKING AT PRESENT:

Handling of materials: First, they receive the stores purchase indents from concerned section heads for requisition to purchase item needed for the crushing or off season work. Then they mention the present stock of item in the purchase indents, after verifying the stores. Then only they forward the purchase indents. After receiving the materials from suppliers they seek the quality approval of the same materials. After getting the approval materials are placed to there respective to the racks they issue the materials by adapting FIFO method.They issue the materials to the workers of the factory on loan and retainable basis on daily loan or personal loan.

STORES ACCOUNT:

After receiving the materials from suppliers quantity will beverified. The details of the materials will be entered in to transport registered and approved memo will be sent to the concerned departments for getting quality approval. They keep bin cards for each different items receipt from the suppliers with details.

TOOL ROOM:

Tool room is personnel issue the materials to the workers on temporary loan and retainable basis entering in the register.

List of the registers:

1. Transport register.2. Approval memo book.3. Bin card files.4. Purchase order.5. Stores purchase indent

TIME OFFICE :

Time keeper ClerksTime office is one of the important sections of administration department.There are 5 employees working in this department.

Functions:

1. Showing the absent report to the HOD’s2. To receive the attendance cards from the workers3. To put attendance of the workers in the master role4. It arranges the duty to the workers, maintains working bell5. It maintains salary register book.

Types of Leaves:

1. Sick leaves :Sick leave provided to employees 15 days per year2. Casual leaves :Casual leave provided to employees 12 days per year3. Earn leaves :If employee attends 30 days in a month then he is eligible for 3 days Earn leave.4.Shift working :

In a shift of 8 hours the factory is providing 4 types of shifts.Shift TimeI 4 am to 12 pmII 12 pm to 8 pmIII 8 pm to 4 amGeneral Shift 8-30 am to 5-30 pm

5. SALES SECTION :

Sales officerGo down clerkConsultant ClarksIn this section sales of the following products produced takes place are sugar, molasses, bag asses and power. This factory is producing three types of sugars they are M-30, S1-30 and S2-30 grades. And also it producing byproducts like molasses, bag asses, press mud. These are used by factory itself only like molasses and press mud are used in distillery / Ethanol production and bag asses is used in production of power. And power is exported to KPTCL .This section will take care of all the sales transactions. The sale of sugar is done according to the notification by the central government and has such factories follows certain government rules in sales of sugar. Accordingly, U.P state federation of co-operative sugar factories limited will give figures of bags to sell within a month.

PROCEDURE FOR SALE:

The organization undertakes selling activities in three methods;

1.Free sale: Free sale is done within the country. Hear company will invitetenders from different buyers at a 10 days notice. The sugar is sold to that buyer who quotes or

bids highest price. Tenders are called periodically. If the rate is not satisfactory the tender will be cancelled. In free sale sugar is being done to bulk purchases on the bases of tenders, these bulk purchases then sell the purchased sugar to retailers.

2. Levy sale:

It is also done within the state of Karnataka and being sold to the government of Karnataka on levy bases. The government then distributes outlets at predetermined, reasonable price.

3. Export :

Sugar is sold outside the country on the contract bases.According to the rules and regulation of the contract it will be done.

6. COMPUTER SECTION:

The total number of employees working in this department is 9. This section is to maintain all types of records that are very important for the organization and the following departments are computerized in the factory,a) Weigh bridge departmentb) Cane accounts departmentc) Time office departmentd) Laboratory departmente) Stores departmentf) Sales departmentg) Purchase departmenth) General accounts departmenti) Sales accounts section

7. SECURITY SECTION:

Security officerAssistant security officerSecurity guardThe security section is operating under the administrative department. It is also working in three shifts as mentioned under time office section. Hear in this department the employees are recruited on the yearly contract basis. There are total 42 guards working in this section.

FACILITY TO WORKERS:-

1 Availability of rest house with TV facility.2 Availability of quarters.3 Providing 2 wheelers for employees who are visiting the field to supervise and check the availability cane.4 Executive levels are provided with 4 wheelers.5 Weekly one holiday of any in a week

FINANCE DEPARTMENT:

Accounts of finance department are the main and the hart of every department of the company or industry. Hear in this factory, the accounts section maintains all the transactions related to the factory dealings. The sale accounts, purchase accounts, etc are maintained and this department prepares P&L account, Balance sheet, etc.In RSSK is divided finance department or accounts department in two sections.

1. General account section2. Cane account section

In the above chart 50% of the labors are working in the general account section and 50% are in the cane accounts section.

1. GENERAL ACCOUNTS SECTION:

In general accounts section book keeping is followed. General account transactions like receipts and payments registers are maintained. Receipts include sales process of sugar, molasses, share amount, etc. Payments include salary, tax, etc. maintaining audit and audit rectification is done, annual account and monthly account are prepared and maintained.

Some other types of registers are maintained by this section are:

a. Advance registerb. Contractors registerc. Contra registerd. Fixed assets registere. Bank registerf. Expense register

Functions

1) Its main function’s to finalize each & every record of the factory.2) It prepares profit & loss a/c & balance sheet.3) It executes financial activities in factory.4) Ratio analysis.5) Report to the management.6) Conduction of meetings.

2. CANE ACCOUNTS SECTION:

This section maintains the cane accounts and cane bills. This section purchases the cane on daily basis and prepares accounts off forthrightly basis. In addition, will take care of all cane suppliers accounts and department manager separates accounts for cane suppliers. The section will provide cane bill once in a month desired by the higher authority. While giving cane bill, department will debut all the expenses and advances which is given to the cane suppliers in terms of seeds, fertilizers and transportation facilities and also harvesting of the cane that all the expenses are given by the factory.

The registers maintained in this section are:

a) Self harvesting payment registerb) Harvesting billsc) Cultivator payment register

CANE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

Cane ManagerOffice manager Cane Cane Procurement Manager Cane Dev ManagerCane Officers Cane OfficersField Assistants Field Assistants

Objectives of the CDD:

To get best quality of cane at a right timeTo improve the variety of the caneTo provide all facilities like seeds, fertilizers, unloading and loading chargesMain objectives are to receiving exactly 2500 TCDTo undertake seeds development program

Varieties of Sugar cane:

1. COC671 {Early Maturity}2. CO8011 {Middle Maturity}3. CO86032 {Early Maturity}4. CO8021 {Early Maturity}5. CO94012 {Early Maturity}

DEPARTMENT

STRUCTURE

Laboratory InchargeLaboratoryChemistDeputy ChiefChemistManufacturingThe production department is center of the center organization. The main function of the production department is Functions:- To maintain close and co-ordinates relationship with all others.To upgrade the technical efficiency of the production.To flow up the daily production schedule of as per plan. To produce the future needs of the company and to promote theorganization.

INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

Sugar originated from the Arabic word "sharkara" and is derived from the sanskrit world "sharkara". Sugar is an important part of the daily diet and forming a class of edible substances which includes sucrose, lactose, and fructose. It provides the human body with requisite carbohydrates and is basically extracted from sugar cane and sugar beet. Found in fruits, honey, sorghum, sugar maple and in several other sources, it is the main ingredient of candy which is loved by children the world over. Yet, it has been blamed for causing tooth decay and excess consumption of sugar has been associated with a host of ailments like diabetes, obesity, weight gain, depression, joint pain, fatigue and insulin resistance and even cancer. Sugar is present in various forms in fruits, honey, maple syrup and other natural sources. It is extracted by an intricate process, whereby the pulp is extracted first and then, the remaining is used for producing the sugar. Sugar has wide variety of uses and is used for baking, sweets, alcoholic beverages, and even in the soap we use. Further, it is also used as a food preservative and in confectionery items.

HistorySugar is said to have originated in India. During the Gupta dynasty in India, the extraction of sugar was clearly known to the Indians. Experts identify the Pacific region and certain parts of India like the North East as real locations where the sugar cultivation was practised. This was taken to the western hemisphere by the Arab traders who borrowed the techniques from India and subsequently, set up mills to commercially produce this highly useful agricultural product. The production of sugar spread to countries like Spain and the Portuguese took it to South America. During the eighteenth century, sugar production became increasingly mechanized and sugar market went through a phase of great boom. New technology was developed as sugar became a very popular item and specialized procedures were developed for the large scale processing of sugar. At first, the sugar was used mainly for tea and then, went into the making of confectionery and chocolates. The Dutch took sugar to the Carribean Islands and today, this area is the largest source of sugar in the world. With the introduction of sugar plantations in the Carribean islands on a large scale, the price of sugar fell substantially and in Britain, all classes of people took to sugar and it has become a part of their routine. Earlier, it was relegated to the upper echelons of society, it, then, became a common commodity and became sufficiently cheaper. Maximum consumption of sugar has been recorded from Belgium and the least consumption is from Ethopia with an amount of three kilos per year.

Sources of Sugar

Generally, sugar is produced from plants like sugarcane and sugar beet. sugarcane plant is very thick with long grasses. A perennial crop, it is grown in the various tropical and subtropical areas. The stalks of the sugarcane is the exact location, from where the sweet sap is extracted. Sugar beet has the highest sugar content from among the beetroot family and this variety is specifically cultivated for high quality sugar production. In addition, sugar is produced from sweet sorghum, maple, honey, corn sugar, etc. Of a 180 countries of the world, around a 100 of them make sugar from the sugar beet and cane.

Types of Sugar

1. Raw sugars

Raw sugars consist of varying shades of yellow to brown sugars and is processed by boiling till it solidifies. From sugar beet juice, the raw beet sugars are extracted and are then used to fabricate white sugar. Raw sugars include demerera, muscovada and turbinado. These are available in crystalline and loaf forms, where the moulds are then allowed to dry up and the resulting product is called jaggery or gur. Raw sugar is not so popular in South America. Mill white sugar is produced by exposing the sugar to sulfur dioxide but it retains the coloured impurities.

2. Blanco direct

Blanco direct is a white sugar used much more in India and Asia and i and is more devoid of impurities. White refined sugar, popular in the West, is processed by dissolving the raw sugar and purifying it with phosphoric acid or by filtration strategies. White sugar is available in granulated form. Granulated sugar includes coarse grained sugars such as sanding sugars, caster sugar and superfine powdered sugar and they are divided on the basis of fineness of grades.

3.Brown sugars

with high molasses content or from coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses syrup. Colour and taste becomes stronger with increasing molasses content . On being exposed to air, they tend to harden and proper handling of this. Natural Brown sugars are formed when sugars form fine crystals sugars are found in their natural form and covers the most unrefined sugars and includes the fruits, grains and vegetables. The World Health Organization has approved the natural sugars as carbohydrates for unrestricted consumptionpurposes.

Manufacturing Process:For sugarcane, the process of refining is carried out in following stepsPressing of sugarcane to extract the juice.Boiling the juice until it begins to thicken and sugar begins to crystallize.Spinning the crystals in a centrifuge to remove the syrup, producing raw sugar.

Shipping the raw sugar to a refinery where it is washed and filtered to remove remaining non-sugar ingredients and color.Crystallizing, drying and packaging the refined sugar.

World Sugar Scenario:After two consecutive seasons of surplus between world sugar production and consumption, World Sugar economy is now facing a significant supply demand imbalance. There will be fall in global sugar production. The world consumption of sugar is forecasted to grow by 1.73% to 167.446 mln tones. World production is expected to increase by 4.817 million tonnes, which is 8.404 million tonnes lower than world consumption. World export availability is expected to rise due to projected growth in output in exporting countries. World export availability for season 2009-10 is expected to be 51.964 million tonnes, as against 50.903 million tonnes in the previous season.A significant production shortfall in India and China, as well as a further contraction of production in the EU, on the other hand and a continuing expansion of sugar output in Brazil, on the other hand are the four major supply features of Sugar season 2008-2009.

Indian Sugar EconomyThe sugar industry is the largest agro-based industry and India is the Second largest producer of sugar in the world next only to Brazil. Sugar in India is headed for a rough patch during the current sugar year ending September 30, 2009. India plays a crucial role in the world's sugar output. Indian sugar industry is controlled by the Government. Starting from cane price to the price of sugar, everything is under the hands of the Government. The Statutory minimum Price (SMP) of sugarcane is fixed by the Central Government to support the cane farmers. However, states like U.P., Haryana and Uttarakhand are free to fix their own price known as State Advisory Price (SAP), which is usually higher than SMP.

India’s Production:The Country’s sugar output touched a three year low. Sugar production in 2008-09 season is set to fall by 44% from the previous season. In sugar season 2008-09, production has declined to 147.50 lacs tones compared to production of 263.28 lac tonnes in the year, 2007-08. One major reason for this is the shrinkage in the sugarcane growing area in last couple of years due to delay in cane payment and confusion over the price, less area of ratoon in this season and poor monsoon in some parts of the country. The sugar industry iscyclical in nature. It is dependent upon monsoons for both its production and price realisation. Such a shortfall in sugar production has posed a serious threat to inventory on hand. Drop in cane output may lead to increase in cost of production for sugar companies and hit their profit margins in 2009.

Government Policies:

Rising prices of sugar has caused concern to the Government and it has intervened substantially to control the prices of the sugar, because it is one of the essential commodities. The Government brought in measures such as weekly quota for free sale, weekly reporting mechanism to monitor sugar dispatches and sale, liberalized raw sugar import under Advance Authorization Scheme [with change in export obligation norm from ‘grain-to-grain’ to ‘tonne-to tonne’ basis and finally the facility to import raw sugar without

SUGAR STRUCTURE IN INDIA

SWOT ANALYSIS:

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500 companies.

STRENGTHS

Global prices to move up –an incremental positiveThe demand is everlastingEnvironmental conditions suitable for the growth of sugar caneAbout 2.7% culitvable land is used for the cane productionThe sugar industry also includes alcohol, gur an khandri which is mainly for the domestic industry

WEAKNESS

Production to decline by 20-25% in fy09Shift of the farmer from cane to paddy, wheat, pulses and oil seedsThe greater diversion of cane to un-organised sectorThe ignorance in the residual sugar marketSome of the government policy that adhere the growth of the sugar industryShortage in sugar cane supplyObsolete technology

OPPRTUNITIES

Prices to rise by 25% in fy09 and more in fy10e Higher margins , lower cyclicality driving shift towerds integrationThe on going increase in demand year after year The shift of brazil from white sugar to production of ethanol.

THREATS

Less rainfall in the highest sugarcane cultivating regionsDue to water shortage the shift of the farmers to multiple cropscultivation Due to government policies the selling of sugarcane by the farmers to private sectors Sugar production being more volatile than cane productionDue to rise in domestic consumtion the export is likely to fall

PRODUCT PROFILEOF THE COMPANY

The disintegrated cane is fed to the first mill commonly known as crusher, of the series of three-roller mills-forming a mill train in which the subsequent mills perform the function of expressing the juice from biogases soaked in water or imbibitions fluid. In some old designs the first juice extraction of the prepared cane is carried out in a two roller crusher followed by three roller mill. Modern milling tandem comprises four, five or six-three roller mills, each roller being 760 mm. - 1100 mm. dia and 1520 mm. - 2200 mm. length respectively, usually the length being about twice the diameter. In India most of the modern mills are of 760 x 1520 mm size or 850 x 1700 mm size. The modern mill head stocks in which the rollers are housed are cast-steel or M.S. fabricated and of robust construction. These are of king boltless type, with top and side caps of cast steel. The roller shells are of coarse grain cast iron, provided with circumferential V grooves. The shells are shrunk on cast steel shafts of high tensile strength, with square ends. The bed plates are of C.I. or Meehanite construction while theV shaped juice troughs below the mills are of copper or aluminium.The roller bearings are white metal or gunmetal lined and provided with water-cooling arrangement. Each mill is equipped with hydraulic accumulators for top roller journals, for regulation of load on mills. Cast steel trash plate mounted on trashbeam, below the bottom rollers serves to guide the bagasse from feed roller to discharge rollers. Scrapers with C.I. tips maintain the grooves clean, the one for top roller being of floating type.

The drive for mills comprises a steam turbine connected to a system of gears for reducing the speed from 5000-9000 r.p.m. to ultimate 4 - 5 r.p.m. for the mills, the top roller of the three-roller mill being coupled to the transmission heavy gears through a tailbar, while the bottom rollers receive their motion by pinions connected to top roller pinion. As the turbine drive,

(a) gives good starting torque.(b) permits of fairly wide variation in the speed of the mills, and(c) is suitable for higher steam pressures (21-31 kg/cm2).(d) besides being compact and requiring less maintenance it has now replaced the former steam engines.Furthermore the exhaust is not contaminated with oil as in the case of steam engines. Individual drive is preferred for mills to a combined drive for 2 - 3 mills since the former allows variations in the speeds of each mills. Final peripheralspeed is maintained at about 10-16 m/min.r

Roller grooves

The rollers have V shaped grooves, on the periphery of the shell, distributed over the entire length such that the distance between adjacent grooves, the depth and the apex angle of grooves remain the same for a particular roller. The grooves serve two-fold purpose : one to provide passage for juice extracted on compression and two to disintegrate the bagasse to facilitate juice extraction, and in any mill the system of cutting the grooves is such as to allow the teeth of the top roller mesh with the grooves of bottom rollers. The pitch of grooves i.e. the distance between axes of two successive grooves is gradually reduced from first to last mill as the fine pitch favours extraction which is important for last mills whereas coarse grooves serve to disintegrate bagasse due to differential peripheral velocities of meshing top and bottom grooves. In some countries, however the practice followed is to maintain uniform pitch throughout the mill tandem to reduce maintenance of spare rollers.11 However in Indian Industry, it is customary to maintain coarse grooving for first mill and gradually reduce the pitch along the length of the tandem, as for example, a mill of 760 mm. x 1500 mm. size crushing 130 -140 tc/hr. will have first mill with 65 mm. pitch gradually diminishing to 25 mm. for the last mill. The angle of groove varies from 35° to 55° the usual practice being to maintain acute angle for feedroller, wider for the top, while the discharge roller has groove of value lying in between the two. Acute angle of 35° at the feed facilitates good juice drainage, which is very vital at the feed side. On the feed side, for improving extraction of juice,

Messchaert grooves are provided for feed rollers. Messchaerts are deep grooves cut between two teeth, the width and depth from base of groove being generally 5-6 mm. and 25-30 mm. respectively. The distance between successive Messchaerts i.e. the pitch is 3-6 times the pitch of the main grooves. For keeping the Messchaerts free from bagasse and clean, scrapers with special fingers extended to the bottom of the grooves are fitted below the rollers. 'Chevron' grooves cut longitudinally along the roller grooves have the purpose of assisting the mill to grip the feed better and thereby improve the feed to mill. The helix formed by cutting in the teeth of roller grooves form an angle of 18° with the longitudinal line on the roller and the distance between successive Chevrons is 20-25 cm. Chevrons are cut on the top and feed rollers only. With more positive mill feeding devices the Chevron can be dispensed with. Pressures on rollers mill speeds and power for mills. The system of hydraulic pressure exerted on top rollers of mills is so designed as to maintain constant pressure irrespective of the volume of cane or bagasse passing through the mill. In modern mills the pressure is transmitted to the top roller journals from hydro pneumatic accumulator by a system of piping conveying oil under high pressure. A typical accumulator is a cylinder containing nitrogen filled in inflated bladder, which gets compressed or dilated when the hydraulic ram on the top of roller journals, is lifted or falls due to the variations in the quantities of cane or bagasse. The accumulators are provided at both the ends of the mills in close proximity to the hydraulic ram and are equipped with indicators of lift which help regulate pressure on mills. The maximum lift of top rollers ranges for 20 mm. to 35 mm. The hydraulic system comprising accumulators, oil-piping etc. is designed for pressures of 250-300 kg/cm2. Pressures increase towards the end of the length of milling tandem and are highest on the last mill. The total pressure on the projected area of roll journal (length x diameter) should be in the range of 100 to 115 kg/cm2 according to E.Hugot.12 6.3.2. Speeds—Higher peripheral speeds exceeding 15 m/min. or more are maintained in Louisiana and some countries in the West, while slow speed of 8-12 m/min. are favoured in some regions. Increasing the speeds is conductive to higher crushing rate but results in fall in extraction efficiency. In Indian industry speeds maintained are usually 8 to 10m/min. In Hawaii speeds are increased from first to last mill, a practice which runs counter to the method followed in Java and other countries of gradually decreasing mill speeds from first to last mill.13 Many mills at present maintain the same speed for all the mills.

Settings

Mill setting implies the openings between the top roller and the two bottom rollers i.e. feed and discharge openings, as also the opening at the trashplate. Proper setting takes into account the(a) desired rate of crushing,(b) fibre content of cane,(c) extraction aimed at,(d) grooving, and results in smooth operation combined with good performance. The mill settings are generally calculated following the method given by E. Hugot based on

(a) fibre content of bagasse from each mill,(b) residual juice in bagasse of each mill.From a & b volumes and densities of compressed bagasse are arrived at after considering the reabsorption factors for a given set of conditions with respect to cane tonnage to be processed, fibre content, brix of primary juice and method of imbibition. Feed openings are always larger than the discharge openings. The delivery openings are first workedout and in general.(a) ratios of feed opening to delivery openings are maintained as 1.7 to 2.2 from last mill to first mill,(b) ratios of delivery openings of mills at rest to delivery openings in operation termed as safety coefficients have been specified by Hugot.14 The trash plate setting involvesdistances between the top roller and different points on trash plate like toe, plate and heel, and has a great bearing on the smooth working of the mills.

Power for Mills

Mills, with the massive rollers and other heavy duty machinery components consume considerable power and are driven by high power turbines. Thevarious factors which deter(iii) Power loss in bearings, gears etc.(iv) Power for intercarriers, under feed rollers etc.Total power required under normal conditons is 20-30 I.H.P. per t. fibre per hour per mill, installed power being 15-20% higher than actual power requirement. As regards the distribution of power consumed for first mill of Fives Lille Cail C 46 type mill unit Hugot gives 56% for top roll and 22% each for feed and discharge roller,15 but for later mills considers power distribution as 55% for Top, 10-20% for feed and 25-35% for discharge.

Sugar is produced from the evaporation of the juice that is extracted from the crushed cane. This is widely used as a sweetener in food and beverages. Interestingly, in a country like India , sugar is also emerging as an index of upward mobility. For instance, as income rise in rural India ,consumers migrate from the consumption of alternative sweeteners, towards sugar. The principal portion of sugar sold within India is loose and packaged.

SUGARCANE FROM FIELD TO FACTORY

A. CANE QUALITY

COMPOSITION OF CANE

Sugarcane fed to mills for processing contains besides the water insoluble fibre, sugars, salts and organic matter dissolved in water, some of them being in colloidal state. The composition of cane is a function of cultivation practices as also the soil and climatic conditions and is therefore bound to exhibit wide variations from area to area and region to region. Nevertheless the major constituents of sugarcane are sucrose, reducing sugars, fibre and salts which exert profound influence on the economic aspects of cane sugar production. The principal components of sugarcane, along with their role in manufacturing operation are described below in brief.

Sucrose & reducing sugars—

Sucrose, commonly known as cane sugar, is a disaccharide belonging to the family of carbohydrates and is composed of two mono saccharine glucose and fructose condensed together. Sugar solutions are stable under neutral conditions of pH and moderate temperatures. They are however, susceptible to microbial action which results in formation of undesirable fermentation products at the expense of sugar. The cane juices thus form ideal media for growth of microorganisms at atmospheric temperatures. The conditions maintained in the process operations are essentially based on preserving sucrose taking into account the above factors which contribute to decomposition of sucrose due to physical, chemical or microbiological

causes. Under the action of acid the sucrose solution is decomposed into invert sugar .glucose and fructose, the reaction commonly referred to as inversion, which is accelerated by high temperatures. The enzyme invertase also brings about this hydrolysis of sucrose at room temperature. The important monosaccharides present in cane juice are glucose and fructose. Termed as reducing sugars, these occur in abundance in growing and immature portions of cane but decrease in the lower parts of cane stalk. Immature cane is rich in reducing sugars which decrease as cane reaches maturity but once the maturity phase is crossed they tend to increase. The invert sugar formed by inversion of sucrose shows negative specific rotation, on account of higher levorotatory activity of fructose over the dextrorotatory power of glucose or dextrose. The reducing sugars are sensitive to alkaline conditions being decomposed into colouring compounds and organic acids under influence of alkali They play an important role in determiningthe final loss of sucrose in the final molasses - a waste product of sugar manufacture- in as

much as reducing sugars reduce the solubility of sucrose in water. Sucrose and reducing sugars on prolonged heating form brown coloured component known as caramel.

Mineral matter—

The principal cations in the mineral matter of cane juice are potassium,calcium, magnesium and silica while the anions are phosphates, chlorides, sulphates. The mineral matter content is maximum at the top and growing portions of cane while it tends to reduce in the lower-most internodes of the cane. The mineral constituents and mainly the potassium salts which constitute over 60% of the total ash are mainly responsible for the retention of sucrose in the final molasses.

Organic constituents

PH of cane-juice is around 5.2 - 5.4 on account of the presence oforganic acids, out of which aconitic acid forms a major portion, the remaining being citric, oxalic, succinic as also a number of amino acids; prominent amongst whom is aspartic acid. Amino acids are found to decrease with advance of maturity but increase again when cane becomes over-mature.Proteins are present in small amounts and are removed to a considerable extent in clarification.The naturally occurring colouring compounds are chlorophyll, carotene and xanthophylls which are removed in process during clarification. However, polyphenols contribute to colour formation in process. Among the high molecular weight organic compounds may be mentioned gums, dextran, the latter being the products of microbiological infection of damaged cells of the plant, mainly by the action of Leuconostoc Mesenteroides while the gums are soluble polysaccharides of the plant. Deterioration of sugarcane after harvest results in increase in the amount of dextran and gums. The cane tops are rich in polyphenols and organic acids.

Fibre

The water insoluble part of cane stalk, commonly known as fibre contains around40% Cellulose, 30% hemicelluloses and 15-20% pectin, with small amount of mineral matter. The cellulosic portion of this fibre has high potential for conversion into commercially valuable products like paper boards etc. This fibrous portion of cane constitutes the main fuel for generation of steam and electric power in sugar plants.

2. CANE QUALITY IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDIA

From the point of view of Agroclimatic conditions under which sugarcane is extensively cui ivated, the country can be divided into three major regions—(a) Deccan tract comprising Maharashtra and major parts of Karnataka and Gujarat.(b) Southern starts of Andhra, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Southern parts of Karnataka.(c) North Indian states of UP, Bihar, Punjab and Rajasthan.

As is well-known he climatic conditions have a great bearing on the maturity and sugar build-up in sugarcane. The important composition characteristics of the cane qualitywhich influence the process of manufacture, sugar recovery and finally the productivity in process of manufacture in different regions are as under

(a) Deccan—

Cane composition in Deccan tract is characterised by high sucrose 13-14.5%, medium fibre 12.14% and low non-sugars. The reducing sugars are in the range of 0.4 to 0.7% while ash varies from 0.4 to 0.8% juice. The CaO content of raw juice is around 800-1100 mgms per litre. In the early part of the crushing campaign when cane is immature the sucrose content is 11-12% while juice purities are about 80 which rise with the advance of maturity to 87-88 when the sucrose content reaches peak of about 14-14.5% cane.

(b)South

This is low recovery region, where the pol in cane ranges from 10 to 12%while the juice purities lie between 78-82. The reducing sugar content is about 1.3% while the ash content is around 0.5-0.6%.

(b)Indi North

The canes of this region have high fibre 13-16% and low sugar content10-13%. The juices are rich in phosphate (300-400 ppm) but contain low CaO. The reducing sugar content of juice varies between about 0.4 to 1% while the mineral matter i.e. ash ranges from 0.5 to 0.7%. Notwithstanding the limitations imposed by climatic and other natural factors, modern cultivation practices based on research work of the various institutes, together with development of new varieties hold promise of improving the quality of cane in different regions of the country. Examples that can be cited in support of this, are the southern partof Gujarat or some factory areas of Punjab and West Uttar Pradesh where substantial rise in recoveries has been recorded in the last decade as a result of varietal changes and application of results of Agricultural research.

FIELD TO FACTORY

Cane being perishable raw material susceptible to microbial deterioration, it is the primary function of the cane supply section of the factory to see to it that the harvested material is available to the processing unit with rninimum possible delay since deterioration of raw material resulting from staling would ultimately lead to reduction in the recoverable sugar. The factors which have significant bearing on the quality of sugarcane from the point of view of recovering maximum sucrose in bags are—(a) time lag between cutting to crushing.(b) extraneous matter accompanying cane. These are discussed below.

(a) Post harvest deterioration

The problem of post harvest deterioration of sugarcane has engaged the attention of the technologists all over the world. This deterioration is a function of a number of factors such as(a) atmospheric temperature and humidity.(b) burning before harvest or green cane harvesting.

(c) mode of harvesting like whole stalk harvesting or chopper harvesting system and most importantly.(d) the time lag between cutting in the field to crushing in mills Under Indian conditions with the practice of manual harvesting whole stalk cane, the studies conducted so far relate to the deterioration occurring on account of delay in processing the cane after harvest under different climatic conditions mostly without burning though some work has been reported on the combined effect of burning before sugarcane cutting and the time element between cutting to crushing. Work at Jalander under conditions of comparatively low temperatures—max. 31°C min. 4.8°C-showed the loss of sucrose percentage cane of 0.5-1% after one day, increasing to 3.5-4% after eight days accompanied by increase in reducing sugars from 0.3% to about 3% for the corresponding period2. The extent of deterioration was found to be different for different vairiete. Experiments at the National Sugar Institute point to heavy deterioration in quality in summer even with 24 hours' storage which can be arrested by spraying the cut ends with formalin solution which inhibits bacterial growth3. Studies conducted in Niphad factory area in Maharashtra have shown loss of weight of cane and sucrose % even after 8 hours, of harvesting increasing gradually thereafter upto 72 hours—the duration of experimentin different months November to April4. This loss increased with day temperatures. Amino acid content in cane is reported to increase after 48 hours of harvest. Covering the cut cane by trash or spraying water has been found to be helpful in reducing the loss due to staling. In regard to burning of cane fields prior to harvesting according to work at the National Sugar Institute, Kanpur burnt cane standing in the field undergoes no deterioration. However, harvested burnt cane shows rapid deterioration after 2-3 days. On burning the cane greater fall in weight and sucrose content are observed than green cane in a standing crop6. Investigations by Foster in regard to burning of cane field reveal that the temperature in moderate fire rises above 80°C for 8 seconds at depth of 1.5 mm. below surface which indicates that approximately 20% of the outer portion of sugarcane would be subjected to this temperature, which in effect is bound to lead to dehydration and formation of coloured products from sucrose7. Burning results in loss of protective wax and moisture in cane and depending on the intensity of burn the sucrose loss can be as high as 5% compared to unburnt cane, accompanied by formation of dextran. All these considerations justify the great interest evinced of late in Florida, Australia . in developing green cane harvest systems. Apart from the damage caused by burning, the staling after harvest brings about much higher sucrose loss in chopped billets compared to whole stalks for the obvious reason that more

cut portions of sugarcane are exposed to atmosphere and microbial action. This loss is essentially function of time and the extensive work on this aspect points to restricting the time lag between cut to crush to 12-14 hours only in the case of cane cut by chopper harvester. In essence it may be stated that(a) Burning leads to loss of recoverable sucrose compared to unburnt cane.(b) Staling of cane cut into small pieces causes greater loss, than the whole stalk, since staling of chopped cane for more than 18 hours, has been found to lead to formation of dextran under action of Leuconostoc Mesenteroide which increases with delay between cutting and processing.(c) Loss of sucrose is accompanied by formation of dextran and gums which are harmful from process point of view.

Extraneous matter

The extraneous matter which accompanies the cane to factory can be(a) green immature tops, (b) dry trash, (c) soil. Mechanisation of harvesting brings morenon-cane extraneous matter to the factory and manual cutting is to be preferred wherever possible, from this angle. Extensive investigations have been conducted in India about the technological aspects of the non-cane matter entering process of manufacture, based on the main premise that any non-sucrose entering process of sugar manufacture takes away some sucrose while leaving the process. To be more precise the sucrose loss on account of immature cane tops and trash can be attributed to following factors—(i) lower purity of juices extracted than those from the normal cane result in moremolasses.(ii) loss in milling is increased due to unwanted fibre material which does not givenormal juice in the extraction system.(iii) extra load is imposed on the process of juice extraction and sugar crystallisation without proportionate gain.(iv) undersirable impurities introduced in process create problems in operation.(v) soil increases wear of machinery like knives, mill rollers etc. and much of it finds its way to boiler.

As a matter of fact the manual harvesting and loading for transport to factory should give clean cane free from unwanted tops, leaves, dry trash, sand etc., with proper operations by trained disciplined labour. However, for some reason or other, this aspect of control of extraneous noncane matter accompanying cane going for processing has not received adequate attention. At Shamli factory in UP percentage of the cane tops known as 'Agola' was estimated to be over 15.00 in one season, while the purities of these tops were found to range from 14.8 to 36.5 lower levels being observed in the early part of the campaign Investigations carried out at Phaltan Sugar Works, Sakharwadi, have revealed that the unwanted tops contain 4-7% higher fibre and yield juices with 15-20% higher conductivity and nearly twice the amount of reducing sugar compared to the rest of the portion of cane. The colouring matter was also found higher by 35% and purities lowerby 5-10 units in the case of juices from tops of mature cane than those from from remaining stalk. The colouring matter even after sulphitation of both these juices separately was found to be higher by 50% in juices from tops most probably due to the phenolic bodies. Work on estimating losses on account of trash in cane at Sameerwadi Mills, as well as loss of weight of clean cane has shown the cost escalation of production of sugar to be Rs. 45.55 and Rs. 25.43 for every one percentage addition of trash and top respectively under price structure prevailing in 198010. Effects of different levels of extraneous matter on molasses purity and sugar recovery have been worked out and reported. Needless to state that the harmful effects due to unwanted tops would be more pronounced with supply of immature cane to the factory but even with mature cane utmost care has to beexercised for avoidance of extraneous matter. It has been found that the extraneous

QUALITY CONTROL It would thus be obvious that control on quality of cane is not only related to sugar and non-sugar content of cane but also to the two vital factors discussed above viz. staleness and extraneous matter content The sugar factory laboratory has undoubtedly an important role to play in assessing the quality in totality taking into account the requirements of efficient processing of raw material and monitoring of the cane quality would involve collection and dissemination of date pertaining to—(a) pol % cane

(b) extraneous matter in cane(c) time lag between 'cut' to 'crush'.

With close coordination between field staff and the laboratory which would serve as monitoring agency evaluating the quality of cane supplied to factory the overallperformance of the process is bound to improve. In India cane price is related to weight of gross sugarcane delivered at the factory, irrespective of the recoverable sugar as against the practice adopted in developed cane regions, of USA, Australia etc. where the determination of CCS. i.e. the recoverable sugar constitutes the basis for cane payment. In the context of Indian conditions therefore control on quality of cane with respect to the extraneous matter, staleness and recoverable sucrose assumes special significance. Efforts were made three decades backby the National Sugar Institute, Kanpur to develop system of payment for cane on the basis of sugar contents and considerable work was done to evolve system suitable for Indian conditions.14 But the adoption of this scheme could not make headway for various reasons, one of them being the large number of cane suppliers (5,000 to 40,000) with small holdings, whose consignments have to be evaluated for quality assessment.

Molasses

Molasses is a byproduct generated from the manufacture of sugar. It holds out interesting possibilities - it can be sold untreated on one hand. On the other, it can be used as the principal feedstock for the manufacture of alcohol and a host of downstream chemicals.

Alcohol

Molasses is distilled to produce rectified spirit, extra neutral alcohol, denatured spirit, potable alcohol and ethanol.

Ethanol

Molecular Sieve Dehydration Unit (MSDH) is a modularized standalone equipment package composed of a distillation system and a molecular sieve dehydration system, along with interconnecting piping and support equipment. The distillation system utilizes a single distillation column to :1. Vaporize the 94.68% v/v ethanol liquid feed.2. Redistill an 70 to 75% v/v ethanol liquid stream

produced during regeneration of the dehydration beds. The distillation column, depending upon operator adjustment, will output approximately 95% v/v ethanol overhead vapor, while maintaining 0.05% ethanol concentration in the bottoms. The 120 ° C column effluent will be discharged to the client's sewer. For production of “anhydrous” ethanol, the 95% v/v ethanol column overhead vapor flows to the dehydration section where molecular sieve beds remove water by the process of “absorption”. The MSDH perform the absorption in vessels filled with molecular sieve desiccant in combination with strictly controlled pressure and temperature cycles. Each desiccant bed contains millions of tiny, uniform diameter pores, which are established during the manufacture of the desiccant. Different purification applications requires different size pores in the desiccant beads. In this case where water is absorbed from ethanol, a desiccant with apore size is selected that selectively retains water. Because water molecules are smaller than ethanol molecules, the water molecules are selectively absorbed into the pores as the mixture of ethanol water vapors pass through the sieve beds. The ethanol molecules are too large to fit into theselectively sized pores, so the purified ethanol passes out the end of the sieve bed, stripped of the water it originally contained. If this process continued indefinitely, the desiccant would eventually become saturated with water molecules and would be unable to absorb any more water. Therefore, at regular intervals the sieve bed must be “regenerated”. This simply means the absorbed water must be removed from the desiccant so that the desiccant can be reused. The ECOMOL – MSDH uses a two sieve bed system so the equipment can produce anhydrous ethanol on a continuous basis. In the ECOMOL continuous, two sieve bed system,one bed dehydrates the ethanol stream during one half of the cycle while the other bed is regenerating. During the other half cycle, valves redirect the flow of vapors so that the beds reverse roles. The total time for one cycle is approximately 11 – 12 minutes, depending upon the transition cycle time settings.

Bagasse

Bagasse, generated as a by-product, can be used profitably in two ways - for making paper and for the generation of electricity. The manufacture of paper from Bagasse is an environment-friendly alternative over the conventional route of extracting pulp from trees

Power

Since bagasse has a high heat factor, it is also used in the generation of electricity, which substitutes the conventional thermal alternative and eliminates the emission of greenhouse gases. Presently, sugar mills generate their power requirements from bagasse-fired boilers. The government of India has begun to encourage the cogeneration of power from bagasse. This is expected to achieve two things: an improved return for sugar mills and the generation of a resource - electricity .

Supply in India

Research Methodology

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research refers to a search for knowledge. It can be defined as a scientific and

systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. It is a careful

investigation or inquiry specifically through search for new facts in any branch of

knowledge. It is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

Thus, research refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating the

problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts

and reaching certain conclusions in the form of solution towards the concerned

problem.

Research process is the systematic collection, analysis and reporting of data and

finding relevant to a specific situation. Thus the essential purpose of situation is to

provide information which will facilitate and assist manager in arriving at the best

possible decision.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

This type of research includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of

different kinds. The major purpose of this research is description of the

state of affairs as it exists at present.

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

The objective of this research is the development of hypothesis and specific

hypotheses has to be tested. Research project are designed either as exploratory

study or conclusive research depending on objective Exploratory research seeks to

discover new relationship while conclusive research may be either description of a

specific situation in such a way as a to help identify cause and effect relationship

Description studies are of two types-Case method and Statistical method. Data for

statistical method is collected by questionnaire method. Since statistical methods

involves a large number of interviews and advantage lines in objectivity. It also

permits to make more accurate generalization.

Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It is a

science of studying how research is done systematically. In it we study the various

steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem

along with the logic behind them. it is necessary for the researcher to know not only

the research methods/techniques but also the methodology. Researchers not only

need to know how to develop certain indices or tests, how to calculate mean,

median mode, but they also need to know which of these methods /techniques, are

relevant and which are not, and what would they mean and indicate and why.

Researchers also need to understand the assumptions underlying various techniques

and they need to know the criteria by which they can decide that certain techniques

and procedures will be applicable to certain problems and others will not. The

scope of research methodology is much wider as when we talk of research

methodology we not only talk of research methods but also consider the logic

behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we

are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that

research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or

by others.

. The samples used in research are generally of two types viz. Probability and non-

probability samples.

RESEARCH DESIGN:

Descriptive

PROBABILITY SAMPLING :

Probability samples require that individual items in the sample be

chosen by a random selection. Where by each member of universe has

known chance of being selected for the sample. Greater statistical

competence and more time are required to plan and used probability

samplings.

Such samples generally cost more per observation.

METHODS :

Simple random sampling.

Systematic random sampling.

stratified random sampling

Cluster sampling.

Purposeful sampling

Multistage sampling

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING :

Non-probability sampling results from process in which judgment

inters into selection of numbers of a universe included in the sampling.

This type of sampling is used in the market research because is cost less

per observation.

METHODS:

Convenience sample

Judgment sample

Panel sample

Quota sample

Sample Size:

50

DATA SOURCES:

Data collection is a very important work in the research process. There are

two types of sources from which data can be collected.

1. PRIMARY DATA - Primary data are those which are collected afresh

and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. There are

numbers of methods of collecting primary data.

Methods of Primary Data:

(a) Observation Method

(b) Interview Method

(c) Through Questionnaires

(d) Through Schedules

(e) Other methods including Warranty cards, Pantry audits, Distribution

Audit, Consumer panels, Using Mechanical devices, Through Projective

Techniques, Depth Interviews, Content Analysis

2. SECONDARY DATA- Secondary data means data that are already

available i.e. they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed

by someone else. Secondary data may either be published data or unpublished data.

One must be very careful in using secondary data. One must make a minute

scrutiny because it is just possible that the secondary data may be unsuitable or may

be inadequate in the context of the problem which one want to study.

Research Design

DATA SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

PRIMARY DATA USED : QUESTIONNAIRE

SAMPLING METHOD : SIMPLE RANDOM

SAMPLE DESIGN : DESCRIPTIVE

SAMPLE SIZE: 50 RESPONDENTS

SAMPLE LOCATION : SHAHJAHANPUR

1 .which one of the sugarcane varieties mostly supplied to the rosa sugar mill?

  No. of Respondents % of Responses

CoS 687 8 16CoS 8436 20 40CoS 88230 6 12Cos 767 16 32Total 50 I00

40% of the farmers says that CoS 8436 sugarcane is mostly supplied to the Sugar mill, 32% of the farmers goes for CoS 767, 16% of the farmers says CoS 687 while as 12% goes for CoS 88230 .

cos 687

cos8436

cos88230

cos767

2. Are you satisfied with the rate given by the Rosa sugar mill?

  No. of Respondents % of Responses

Yes 36 72

No 14 28

Total 50 100

72% of the farmers says they are satisfied with the rate given by the Rosa Sugar Mill, & 28% of the farmers says they are not satisfied by the rate given by the Rosa Sugar mill.

yes

no

3. What is the mode of payment of the rosa sugar mill?

  No. of Respondents % of ResponsesAt the time of delivery

26 52

Weakly 10 20Monthly 6 12At the end of season

8 16

Total 50 100

52% of the farmers says that Rosa Sugar Mill pays at the time of delivery, 20% says that it pays weakly, 16% says at the end of season & 12% says that it pays monthly.

time of delivery

weakly

monthly

end of season

4. Are you satisfied with the transportation facility provided to you by the Rosa sugar mill?

  No. of Respondents % of Responses

Yes 34 68

No 16 32

Total 50 100

68% of the farmers says that they are satisfied with the transportation facility, 32% says they are not satisfied with the transportation facility provided by the Rosa Sugar Mill.

yes

no

5. How you rate the overall facilities given to you by the Rosa sugar mill?

  No. of Respondents % of Responses

Good 8 16Average 10 20

Better 26 52

Excellent 6 12

Total 50 100

52% of the farmers says that its facilities are better, 20% says that it is average, 16% says it is good, while as 12% of the farmers says its facilities are excellent.

good

average

better

excellent

FINDINGS

Findings:

1. 40% of the farmers says that CoS 8436 sugarcane is mostly supplied to the Sugar mill, 32% of the farmers goes for CoS 767, 16% of the farmers says CoS 687 while as 12% goes for CoS 88230

2. 72% of the farmers says they are satisfied with the rate given by the Rosa Sugar Mill, & 28% of the farmers says they are not satisfied by the rate given by the Rosa Sugar mill. 3. 52% of the farmers says that Rosa Sugar Mill pays at the time of delivery, 20% says that it pays weakly, 16% says at the end of season & 12% says that it pays monthly.

4. 68% of the farmers says that they are satisfied with the transportation facility, 32% says they are not satisfied with the transportation facility provided by the Rosa Sugar Mill.

5. 52% of the farmers says that its facilities are better, 20% says that it is average, 16% says it is good, while as 12% of the farmers says its facilities are excellent.

Conclusions

Conclusion:

The study shows that CoS 8436 sugarcane is mostly used by the Rosa

Sugar Mill supplied by the farmers.

The study shows that farmers are satisfied by the rates given to them

by the mill.

The Rosa Sugar Mill mostly pays the farmers at the time of delivery

of sugarcanes.

The farmers are satisfied with the overall facilities provided by the

Rosa Sugar Mill.

Suggestions

Suggestions:

The Rosa sugar mill should use every type of sugarcane supplied by

the farmers.

The Rosa sugar mill should concentrate on the rates given to the

farmers.

The Rosa sugar mill should pay regularly at the time of delivery to the

farmers.

The Rosa sugar mill should concentrate to enhance the overall

facilities given to the farmers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

www.rosasugarworks.comwww.wikipedia.comwww.google.com

QUESTIONNAIRE

Name: .............................................

Address: .........................................

Q1: Which one of the sugarcane varieties mostly supplied to the Rosa Sugar Mill?

a) CoS 687 b) CoS 8436

c) CoS 88230 d) Cos 767

Q2: Are you satisfied with the rate given by the Rosa Sugar Mill?

a) Yes b) No

Q3: What is the mode of payment of the Rosa Sugar Mill?

a) At the time of delivery b) Weekly

c) Monthly d) At the end of season

Q4: Are you satisfied with the transportation facility provided to you by the Rosa Sugar Mill?

a) Yes b) No

Q5: How you rate the overall facilities given to you by the Rosa Sugar Mill?

a) Good b) Average

c) Better d) Excellent