Companion Animal Dentistry Kk

Companion Animal Companion Animal DentistryDentistry

Dental Prophylaxis Dental Prophylaxis vs. vs.

Dental CleaningDental Cleaning

ProphylaxisProphylaxis:: preventative treatment of preventative treatment of diseasedisease

Cleaning:Cleaning: often times periodontal disease often times periodontal disease is already presentis already present

Tooth AnatomyTooth Anatomy

Parts of the ToothParts of the Tooth Crown –Crown – enamel enamel Root -Root - cemental cemental Dentin –Dentin – porous – hot/cold travels to nerve here porous – hot/cold travels to nerve here Apex -Apex - root tips root tips Gingival Sulcus –Gingival Sulcus – normal space between free normal space between free

gingiva and crown surface (1-3mm in dogs, 0.5-gingiva and crown surface (1-3mm in dogs, 0.5-1mm in cats)1mm in cats)

Pulp Chamber –Pulp Chamber – houses nerves/blood vessels – houses nerves/blood vessels – connects to root canalconnects to root canal

Periodontal Ligament –Periodontal Ligament – attaches to cemental attaches to cemental surface and aveolar bone (spongy bone) on surface and aveolar bone (spongy bone) on opposite endopposite end

Dental VocabularyDental Vocabulary

Furcation –Furcation – where roots separate – only on where roots separate – only on multi-rooted teethmulti-rooted teeth

Enamel –Enamel – hard surface protecting crown of tooth hard surface protecting crown of tooth Cemental Enamel Junction (CEJ) –Cemental Enamel Junction (CEJ) – where where

cementum and enamel meetcementum and enamel meet Occlusal Surface –Occlusal Surface – biting surface-usually in biting surface-usually in

reference to molarsreference to molars Cusp –Cusp – pointed surface pointed surface Mucul Gingival Line –Mucul Gingival Line – were free gingiva and were free gingiva and

attached gingiva meetattached gingiva meet

EnamelEnamelHardest substance in the bodyHardest substance in the bodyHelps prevent fracture of teethHelps prevent fracture of teethThickness of enamel in Thickness of enamel in

animals is 1/3 that of animals is 1/3 that of

human enamelhuman enamel

Surface TerminologySurface Terminology

Incisor –Incisor – (nibble) single rooted (nibble) single rooted Canine –Canine – (fang teeth) single, yet more extensive (fang teeth) single, yet more extensive

root - 1/3 crown, 2/3 root that extends back to root - 1/3 crown, 2/3 root that extends back to second premolarsecond premolar

Premolar –Premolar – (biting/chewing) first is single rooted, (biting/chewing) first is single rooted, second/third is double rooted, fourth is three second/third is double rooted, fourth is three rootedrooted

Molar –Molar – three rooted (tearing/gripping) three rooted (tearing/gripping) Carnassial Tooth –Carnassial Tooth – “meat “meat shearing” – 4shearing” – 4thth upper premolar upper premolar and 1and 1stst lower molar- lower molar- consistent in cats and dogsconsistent in cats and dogs Mesial root –Mesial root – closest to middle of closest to middle of

jawjaw Palatal root –Palatal root – closest to palate – closest to palate – distaldistal

Root System RecapRoot System Recap Single RootedSingle Rooted

IncisorsIncisors Canines Canines 11stst premolar premolar 33rdrd lower molar lower molar

Double RootedDouble Rooted Upper 2Upper 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd premolar premolar Lower premolars and molars except for M3Lower premolars and molars except for M3

Triple Rooted –Triple Rooted – no 3 rooted teeth in the no 3 rooted teeth in the mandiblemandible Upper 4Upper 4thth premolar premolar Upper first molarUpper first molar Upper 2Upper 2ndnd molar molar

Dental FormulasDental FormulasCanine Permanent TeethCanine Permanent Teeth 2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 422(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42Canine Deciduous TeethCanine Deciduous Teeth 2(i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3) = 282(i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3) = 28Feline Permanent TeethFeline Permanent Teeth

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 302(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30Feline Deciduous TeethFeline Deciduous Teeth 2(i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/2) = 262(i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/2) = 26 I/i – incisor C/c – canineI/i – incisor C/c – canine P/p – premolar M/m - molarP/p – premolar M/m - molar

Anatomic System ExamplesAnatomic System Examples

44thth upper right premolar = upper right premolar =

PMPM44

33rdrd lower left premolar = lower left premolar =

33PMPMLower left canine =Lower left canine =

11CC

Triadan SystemTriadan SystemUses a 3 number system to identify teethUses a 3 number system to identify teethFirst number = quadrant tooth is located inFirst number = quadrant tooth is located inSecond/Third numbers = identification Second/Third numbers = identification

number of tooth, which is always number of tooth, which is always represented by two represented by two numbers for a total of numbers for a total of 10 teeth10 teethUpper right = 1Upper right = 1Upper left = 2Upper left = 2Lower left = 3Lower left = 3Lower right = 4 Lower right = 4

Tips To Remember in DogsTips To Remember in Dogs 11stst central incisor always = 01 central incisor always = 01 Canine always = 04Canine always = 04 Upper carnassial always = 08Upper carnassial always = 08 Lower carnassial always = 09Lower carnassial always = 09 Premolars are numbered 05 – 08Premolars are numbered 05 – 08 Molars are numbered 09 - 11Molars are numbered 09 - 11 Examples:Examples:

103 = upper right third incisor103 = upper right third incisor204 = upper left canine204 = upper left canine308 = lower left 4308 = lower left 4thth premolar premolar409 = lower right 1409 = lower right 1stst molar molar

Diagram of Triadan System in a Diagram of Triadan System in a DogDog

Tips to Remember in CatsTips to Remember in Cats

11stst central incisor always = 01 central incisor always = 01Canine always = 04Canine always = 04Upper carnassial always = 08Upper carnassial always = 08Lower carnassial always = 09Lower carnassial always = 09Premolars are numbered 05 – 08Premolars are numbered 05 – 08

Cats do not have a 1Cats do not have a 1stst premolar, therefore premolar, therefore there is no 05 in catsthere is no 05 in cats

Molars are numbered 09 and 10Molars are numbered 09 and 10

Diagram of Triadan System in a Diagram of Triadan System in a CatCat

Pros and Cons of Each SystemPros and Cons of Each System

Triadan Triadan Computer friendlyComputer friendlySimilar to human dental systemSimilar to human dental systemConfusing/hard to memorizeConfusing/hard to memorize

AnatomicalAnatomicalEasy to rememberEasy to rememberUses familiar termsUses familiar termsSubscripts are not computer friendlySubscripts are not computer friendly

Three Major Components of Dental Three Major Components of Dental CalculiCalculi

1) food particles (calcium)1) food particles (calcium)2) saliva (contains glycoprotein)2) saliva (contains glycoprotein)3) bacteria – has been identified and 3) bacteria – has been identified and

linked to organ problems within the liver, linked to organ problems within the liver, kidneys, heart and lungs such askidneys, heart and lungs such as

bacteriabacteria endocarditis endocarditis

Calculi vs. PlaqueCalculi vs. Plaque

Plaque –Plaque – white filmy stuff/cotton mouth - white filmy stuff/cotton mouth - precursor to calculi precursor to calculi

Calculi/tartar –Calculi/tartar – unbrushed plaque hardens unbrushed plaque hardens and becomes calculi – NOT THE SAME and becomes calculi – NOT THE SAME AS PLAQUE AS PLAQUE

Formation of CalculiFormation of Calculi

Eat a mealEat a mealAcquired pellicle (glycoprotein) attaches to Acquired pellicle (glycoprotein) attaches to

surface of tooth surface of tooth Bacteria colonize forming plaqueBacteria colonize forming plaqueBacteria die and attract more bacteria – Bacteria die and attract more bacteria –

absorbs calcium from salivaabsorbs calcium from salivaResults in new substance called calculus Results in new substance called calculus Vicious cycle because eating is Vicious cycle because eating is

unavoidable and provides calcium which in unavoidable and provides calcium which in return aids in binding plaque to teethreturn aids in binding plaque to teeth

Periodontal DiseasePeriodontal Disease

PeriodontitisPeriodontitis, formerly known as , formerly known as Pyorrhea Pyorrhea alveolarisalveolaris, is the name of a collection of , is the name of a collection of inflammatory diseases affecting the tissues that inflammatory diseases affecting the tissues that surround and support the teeth. surround and support the teeth.

Involves progressive loss of the bone around Involves progressive loss of the bone around teeth which may lead to loosening and eventual teeth which may lead to loosening and eventual loss of teeth if untreated. loss of teeth if untreated.

Caused by bacteria that adhere to and grow on Caused by bacteria that adhere to and grow on tooth surfaces (microbial plaque or biofilms), tooth surfaces (microbial plaque or biofilms), particularly in areas under the gum line.particularly in areas under the gum line.

Periodontal Disease: 4 GradesPeriodontal Disease: 4 Grades

Grade 1 :Grade 1 :Mild, marginal gingivitisMild, marginal gingivitisPelliclesPelliclesHalitosisHalitosisGingival Sulcus at normal Gingival Sulcus at normal

depthdepth Inflammation – redInflammation – redReversibleReversible

Grade 2:Grade 2:

Moderate gingivitisModerate gingivitis Increase in inflammationIncrease in inflammationRed line appearsRed line appearsStarts to cut off blood supply to bone Starts to cut off blood supply to bone Gingival Sulcus still normal depth because no Gingival Sulcus still normal depth because no

bone lossbone lossEdemaEdemaGingival bleeding upon probingGingival bleeding upon probingAdvanced gingivitisAdvanced gingivitisStill reversibleStill reversible

Periodontal Disease: 4 GradesPeriodontal Disease: 4 Grades

Periodontal Disease: 4 GradesPeriodontal Disease: 4 Grades

Grade 3:Grade 3: Increase in inflammationIncrease in inflammationEdemaEdemaGingival bleeding upon probingGingival bleeding upon probingPustular dischargePustular dischargeSlight to moderate bone lossSlight to moderate bone lossGingival recessionGingival recessionGingival Sulcus > 3mm in a dog = pocket Gingival Sulcus > 3mm in a dog = pocket

formationformationNot ReversibleNot Reversible

Periodontal Disease: 4 GradesPeriodontal Disease: 4 Grades

Grade 4:Grade 4: Includes all of Grade 3 andIncludes all of Grade 3 andBone and ligament (supporting structures) Bone and ligament (supporting structures)

affectedaffected Increase in teeth mobilityIncrease in teeth mobilitySevere bone lossSevere bone lossLoss of attachmentLoss of attachmentLigament detachmentLigament detachmentNot ReversibleNot ReversibleTaxing on immune systemTaxing on immune systemTooth sensitivityTooth sensitivity

Cavities In AnimalsCavities In Animals

Very rare – almost never occurVery rare – almost never occurOccur from the outside inOccur from the outside inSimple carbs breakdown leading to Simple carbs breakdown leading to

cavitiescavities Incidence being higher in pets fed cheaper Incidence being higher in pets fed cheaper

foods because of lack of quality is foods because of lack of quality is questionablequestionable

pH has to be conducive – broad spectrum pH has to be conducive – broad spectrum within a specieswithin a species

Resorptive lesions in cats are not cavities Resorptive lesions in cats are not cavities because they occur from the inside outbecause they occur from the inside out