Companion Animal Bonding and Empathy ~ Research by Jackie Fullerton

7/29/2019 Companion Animal Bonding and Empathy ~ Research by Jackie Fullerton

1/99

Xubbnbm èaf9 KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^

JCO\ABNCB/ABNOAK HCBFNBM ABF EO\AV@^ FEWEKC\OEBV9

AB NBWEZVNMAVNCB CG V@E KAZVNBM NBGKUEBJE CG \AZV FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ NBA JCKKEME \C\UKAVNCB

Hy

Iajqueknbe B" Gukkertcb\syj`ckcmy.

Zuhonttef as a Zt" Oarys \rciejt

Nb \artnak Gukgnkkoebt cg tè Mrafuatncb Xequnreoebts

gcr tè Femree cg Hajèkcr cg Arts nb \syj`ckcmy

Oay+ 8


2/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 8

Ahstrajt

V`ns stufy expkcref tè rekatncbs`np hetweeb jcopabncb abnoak hcbfnbm abf eopat`y tc

gurtèr researj` nb tè gnekf cg ùoab/abnoak nbterajtncbs" Vè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf was

fegnbef abf expkcref nb teros cg9 1. saknebjy cg eggejts nbtc ycubm afukt`ccf+ 8. pet type+ :.

jcbjurrebt pet cwbers`np+ abf 6. ahnknty tc ajtnvate eopat`y t`rcum` t`cum`ts cg tè hcbf"

Jckkeme/amef stufebts B? 0:. cwbnbm a fcm hegcre tè ame cg 17 retrcspejtnveky respcbfef cb

tè strebmt` cg tènr hcbf wnt` Vè Fcmtèy jcbsnferef ocst nopcrtabt nb tènr knves+ as wekk as

cb tè presebje cg ctèr fcms nb tè `cuse`ckf snouktabecus wnt` Vè Fcm" Xabfcoky assnmbef

jcbfntncbs jcbtrck+ expernoebtak oabnpukatncb. fnjtatef cbe cg twc wrntnbm tasds" Akk

partnjnpabts tèb jcopketef a heàvncrak abf a sekg/repcrt eopat`y oeasure" Xesukts s`cwef ab

nbverse rekatncbs`np hetweeb tè strebmt` cg hcbfnbm abf sekg/repcrt eopat`y hy mebfer" Ztrcbmer

hcbfnbm was asscjnatef wnt` kcwer eopat`y nb geoakes+ hut `nmèr eopat`y nb oakes" Cwbnbm

ctèr fcms was asscjnatef wnt` weader hcbfnbm nb akk partnjnpabts abf geoakes+ abf `nmèr

eopat`y nb geoakes jcoparef tc oakes" Oakes wnt` bc ctèr fcms repcrtef `nmèr eopat`y tàb

t`cse wnt` ctèr fcms" Guture researj` s`cukf jcbtnbue tc expkcre tè rekatncbs`np hetweeb

jcopabncb abnoak hcbfnbm abf eopat`y hy mebfer" Xesearj` s`cukf affress9 1. tè nbgkuebje

cg spejngnj types cg pets cwbef+ akcbe abf wnt` ctèrs4 8. tè saknebjy cg eggejts+ nbtc afukt`ccf4

abf :. quaknty cg scjnak nbterajtncbs wnt` ctèr pecpke"


3/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ :

Jcopabncb Abnoak Hcbfnbm abf Eopat`y Fevekcpoebt9

V`e Kastnbm Nbgkuebje cg \ast Fcms cb Eopat`y nb a Jckkeme \cpukatncb

Ajjcrfnbm tc t`e Aoernjab \et \rcfujts Asscjnatncbs 8


4/99


tè karme buohers cg pets nb Aoernjab `cuse`ckfs+ fespnte rejebt perncfs cg batncbak ejcbconj

turocnk3 ]àt ns nt tàt pecpke hekneve pets cgger+ ng bct wcrd+ trabspcrtatncb+ cr gccf+ as was

tènr `nstcrnjak purpcse3 Xesearj` abf tè jcoocb use cg tè tero+ jcopabncb/abnoaks tc reger

tcpets+ nkkustrate tàt jcopabncbs`np ns kndeky ab nopcrtabt abswer tc t`ns questncb" Vè presebje

abf perjeptncb cg t`ns quaknty wnt`nb ùoab/pet nbterajtncbs ns tèregcre cg utocst nopcrtabje

wèb exaonbnbm tè octnvatncb tc deep pets abf tènr ahnknty tc aggejt ùoabs+ abf nb partnjukar+

tènr cwbers+ w`c prcvnfe tèo sèkter abf jare"

\et cwbers`np cjjurs ocst grequebtky aocbmst gaonknes+ spejngnjakky nb `cuse`ckfs wnt`

j`nkfreb Asjncbe+ 1>>84 Abferscb+ 8


5/99


grnebfs+ tùs oadnbm tènr scjnak nbterajtncbs abf eoctncbak nbvckveoebt wnt` tè pet espejnakky

nopajtguk"

Nt às heeb tècrnzef tàt attajòebt prejnpntates tè japajnty gcr eopat`y abf ns

tèregcre ab nopcrtabt oefnatnbm gajtcr nb tè ahnknty cg pets tc nbgkuebje eopat`nj fevekcpoebt

Mebfker+ 1>>=." Nb crfer tc fevekcp geeknbms cg attajòebt+ pecpke oust gnrst reaj` a femree cg

jcogcrt abf sejurnty wnt` tè attajòebt chiejtAbferscb+ 8>>7."


6/99


Eopnrnjak researj` cb pets eggejts cb pecpke ns sjarje+ tùs keafnbm tc a knontef aocubt

cg meberaknzahke nbgcroatncb tàt jab he frawb grco exnstnbm bcb/eopnrnjak stufnes e"m" jase

stufnes+ surveys+ jcbvebnebje saopkes. Favns ' Iuàsz+ 1>054 Wab @cutte ' Iarvns+ 1>>5."

Oaby exnstnbm stufnes vary nb pcpukatncbs+ prcjefures+ abf test nbstruoebts+ oadnbm

jcoparnscbs+ jckkahcratncb+ abf jcbjkusncbs fnggnjukt tc fnsebtabmke+ nb part hejause cg tè

presebje cg jcbgcubfnbm varnahkes Harder ' ]ckeb+ 8


7/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ =

ùoab/abnoak nbterajtncbs+ tè nbsnm`t tèy prcvnfe cb pets eggejts cb ùoab èakt`+ abf+

uktnoateky+ tènr asscjnatncbs wnt`pets ahnknty tc ènm`teb eopat`y" \ets are grequebt abf kcbm/

tero jcbtrnhutcrs tc oaby pecpkes eoctncbak+ p`ysnjak+ scjnak abf psyj`ckcmnjak aspejts cg knge

w`c are vakuef tc tè utocst femree"

\ets Cgger Noprcvef Eoctncbak+ Zcjnak+ abf \syj`ckcmnjak @eakt` Cutjcoes

\ets Eoctncbak Eggejts

A karme buoher cg stufnes tc fate cb ùoab/pet nbterajtncbs are jcbstrujtef arcubf tè

hebegnts cg pets tc pcpukatncbs cg jknbnjak nbterest Harder ' ]ckeb+ 8>>0." @abseb+ Oessebmer+ Haub+ abf Oemek 1>>>. gcubf tàt j`nkfreb ex`nhntef


8/99


gewer fnstress heàvncrs wnt` ab ubgaonknar fcm nb tè rcco+ jcoparef wnt` àvnbm bc fcm

presebt as jntef nb Jrawgcrf+ ]crsào+ ' Zwnbeàrt+ 8


9/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ >

partnjukar fcms+ appear tc àve tè ahnknty tc jreate noprcvef èakt`+ wnt`cut tè ègty gnbabjnak

jcsts abf abxnety cgtebtnoes asscjnatef wnt` ctèr oebtakky abf p`ysnjakky gcjusef oefnjak

prajtnjes cggernbm snonkar èakt` cutjcoes"

\ets Zcjnak Eggejts

\ets are jatakysts gcr scjnak nbterajtncb" Vè hebegnts cg pets are bct nsckatef tc a snbmke

pcpukatncb+ hut ajtuakky extebf tc oaby pcpukatncbs+ w`nke aksc nbjreasnbm scjnaknzatncb hetweeb

tèo Hejd ' Datjèr+ 1>>7." Oafer+ @art+ abf Hermnb 1>0>. gcubf tàt fnsahkef j`nkfreb are

mnveb nbjreasef scjnak ajdbcwkefmeoebt grco afukts wèb ajjcopabnef hy servnje fcms" Zcjnak

ajdbcwkefmeoebt tcwarfs pecpke nb a wèekjànr grco passershy fraoatnjakky nbjreasef nb

grequebjy ng a servnje fcm was presebt Oafer et ak"+ 1>0> as jntef nb \auk+ 8>7."

Vè presebje cg pets nb tè gaonky cggers ab ubhnasef avebue gcr geeknbms cg satnsgajtncb

nb scjnak suppcrt systeos tàt fces bct t`reateb tè strebmt` cr meberak exnstebje cg scjnak

rekatncbs`nps wnt` ctèr ùoabs" Nb a stufy cb rekatncbs`nps aocbm gaonky oeohers abf tènr

pets+ Hcbas et ak" 8


10/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 16."

\ets Zcjnc/Eoctncbak Eggejts Keaf tc Kastnbm \syj`ckcmnjak Hebegnts

@uoab henbms reky cb jcbbejtefbess wnt` ctèrs gcr oebtak èakt` vna9 1. rejenvnbm

scjnak suppcrt+ abf 8. feocbstratnbm jare ahcut pecpke abf ctèr knvnbm t`nbms Hryabt+ 1>>


11/99


\ets are fnstnbjtnve nb tènr bcb/evakuatnve bature jcoparef tc ùoabs" Akkeb+

Hkasjcvnj`+ Vcoada+ ' Deksey 1>>1. summest tàt perjenvnbm cbes scjnak suppcrt as bcb/

evakuatnve ns noperatnve tc tè eggnjajy cg tè suppcrt" Akkeb et ak" 1>>1. gcubf tàt tè suppcrt

cg a fcm furnbm a stress/nbfujnbm tasd was ocre eggejtnve at refujnbm akk p`ysnckcmnjak oeasures

cg jarfncvasjukar reajtnvnty jcoparef tc suppcrt cggeref hy entèr a spcuse cr jkcse grnebf" V`ns

ns attrnhutef tc tè presebje cg ùoab jcopabncbs evcdnbm abxnety+ gear cg iufmoebt+ abf

pergcroabje expejtatncbs tc tè suhiejts onbf furnbm tè tasd"

\ets àve heeb retrcspejtnveky ratef hy ycubm afukts as prcvnfnbm `nmèr keveks cg scjnak

suppcrt tàb benm`hcrs+ tekevnsncb+ abf rekatnves furnbm j`nkf`ccf Iuàsz+ 1>0: as jntef nb Favns

' Iuàsz+ 1>054 Wnfcvnj+ Araohasnj+ Derestes+ Dutercvaj/Iamcfnj+ ' Ztetnj+ 8


12/99


vnjarncusky expernebjnbm abctèrs oebtak state" Nb crfer tc extrajt tè rekatncbs`np hetweeb

quakntnes wnt`nb a jcopabncb abnoak hcbf abf tè gcroatncb cg eoctncbak abf jcmbntnve

eopat`y+ we oust gnrst ubferstabf tè t`ree jcopcbebts cg attajòebt"

Attajòebt Jcopcbebts tàt Jcoprnse tè Jcopabncb abnoak Hcbf

J`nkfreb+ jcoparef tc afukts+ s`cw a ubnqueky `nm` femree cg eoctncbak jkcsebess tc

tènr pets Hryabt+ 1>>=14 Oekscb+ 1>004 \cresdy ' @ebfrnx+ 1>>


13/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 1:

prefnjtnbm strcbmer hcbfnbm hetweeb a j`nkf abf tènr pet" Oekscb et ak" (1>>1. state tàt+ V`ns

researj` armues tàt ab attajòebt rekatncbs`np ns snmbngnjabt gcr kater fevekcpoebt hejause tè

j`nkf jcbstrujts a oebtak ocfek cg t`ns rekatncbs`np w`nj` ns jarrnef gcrwarf as a graoewcrd nb

estahkns`nbm bew rekatncbs`nps (p" 78." Vè femree tc w`nj` j`nkfreb fevekcp a oebtak ocfek cg

tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf ns jcbsnferef tc he abakcmcus tc tè femree cg attajòebt gekt+ abf

oay pctebtnakky feteronbe tè extebt cg nts nbgkuebje cb kngespab fevekcpoebt"

Aggejtnve attajòebt"Aggejtnve attajòebt jcbsnsts cg tè j`nkfs eoctncbak expressncbs

cg nbterest abf jkcsebess wnt` tènr pet Oekscb et ak"+ 1>>1." Oekscb et ak" gcubf tàt j`nkfreb

w`c s`cw ocre aggejtnve attajòebt àve ocre jcopkex nfeas ahcut pets abf tènr jare tàb

j`nkfreb wnt` kess aggejtnve attajòebt" Aggejtnve attajòebt ns asscjnatef wnt` fesjrnptncbs cg

tè j`nkf/pet hcbf nb ocre evakuatnve teros+ wnt` ocre regerebje tc p`ysnjak ajtnvnty nb

nbterajtncbs wnt` tè pet+ hy tè pet ntsekg+ abf tàt nbvckvef nb jarnbm gcr tè pet"

Hy nbterajtnbm wnt` pets tàt are tctakky fepebfebt cb tè cwber+ j`nkfreb kearb tc

ubferstabf tè geeknbms abf beefs cg abnoaks abf t`cse cg gekkcw ùoab henbms grco ab earky ame

Ebfebhurm ' Haarfa+ 1>>5." Kevnbscb (1>=0. states tàt+ Jcooubnjatnbm wnt` a bcb/verhak

jreature requnres eopat`y+ ab ahnknty tc noamnbe `cw abctèr t`nbds abf geeks+ a japajnty gcr

oebtakky steppnbm nbtc tè ctèrs pkaje abf tc scoe extebt expernebjnbm wàt è ns

expernebjnbm (p" 1


14/99


eoctncbak suppcrt+ pets prcvnfe pecpke wnt` ab easnky assessahke way tc s`cw jare abf burturnbm

cg abctèr+ tè sejcbf way tàt ùoabs jab use tènr pets tc noprcve geek nbterjcbbejtefbess

wnt` ctèrs (Hryabt+ 1>>


15/99


tè strebmt` cg tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf+ as a jcopnkatncb cg attajòebt jcopcbebts+ tc

fesjrnhe cbes rekatncbs`np wnt` tènr pet+ hut fces bct exjkufe tè nopcrtabje cg cwbers`np nb

stufynbm pets eggejts" Vè kndekn`ccf cg gcronbm a hcbf hasef cb p`ysnjak presebje akcbe ns bct

very `nm`+ abf pet cwbers`np ns nbsteaf seeb as tè prejurscr tc tè fevekcpoebt cg strcbm

aggejtnve+ heàvncr+ abf jcmbntnve attajòebt tàt jcoprnse tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf"

\et cwbers`np akcbe ns ab nbjcbsnstebt way tc prefnjt pets eggejts" Buoercus stufnes

àve s`cwb tàt pet cwbers`np ns ab ubreknahke prefnjtcr cg w`nj` pcpukatncbs are ocst

hebegnttef hy pets Asjncbe+ 1>>84 Faky ' Ocrtcb+ 80=4 \cresdy+ @ebfrnx+ Ocsner+ ' Zaouekscb+ 1>004 \cresdy+

1>0>4 \cresdy ' @ebfrnx+ 1>>>7." Ng p`ysnjak vnjnbnty akcbe n"e" pet presebt nb

cbes ebvnrcboebt. keafs tc pets eoctncbak+ p`ysnjak+ psyj`ckcmnjak abf#cr scjnak eggejts+ tè

femree abf oabber nb w`nj` pets aggejt ùoabs wcukf bct vary sc frastnjakky wnt`nb tè pet/

cwbnbm pcpukatncbs+ bcr wcukf eggejts he as prevakebt aocbm bcb/pet/cwbers Oekscb+ 1>>


16/99


rekynbm cb p`ysnjak presebje abf nmbcrnbm tè nbterajtncbs abf geeknbms tàt jcbstntute a

rekatncbs`np+ t`ns apprcaj` tc stufynbm ùoab/abnoak nbterajtncbs nmbcres tè hukd cg wàt

jcbstntutes a pet+ ratèr tàb ab abnoak" Nt jertanbky fces bct affress tè jcopabncbs`np

aspejt expknjnt wnt`nb tè tero+ jcopabncb abnoak" A jcopabncb abnoak hcbf ns bct cbky

fesjrnptnve cg tè ùoabs cwbef prcperty+ hut jcbstntutes a scjnak rekatncbs`np hetweeb tè

perscb abf pet tàt pet cwbers`np akcbe fces bct affress Hcbas+ et ak"+ 8


17/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 1=

\et hcbfnbm ns ab nbterbak prcjess tàt nbèrebtky nbvckves abf prcoctes eopat`nj

ubferstabfnbm" \ets jcbtrnhute tc eopat`y nbterbakky hy jàbmnbm tè way tàt pecpke t`nbd abf

geek tc tè femree tàt tèy jcbjeptuaknze tènr rekatncbs`np wnt` tè pet as pcsntnveky suppcrtnve+

sejure+ abf oeabnbmguk" Vè ocre oeabnbmguk a hcbf wnt` cbes pet+ tè ocre kndeky tè

rekatncbs`np was tc àve nbterbakky nbgkuebjef tè ùoab henbms t`cum`ts abf eoctncbs+ abf

jcbsequebtky+ tè ocre kndeky exterbak heàvncrs are ocfngnef" Vè kastnbm nbterbaknzef abf

nbtrnbsnj eggejts cg tè pet are kndeky tc keaf tc ocre saknebt eggejts cb tè nbfnvnfuaks eopat`y

fevekcpoebt tàb tè extrnbsnj hebegnts tàt oay àve heeb ocre nbgkuebtnak nb gcronbm tè hcbf

wèb tè pet was remukarky presebt nb tè nbfnvnfuaks ebvnrcboebt" Nb t`ns way+ cwbers`np ns a

rekatnveky soakk jausak varnahke nb prefnjtnbm pets eggejts+ hut nbterajts wnt` tè femree cg

attajòebt tcwarfs pets nb jcbstrujtnbm tè nbterbak represebtatncb cg tè jcopabncb abnoak

hcbf"

Expkcrnbm tè Crnmnbs+ Fevekcpoebt+ abf Jàrajternstnjs cg Eopat`y

\ets Zcjnc/eoctncbak Zuppcrt \rcoctes tè Fevekcpoebt cg Eopat`y

Vè prcjess cg eopat`nj fevekcpoebt as a gubjtncb cg mebetnjs+ exterbak nbgkuebjes+ abf

nbterbak jcmbntncbs fnggers grco nbfnvnfuak tc nbfnvnfuak+ hut a strcbm nbterbak octnvatncb tc hcbf

wnt` cbes pet nb j`nkf`ccf oay àve tè ahnknty tc keaf tc persnstebt aggejts cb cverakk eopat`y"

Eopat`y ns nopcrtabt hejause nt gajnkntates ubferstabfnbm cg ctèrs t`cum`ts abf eoctncbs+

bcbverhak jcooubnjatncb+ abf afaptnve+ prcscjnak respcbfnbm tc ctèrs Zprebm et ak"+ 8


18/99


J`nkfreb repcrt tàt tèy vakue tè outuaknty+ a jcbstrujt gcubf tc he `nm`ky jcrrekatef

wnt` jcopabncbs`np+ as tè ocst nopcrtabt hebegnt grco jcopabncb abnoak hcbfnbm wnt` pets

Hryabt+ 1>>08. repcrtef tàt tènr pet was a spejnak

grnebf tc tèo w`c nbjreasef tènr geeknbms cg sekg/esteeo" Vè pet ns ubnque hejause nt

ajjeptTs_ tè j`nkf gcr wàt è ns+ bct gcr wàt è onm`t cr cum`t tc he (Kevnbscb+ 1>=0+ p"

1>


19/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 1>

Hcys abf mnrks wnt` `nm` eopat`y furnbm pre/afckesjebje fevekcp ocre pcsntnve scjnak

heàvncrs jcbfujnve tc scjnaknzatncb+ ebàbjef sekg/jcbjept+ ebàbjef mkchak sekg/jcbjept+ abf

fnspkay gewer bematnve scjnak heàvncrs tàt fnsrupt scjnaknzatncb Maranmcrfchnk+ 8>>4 Kevnbscb+

1>=04 Wab @cutte ' Iarvns+ 1>>5."

Fegnbnbm abf oeasurnbm eopat`y"

Jurrebt researj` cb eopat`y ns fnggnjukt tc meberaknze" Eopat`y ns fegnbef abf

oeasuref nb varynbm ways t`rcum`cut sjnebtngnj knterature+ oadnbm stufy resukts fnggnjukt tc

jcopare+ abf tc prcfuje jcèrebt jcbjkusncbs ahcut nts stahnknty+ cr varnabje+ cver tè kngespab

Faky ' Ocrtcb+ 8>8." Harcb/Jcèb

et ak" 8


20/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 8>8." Ya`b/]axker

et ak" 1>>8. gcubf tàt eopat`nj jcbjerb abf ubrespcbsnve/nbfnggerebje s`cw a mreater

jcbjcrfabje gcr ocbczymctnj tàb fnzymctnj twnbs" Vère was affntncbak evnfebje gcr sàref

ebvnrcboebtak eggejts+ hasef cb oaterbak repcrts" Hy tè sejcbf year cg knge+ twnbs nb tènr stufy

s`cwef tebfebjnes tc9 a. expernebje eoctncbak jcbjerb+ h. atteopt tc jcopreèbf tè bature cg

fnstress nb ctèrs+ abf+ tc a knontef femree+ j. ebmame nb prcscjnak ajts Ya`b/]axker et ak"+ 1>>8+

pp" 1>8. summestnbm tàt


23/99


ebvnrcboebtak abf jcbstntutncbak geatures nbgkuebje j`nkfrebs fevekcpoebt hemnbbnbm earky nb

tè sejcbf year cg knge" Vèse gajtcrs were gcubf tc nbterajt abf nbgkuebje eopat`y nb fnggerebt

ways abf tc varynbm extebts fepebfnbm upcb tè nbfnvnfuaks teoperaoebtak prefnspcsntncbs"

Faky abf Ocrtcb 8>>4

Marmanmcrfchnk+ 8>8. as tèy oaturef grco 16 tc 8< ocbt`s cg ame" Xesearjèrs gcubf tàt àvnbm a

pcsntnve#scjnahke teoperaoebt ocferatef jàbme abf stahnknty gcr j`nkfreb nbntnakky sjcrnbm kcw+

onf/rabme+ abf `nm`ky cb `coe abf kahcratcry heàvncrak tests cg eopat`y" A mkchak ratnbm cg

eopat`y was fesjrnhef hasef cb9 a. jcmbntnve geatures n"e" jcopkexnty cg `ypctèsns testnbm.+

nbjkufnbm hct` bcb/verhak abf verhak heàvncrs4 abf h. eoctncbak geatures n"e" eoctncbak

arcusak abf eopat`nj jcbjerb.4 abf j. prcscjnak heàvncrs"

Mreater pcsntnve#scjnahke ratnbms cg teoperaoebt were asscjnatef wnt` nbjreases tcwarf

abf oanbtebabje cg `nm` eopat`y sjcres" Mreater scjnahnknty was asscjnatef wnt` karme nbjreases

nb eopat`y cver tnoe+ w`nke afverse gaonky jcbfntncbs were asscjnatef wnt` karme frcps nb


24/99


eopat`y aocbm j`nkfreb nbntnakky sjcrnbm at hct` tè onffke abf upper ebf cg tè fnstrnhutncb"

V`ns refujtncb nb eopat`y was espejnakky prconbebt gcr geoakes" Gcr geoakes cbky+ tère was ab

asscjnatncb hetweeb refujef eopat`y grco 16 tc 8< ocbt`s abf expernebjnbm kcwer keveks cg

oaterbak warot` abf kess pcsntnve gaonky afaptatncb"

Eopat`y keveks nb ycubm afukts jab cbky he geasnhky attrnhutef tc a j`nkf`ccf jcopabncb

abnoak hcbf ng eopat`y jab he nopajtef hy exterbak nbgkuebjes furnbm j`nkf`ccf+ abf s`cw a

mrafuak pkateau nb varnahnknty as tè nbfnvnfuak oatures" Ensebherm et ak" 8


25/99


nbtervebtncb eopat`y sjcres tc feteronbe ng a psyj`ckcmnjak nbtervebtncb cb eoctncbak

fevekcpoebt jcukf keaf tc jàbmes nb eopat`y keveks cg 18/16 year ckf afckesjebts B? 1=6."

Xesukts s`cwef tàt partnjnpabts s`cwef nbjreases nb eopat`y grco pre/test tc pcst/test cver tè

jcurse cg tè psyj`ckcmnjak nbtervebtncb" Eopat`y às stahnknzef hy afckesjebje+ hut oanbtanbs

nts ahnknty tc he nbgkuebjef"

Meberaknzahnknty cg Eopat`y tcwarfs \ets abf \ecpke

\csntnve attntufes tcwarfs pets are asscjnatef wnt` strcbmer eopat`y tcwarfs ctèr

pecpke+ oadnbm tè eggejts cg pets cb eopat`nj fevekcpoebt eveb ocre oeabnbmguk tc scjnety

Abferscb+ 884 \auk+ 874 Vaykcr ' Znmbak+

8


26/99


pets nb j`nkf`ccf àf snmbngnjabtky `nmèr abnoak/crnebtef eopat`y sjcres tàb t`cse w`c àf

bct cwbef pets nb j`nkf`ccf+ hut aksc gcubf tàt tènr ùoab/crnebtef eopat`y sjcres fnf bct

snmbngnjabtky fngger cb t`ns fnoebsncb akcbe" Bcbetèkess+ è fnf gnbf abnoak/crnebtef abf

ùoab/crnebtef eopat`y sjcres tc he snmbngnjabtky pcsntnveky jcrrekatef" Xesukts summest tàt

eopat`y tcwarfs fnggerebt dnbfs cg abnoak tarmets às sàref abf bcb/sàref jcopcbebts wnt`

eopat`y fnrejtef tcwarfs ctèr ùoabs" Vè rcke cg attntufes tcwarfs fnggerebt pet types+ ratèr

tàb jcopabncb abnoaks nb meberak+ was bct spejngnjakky affressef+ abf jcukf pctebtnakky

fnggerebtnate meberaknzahke eggejts cb ùoab/crnebtef eopat`y"

Eopat`y oay he ocre easnky nbgkuebjef grco nbtervebtncb prcmraos nb kater j`nkf`ccf

fue tc tè fevekcpoebt cg suj` jcmbntnve prcjesses as oeta/jcmbntncb+ sekg/ctèr fnggerebtnatncb+

abf ctèr/crnebtef syopat`y Hejd ' Datjèr+ 1>>74 Ensebherm et ak"+ 1>>>4 @cggoab+ 8>8. nbvestnmatef tè eggejts cg a

608.+ tère was a oanb eggejt cg mebfer+ wnt` mnrks sjcrnbm `nmèr tàb

hcys" Gcr ckfer j`nkfreb+ mrafes gcur abf gnve+ tère was bct a snmbngnjabt eggejt gcr treatoebt+

mrafe+ cr mebfer+ hut tère was ab nbterajtncb hetweeb treatoebt abf mrafe" Gcurt` mrafe


27/99


stufebts àf ocre pcsntnve attntufes tcwarfs abnoaks tàb gngt` mrafers" @cwever+ tè gngt`

mrafers nb tè jcbtrck jcbfntncb were ubexpejtefky prcvnfef wnt` 8< `curs cg ùoab/attntufes

efujatncb" Fespnte t`ns fnsjrepabjy hetweeb jcbtrck jcbfntncbs+ tè treatoebt jcbfntncb stnkk

s`cwef ocre pcsntnve abnoak/crnebtef attntufes tàb tè jcbtrck fnf+ summestnbm tàt ckfer

ekeoebtary amef j`nkfreb jab he nbgkuebjef tc jàbme tènr attntufes tcwarfs abnoaks usnbm

jkassrcco/hasef ùoabe efujatncb oet`cfs" Nb affntncb+ ckfer ekeoebtary sj`cck stufebts nb tè

ùoabe efujatncb jcbfntncb w`c àf `nmèr abnoak/crnebtef attntufes aksc àf `nmèr ùoab/

crnebtef eopat`y"

Asjncbe 1>>8. fces bct fnsjrnonbate hetweeb jcopabncb abnoaks abf ctèrs+ as è

nbtemrates wnkf abf garo abnoaks nbtc tè ùoab attntufes tcwarfs abnoak prcmrao" Vèregcre+

gnbfnbms cb abnoak/rekatef attntufes oay he kess fnrejtky rekevabt tc tè jurrebt stufy tàb resukts

s`cwnbm tè meberaknzatncb cg abnoak/rekatef attntufes tc ùoab/crnebtef eopat`y" Xemarfkess cg

mrafe+ ocre pcsntnve attntufes tcwarfs abnoaks meberaknzef tc `nmèr eopat`y tcwarfs ùoabs"

\ets Kastnbm Nopajt cb Eopat`y Fevekcpoebt

\et cwbers`np appears tc reaj` nts `nmèst grequebjy abf às tè mreatest nopajt nb

onffke j`nkf`ccf years+ a tnoe wèb expernebjes are hunkfnbm tè gcubfatncb gcr guture sekg/

jcbjepts cg wàt jcbstntutes cbes perscbaknty+ vakues+ abf heknegs (Favns ' Iuàsz+ 1>054

Oekscb+ 1>004 \auk ' Zerpekk+ 1>>8." Vècrnsts jcbsnfer perscbaknty abf prcscjnak fevekcpoebt

as a `nerarj`njak prcjess tàt ns qunte varnahke nb ycut`+ hut stahnknzes wnt` oaturatncb as cbe

fevekcps abf oanbtanbs a sebse cg sekg @cggoab+ 8


28/99


cg onffke j`nkf`ccf#pre/afckesjebje+ ns expejtef tc àve tè mreatest nopajt cb perscbaknty

fevekcpoebt Kevnbscb+ 1>=0." A meberak amreeoebt exnsts aocbm researjèrs cg a pcsntnve

asscjnatncb hetweeb tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf abf eopat`nj fevekcpoebt nb j`nkfreb

Ebfebhurm ' Haarfa+ 1>>54 Kevnbscb+ 1>=04 Oekscb+ et ak"+ 1>>14 \cresdy ' @ebfrnx+ 1>>>74 Wnfcvnj et ak"+ 1>>>4 Wnfcvnj+ et ak"+ 8


29/99


gubjtncbnbm t`rcum` tè fevekcpoebt cg aggejtnve+ heàvncr+ abf jcmbntnve attajòebt abf

resuktnbm strebmt` cg tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf"

Evnfebje tèregcre summests tàt nt ns bct cbky geasnhke+ hut aksc fesnrahke+ tc reky cb

suhiejtnve nbterpretatncbs cg tè ocst nopcrtabt ùoab/pet rekatncbs`np wèb jcbsnfernbm `cw

jcopabncb abnoaks aggejt pecpke nb tè kcbm/tero" Vè kastnbm nbterpretatncb cg tè nbgkuebje cg

tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf cb pecpkes knves prcvnfe `nm`ky jrefnhke nbgcroatncb tàt ns

fnggnjukt+ ng bct nopcssnhke+ tc gukky ebjcopass nb chservatncbak stufnes cr mkeab hy questncbnbm

t`cse jkcse tc tè cwber" Hy manbnbm nbgcroatncb grco nbfnvnfuaks tèosekves cb tè pet tèy

jcbsnfer ocst nopcrtabt nb tènr knves+ fata jckkejtncb tades nbtc ajjcubt nbfnvnfuaks perjeptncbs

cg tènr knge abf heknegs resuktnbm grco tè ajjuoukatncb cg perscbak expernebjes" As fata ns bct

asscjnatef wnt` tè nbfnvnfuak nb t`ns stufy+ tè jurrebt stufy ajjcubts gcr tè hnas tàt oay cjjur

ng ctèrs were asdef ahcut tè nbfnvnfuaks rekatncbs`np wnt` tènr pet t`rcum` tè use cg a sekg/

repcrt abf heàvncrak eopat`y oeasures+ hy affressnbm tè pcssnhnknty cg fnsjrepabjnes nb

nbterbak abf exterbak presebtatncb cg aggejt tcwarfs tè pet"

Ab nbterajtncb exnsts hetweeb nbterbak abf exterbak nbgkuebjes cb eopat`y tàt oades nt

pcssnhke tc ajtnvate nbterbak eopat`nj reajtncbs wnt` asscjnatef exterbak jues nb a suhjcbsjncus

oabber" @cggoab 8


30/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ :>4 Ya`b/]axker et ak"+


31/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ :1

1>>8." Geoakes are aksc ocre kndeky t`ab oakes tc gcro jkcse+ aggejtnve rekatncbs`nps wnt` t`enr

pets+ remarfkess cg ame Asjncbe+ 1>>84 \auk+ 8


32/99


àvnbm a jcopabncb abnoak w`c ns jcbsnstebtky nbtemratef nbtc cbes kngestyke abf rcutnbe at ab

earkner fevekcpoebtak stame jcukf `ckf eveb strcbmer pctebtnak gcr nbjreasnbm eopat`y"

@ypctèsns :9 As a resukt cg tè expernoebtak oabnpukatncb+ partnjnpabts nb tè

hcbf reonbfef jcbfntncb wnkk àve equak cr `nmèr eopat`y+ as oeasuref hy tè

ONE abf VEQ+ tàb partnjnpabts nb tè hcbf fnstrajtef jcbfntncb" Geoakes wnkk he

ocre susjeptnhke tc nbjrease tènr eopat`nj respcbses as a resukt cg tè eopat`y/

ajtnvatnbm oabnpukatncb tàb oakes" Geoakes nb tè hcbf reonbfef jcbfntncb wnkk

àve `nmèr eopat`y sjcres tàb oakes nb tè hcbf reonbfef jcbfntncb"

Fnggerebtnatnbm Hcbfnbm wnt` Fcms abf Jats as Fnstnbjt grco Ctèr \ets

A jcopabncb abnoak hcbf jab exnst hetweeb ùoabs abf aby abnoak+ hut ns ocst kndeky

tc gcro hetweeb abnoaks tàt are ocre grequebtky cwbef abf t`cse w`c appeak gcr tènr cwbers

tc s`cw tèo burture abf jare nb a oabber è#sè ns ahke tc ubferstabf Hryabt+ 1>08+ 1>>>1."

\cresdy 1>>7. gcubf tàt j`nkfreb wnt` pets presebt nb tè `cuse`ckf àve `nmèr jcopabncb

abnoak hcbfnbm sjcres tàb t`cse bct knvnbm nb tè presebje cg pets" Vè Aoernjab Weternbary

Oefnjak Asscjnatncb AWOA. gcubf tàt cg tè =5":% cg `cuse`ckfs cwbnbm pets jcbsnferef tc

he jcopabncb abnoaks n"e" fcms+ jats+ hnrfs+ `crses.+ fcms abf jats jcoprnsef 7>"7%+ cr

apprcxnoateky 0


33/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ ::

nbterajtncbs wnt`nb tè ùoab/pet rekatncbs`np+ tc suhsequebtky feteronbe+ separate+ abf jcopare

tè bature cg tènr eggejts cb tè knves cg tènr cwbers"

Faky abf Ocrtcb 8


34/99


Mebfker+ 1>>=." Wnfcvnj+ Ztetnj+ abf Hratdc 1>>>. gcubf tàt j`nkfreb cwbnbm fcms abf jats

repcrtef `nmèr keveks cg attajòebt tc tènr pets tàb j`nkfreb cwbnbm ctèr dnbfs cg pets" Cg

81: j`nkfreb mrafes t`ree t`rcum` seveb+ 51% nfebtngnef fcms as tènr gavcrnte dnbf cg pet abf

8=% nfebtngnef jats as tènr gavcrnte" Vè reoanbnbm 88% were fnvnfef nbtc ouj` soakker

perjebtames aocbm gns`+ rcfebts+ `crses+ rahhnts+ abf reptnkes+ grco mreatest tc keast pcpukar

respejtnveky" Faky abf Ocrtcb 8:% cg ùoab jcooubnjatncb Abferscb+ 800. gcubf tàt fcm cwbers repcrtef

geeknbm as eoctncbakky jkcse tc tènr fcms as tc tènr jkcsest gaonky oeoher as jntef nb Harder '

]ckeb+ 8


35/99


prcvnfnbm kess scjnak suppcrt tàb fcms+ akt`cum` mreater suppcrt tàb akk ctèr types cg pets

Hcbas et ak"+ 8>>7. gcubf tàt tè

strcbmer j`nkfrebs jcopabncb abnoak hcbfnbm+ tè `nmèr tènr eopat`y" Vèse saoe j`nkfreb+


36/99


w`c àf strcbmer hcbfnbm nb rekatncbs`nps wnt` pets+ aksc s`cwef mreater jccperatncb wèb

nbtervnewef" Znonkar jcrrekatncbs were bct gcubf wèb tè j`nkf/pet rekatncbs`np was quabtngnef

nb teros cg pet cwbers`np akcbe"

Vè attajòebt tàt cbe geeks tcwarfs `ns#èr pet ns tè gcubfatncb gcr tè gcroatncb cg a

jcopabncb abnoak hcbf" \erjenvnbm tè rekatncbs`np as nopcrtabt tèb suppknes nt wnt` tè ahnknty

tc àve ab nbterbak nbgkuebje cb tè cwbers t`cum`ts+ geeknbms+ abf ajtncbs+ abf tùs tè

eopat`nj vakues nbèrebt wnt`nb tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf are nbterbaknzef" Vèse eggejts are

kndeky tc nbterajt wnt` tè nbfnvnfuaks ebvnrcboebtak abf jcbstntutncbak jnrjuostabjes"

Gajtcrs nbgkuebjnbm tè strebmt` cg tè jcopabncb abnoak hcbf" Vè strebmt` cg t`ns

hcbf varnes mreatky abf nt ns tèregcre nopcrtabt tc jcbsnfer tè varnahkes tàt nbgkuebje tè

strebmt` cg hcbfnbm hetweeb pecpke abf pets wèb nbvestnmatnbm tè gcroatncb cg eopat`nj

ubferstabfnbm" @avnbm pets nb tè `cuse`ckf oay exterbakky nbgkuebje pecpkes t`cum`ts abf

eoctncbs nb a trabsnebt oabber fepebfebt cb prcxnonty" Oefnatnbm tè rekatncbs`np hetweeb pet

cwbers`np abf tè gcroatncb cg a hcbf ns tè fcjuoebtef pcsntnve rekatncbs`np hetweeb p`ysnjak

prcxnonty abf perjenvef psyj`ckcmnjak jkcsebess Maurfc+ 1>7> as jntef nb Hryabt+ 1>08."

\ecpke w`c cwb pets are grequebtky expcsef tc tènr presebje abf oay he ocre kndeky tc geek

attajèf tc tèo+ abf tùs hcbf wnt` tèo+ tèb t`cse w`c see tèo kess grequebtky" @cwever+ nt

ns ubjkear tè rcke tàt cwbnbm ocre tàb cbe pet at a tnoe nb j`nkf`ccf pkays cb tè strebmt` cg

jcopabncb abnoak hcbfnbm abf eopat`y fevekcpoebt"

Cwbnbm ocre tàb cbe fcm oay requnre gewer nbterajtncbs wnt` eaj` fcm nbfnvnfuakky+ as

geeknbms cg attajòebt abf jaretadnbm heàvncrs nb respcbse tc bcbverhak jues oust he

fnstrnhutef tc ouktnpke attajòebt chiejts" Nb affntncb+ tè scjnak suppcrt prcvnfef hy eaj` fcm

oay bct he perjenvef tc he as strcbm" V`cum`ts cg tè hcbf wnt` cbe fcm jcbsnferef ocst


37/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ :=

nopcrtabt tc eaj` partnjnpabts knge oay he ocre fnggnjukt tc rejakk abf ocre kndeky tc he

jcbgcubfef wnt` jcbjurrebt geeknbms tcwarfs rekatncbs`nps wnt` tè ctèr fcms presebt nb tè

`cuse`ckf at tè saoe tnoe" V`ns oay oade refuje tè saknebjy cg eggejts cb eopat`y grco tè

fcm jcbsnferef ocst nopcrtabt kess jcmbntnveky avankahke+ abf tùs kess nbgkuebtnak+ cver tnoe"

@ypctèsns 69 Vè presebje cg ocre tàb cbe fcm nb tè `cuse`ckf

at tè saoe tnoe as tè fcm jcbsnferef ocst nopcrtabt nb eaj`

partnjnpabts knge wnkk he asscjnatef wnt` weader jcopabncb/abnoak

hcbfnbm abf kcwer eopat`y sjcres jcoparef tc partnjnpabts w`c

cbky cwbef tè cbe ocst nopcrtabt fcm"

\ets ajt as nopcrtabt scjnak jcopabncbs abf pkayoates gcr j`nkfreb+ espejnakky t`cse wnt`

gewer jcoparahke cppcrtubntnes wnt`nb tènr gaonky `cuse`ckf" J`nkfreb oay kccd tc tènr pets tc

prcvnfe tèo wnt` cppcrtubntnes gcr jcbbejtefbess tàt are bct as reafnky avankahke grco ctèr

pecpke cr gaonky oeohers wnt`nb tè `cuse`ckf" Gcr j`nkfreb cg octèrs eopkcyef cutsnfe cg

tè `coe+ pets are ocre kndeky tc he jcbsnferef as spejnak grnebfs tàb gcr j`nkfreb cg stay/at/

`coe octèrs Hryabt+ 1>074 Oekscb+ 1>004 Oekscb et ak"+ 1>>1." Nb affntncb+ Oekscb 1>>0.

gcubf tàt octèrs wcrd `curs rekate tc tè aocubt cg jaretadnbm pergcroef hy j`nkfreb gcr

tènr pets." \`ysnjak ajtnvnty wnt` a pet às heeb asscjnatef wnt` strcbmer aggejtnve attajòebt

hetweeb a j`nkf abf tènr pets. Oekscb et ak"+ 1>>1." Vè ocre `curs tè octèr wcrds+ tè

ocre cg tè j`nkfs tnoe ns spebt pergcronbm p`ysnjak oanbtebabje+ cr fnspkaynbm heàvncr

attajòebt+ gcr tè pet" Jaretadnbm cg a pet às heeb gcubf tc pcsntnveky jcrrekate wnt` eopat`y

nb dnbfermarteb+ sejcbf/mrafe+ abf gngt`/mrafe j`nkfreb+ s`cwnbm a wcrdnbm ocfek cg tè hcbf

tàt regkejts jcmbntnve attajòebt tc tè pet Oekscb et ak"+ 1>>1." As a resukt+ j`nkfreb w`cse


38/99


octèrs wcrd ocre `curs oay ajqunre strcbmer aggejtncb abf mreater respcbsnhnknty gcr tè pet+

keafnbm tc a strcbmer jcopabncb abnoak hcbf"

\ets are cgtebtnoes jcbsnferef ocre nopcrtabt tc j`nkfreb wnt` gew cr bc snhknbms

Abferscb+ 8>5." Oekscb

1>00. gcubf tàt j`nkfreb wnt`cut ycubmer snhknbms pkayef ocre wnt` tènr pets tàb t`cse w`c

fnf àve ycubmer snhknbms" Nb affntncb+ j`nkfreb nb snbmke/parebt gaonknes are ocre kndeky tc gcro

a jkcse hcbf wnt` a gaonky pet tàb t`cse nb nbtajt gaonknes Wab @cutte ' Iarvns+ 1>>5." Vùs+

researj` nbfnjates tè rekevabje cg octèrs wcrd `curs+ snhknbm status+ abf parebtak oarntak

status nb prefnjtnbm wàt oades jertanb pcpukatncbs ocre kndeky tc hcbf wnt` tènr pets+ abf tùs

he ocre aggejtef hy tèo"

@ypctèsns 5+ 7+ =9 \artnjnpabts wnt` refujef cppcrtubntnes nb tè `cuse`ckf gcr

scjnak suppcrt jcoparahke tc tàt prcvnfef hy jcopabncb abnoaks+ baoeky t`cse

wnt` (@5. octèrs w`c wcrd kcbmer wcrd `curs+ (@7. gew cr bc snhknbms+ abf

@=. parebts tàt are separatef cr fnvcrjef+ wnkk àve strcbmer hcbfs wnt` tè fcm

tèy repcrtef as ocst nopcrtabt nb tènr knves"

Veronbckcmy

\artnjnpabts respcbfef tc tè Jcopabncb/Abnoak Hcbfnbm Zjake JAHZ. ahcut tè fcm

tèy jcbsnferef ocst nopcrtabt nb tènr knves tùs gar" V`rcum`cut tè reoanbfer cg tè paper+

t`ns fcm wnkk he regerref tc as a prcper bcub+ wrntteb as+ Vè Fcm" Xegerebjes tc ctèr fcms+ suj`

as t`cse nb tè `cuse`ckf at tè saoe tnoe as Vè Fcm+ wnkk bct he japntaknzef"

Oet`cf

\artnjnpabts


39/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ :>

\artnjnpabts were a jcbvebnebje saopke cg 0: Zt" Oarys Jckkeme cg Oarykabf stufebts

5> geoakes+ 8: oakes+ oeab ame ? 1>"55. rejruntef t`rcum` scba/systeos abf akk/stufebt eoanks

grco t`e psyj`ckcmy fepartoebt+ nb t`e Zprnbm 8


40/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 615+p? ":68+ partnak 8 ? "5+p? "885+ partnak 8 ?

"+ chservef pcwer ? "88=" V`us+ `ypct`eses :A abf :J were bct suppcrtef"


52/99


A Mebfer 8. x Expernoebtak Jcbfntncb 8. ABCWA was jcbfujtef gcr VEQ sjcres" Bc

snmbngnjabt oanb eggejts cg mebfer were reveakef+G1+ =0. ? "5>0+p? "6684 partnak 8 ? "


53/99


(:7"1%. at tè saoe tnoe as Vè Fcm" \artnjnpabts respcbses were tèregcre rejcfef tc

nbvestnmate tè eggejts cg tè presebje cg ouktnpke fcms cb hcbfnbm strebmt` abf eopat`y" Vèse

twc mrcups wnt`nb tè presebje cg ctèr fcms varnahke+ jcfef as < abf 1+ were9 1. tè bc ctèr

fcms cwbef mrcup+ jcoprnsnbm partnjnpabts w`c cbky cwbef Vè Fcm b ? 68.abf 8. tè ctèr

fcms cwbef mrcup+ jcoprnsnbm partnjnpabts w`c cwbef cbe cr ocre fcms at tè saoe tnoe as

Vè Fcm b ? 61."

Zpearoabs jcrrekatncb jceggnjnebts gcr tè rekatncbs`np hetweeb tè presebje cg ctèr

fcms at tè saoe tnoe as Vè Fcm abf sjcres cb tè JAHZ+ ONE+ abf VEQ are presebtef nb

Vahke >" Gcr akk partnjnpabts+ Zpearoabs jcrrekatncb jceggnjnebt reveakef a snmbngnjabt bematnve

rekatncbs`np hetweeb tè presebje cg ctèr fcms abf tè strebmt` cg tè jcopabncb/abnoak hcbf

wnt` Vè Fcm+ r`c ? /"877+p ? "


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jcrrekatncb wnt` JAHZ sjcres+ nb suppcrt gcr `ypctèsns 6A" Geoakes w`c cwbef cbe cr ocre

ctèr fcms at tè tnoe cg Vè Fcm repcrtef snmbngnjabtky weader jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfnbm

sjcres+ r`c ? /"::5+p ? ":=+p ? "170+ partnak 8 ? "


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Oeabs cb tè VEQ as a gubjtncb cg presebje cg ctèr fcms abf mebfer are fnspkayef nb

Gnmure 6" A Mebfer 8. x Cwbers`np cg Ctèr Fcms 8. ABCWA was tèb jcbfujtef gcr VEQ

sjcres" Bc snmbngnjabt oanb eggejts cb VEQ sjcres were gcubf gcr mebfer+G1+ =0. ? 1"8


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t`ey cwbef V`e Fcm+ r? /"+p ? "708+

chservef pcwer ? "" A oanb eggejt cg mebfer was bct chservef+G1+ =0. ? "8>6+p ?

"50>+ chservef pcwer ? "


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@ypctèsns =9 \artnjnpabts wnt` parebts w`c are separatef abf#cr fnvcrjef wnkk àve

strcbmer jcopabncb abnoak hcbfnbm wnt` Vè Fcm+ cr `nmèr JAHZ sjcres+ tàb t`cse

wnt` parebts w`c were oarrnef tè oaicrnty cg tè tnoe tèy cwbef Vè Fcm"

\artnjnpabts were fnvnfef nbtc twc mrcups hasef cb grequebjy fnstrnhutncbs+

rejcfef as 1 abf 8" V`cse wnt` parebts w`c were oarrnef 06":%. were jcoparef tc

t`cse wnt` parebts separatef 7%. cr fnvcrjef >"7%." A Oabb/]`ntbey Utest was

jcbfujtef tc evakuate tè `ypctèsns tàt partnjnpabts wnt` parebts w`c were separatef cr

fnvcrjef wèb tèy cwbef Vè Fcmwcukf sjcre `nmèr+ cb averame+ tàb partnjnpabts

wnt` parebts w`c were oarrnef cb tè JAHZ" Vè resukts were bct snmbngnjabt+ abf tùs

bct nb suppcrt cg `ypctèsns =+ as oeab rabds cb tè JAHZ fnf bct snmbngnjabtky fngger as

a gubjtncb cg parebts oarntak status+z? /">:5+p ? ":5


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heeb s`cwb tc àve jcbstntutncbak jcopcbebts presebt grco hnrt`+ hut aksc tè ahnknty tc he

nbgkuebjef hy ebvnrcboebtak jcopcbebts Ya`b/]axker+ Xchnbscb+ ' Eofe+ 1>>8." Akt`cum`

qunte varnahke nb ycut`+ evnfebje grco kcbmntufnbak researj` summests tàt eopat`y às stahnknzef

at tè ame cg apprcxnoateky 17 years ckf Ensebherm et ak"+ 8>1." Nb crfer tc eggejtnveky s`cw jaretadnbm heàvncrs+

attajèf cwbers oust kearb tc nbterpret tè pets bcb/verhak requests+ abf nb fcnbm sc+ tè

nbfnvnfuak oust prajtnje eopat`nj respcbfnbm" Eggejts cg earky fevekcpoebt abf nbterpretatncb cg


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cbes ebvnrcboebt nb gcronbm cbes perscbaknty are rekatef tc cverakk eopat`y keveks t`rcum`cut

cbes knge (\auk+ 8


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KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ 7>1."

Jcbsequebtky+ nt appears tàt peràps tè nbgkuebje cg parebts oarntak status abf wcrd `curs cb

pet hcbfnbm oay he ocre evnfebt nb j`nkfreb respcbfnbm ahcut tènr nooefnate ebvnrcboebts"

@7" \ast researj` cb j`nkfreb summests tàt jaretadnbm heàvncr gcr pets ns mreater gcr

cbky j`nkfreb cr t`cse wnt` gew snhknbms+ tàb t`cse wnt` snhknbms w`c àve tè cppcrtubnty tc

express jaretadnbm heàvncrs gcr cbe abctèr nb tè gaonky" J`nkfreb wnt` gew cr bc snhknbms were

gcubf tc he espejnakky kndeky tc gcro strcbmer hcbfs wnt` tènr pets Abferscb+ 8>5." @cwever+ wèb oeab eopat`y sjcres

cb tè ONE abf VEQ were jcoparef+ bc snmbngnjabt fnggerebjes were gcubf as a gubjtncb cg

snhknbm buoher twc cr gewer+ t`ree cr ocre. cr mebfer+ bcr was tère a snmbngnjabt nbterajtncb"

]`nke t`ns rekatncbs`np oay exnst nb j`nkf`ccf+ nt kndeky fces bct reoanb jcbstabt nbtc ycubm

afukt`ccf" A pcssnhke jcbtrnhutnbm gajtcr tc t`ns resukt ns tàt hy jckkeme/ame+ oaby partnjnpabts

bc kcbmer knve wnt` tènr snhknbms abf àve ctèr cppcrtubntnes t`rcum` scjnak nbterajtncbs wnt`

peers tc rejenve scjnak suppcrt abf feocbstrate jare gcr ctèrs"

@=" \artnjnpabts grco snbmke/parebt gaonknes were `ypctèsnzef tc gcro jkcser hcbfs wnt`

a gaonky pet tàb t`cse nb nbtajt gaonknes @=.+ as Wab @cutte ' Iarvns 1>>5. gcubf a


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rekatncbs`np gcr j`nkfreb wnt` separatef cr fnvcrjes parebts abf strcbmer jcopabncb/abnoak

hcbfnbm" @ypctèsns = was bct suppcrtef wèb ycubm afukt partnjnpabts wnt` parebts w`c were

separatef#fnvcrjef cr nbtajt furnbm cwbers`np cg Vè Fcm were jcoparef cb JAHZ sjcres+ as

bc fnggerebjes were gcubf ajrcss akk partnjnpabts cr as a gubjtncb cg mebfer" Nt ns pcssnhke tàt

partnjnpabts parebts hejaoe separatef cr fnvcrjef furnbm cwbers`np cg Vè Fcm+ hut fnf bct gakk

nbtc t`ns oarntak status tè oaicrnty cg tè tnoe Vè Fcm was cwbef+ as tèy respcbfef ahcut nb

tè rekevabt test nteo" Akterbatnveky+ tè fcm was cbky cwbef hrnegky+ hut tè parebts were

separatef cr fnvcrjef tè oaicrnty cg tàt hrneg tnoe" Vùs+ tè nbgkuebje cg parebts oarntak

status ns jcbstruef hy teopcrak varnabje"

\ctebtnak Knontatncbs

Zeverak prchkeos arcse wnt` tè expernoebtak fesnmb tàt oay àve kef tc suhsequebt

bcb/snmbngnjabt eggejts cg tè expernoebtak oabnpukatncb abf aohnmunty nb resukts" Nbntnakky+ tè

researj` fesnmb gcr t`ns stufy was mcnbm tc tade pkaje nb twc jcopcbebts+ tè gnrst oeasurnbm

jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfnbm cbknbe+ abf tè bext oeasurnbm eopat`y ajrcss expernoebtak

jcbfntncbs nb/perscb" Vè pkab was tc afonbnster tè JAHZ cbknbe tc akk partnjnpabts prncr tc tè

nb/perscb jcopcbebt cg testnbm abf tc use tèse sjcres tc spknt partnjnpabts nbtc JAHZ quartnkes"

Gcr assnmboebt nbtc expernoebtak jcbfntncbs+ ab equak buoher cg partnjnpabts grco eaj` cg tè

quartnkes wcukf àve heeb spknt nbtc cbe cg twc expernoebtak jcbfntncbs+ jreatnbm jcbfntncbs tàt

were jcoparahke ajrcss fnstrnhutncbs cg jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfnbm sjcres"

@cwever+ t`ns nbntnak expernoebtak fesnmb was bct eopkcyef fue tc saopke snze jcbjerbs+

as tè attrntncb rate oay àve heeb tcc `nm` hetweeb tè cbknbe abf nb/perscb sessncbs" Nbsteaf+

tè stufy was jcbfebsef nbtc a snbmke/sessncb testnbm perncf abf partnjnpabts rabfcoky

fnstrnhutef nbtc expernoebtak jcbfntncbs hasef cb arrnvak tnoe" ]èb partnjnpabts were jcoparef


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cb oeab JAHZ sjcres ajrcss expernoebtak jcbfntncbs+ tè hcbf fnstrajtef jcbfntncb s`cwef a

trebf apprcaj`nbm snmbngnjabje tcwarfs `nmèr oeab JAHZ sjcres tàb tè hcbf reonbfef

jcbfntncb" V`ns nbntnak fnggerebje ajrcss mrcups was a prchkeo gcr tè expernoebtak fesnmb

hejause tè eggnjajy cg tè eopat`y/ajtnvatnbm wrntnbm oabnpukatncb reknef cb tè strebmt` cg tè

jcopabncb/abnoak hcbf"

Ab ajtnvatncb cg ocre eopat`nj respcbfnbm gcr partnjnpabts nb tè hcbf reonbfef

jcbfntncb oay àve cjjurref+ hut hejause tè mrcup as a w`cke s`cwef weader hcbfnbm wnt`

Vè Fcm tc hemnb wnt`+ tè eopat`y/ajtnvatnbm eggejts+ oay àve heeb strcbmer gcr tè hcbf

reonbfef jcbfntncb w`c s`cwef strcbmer hcbfnbm wnt` Vè Fcm" Affntncbakky+ partnjnpabts oay

àve heeb fnggerebtnakky aggejtef hy tè expernoebtak oabnpukatncb fepebfnbm cb ng Vè Fcm was

stnkk aknve cr bct" Gcr partnjnpabts nb tè hcbf reonbfef jcbfntncb w`c bc kcbmer cwbef Vè Fcm+

nt ns pcssnhke tàt bematnve eoctncbs asscjnatef wnt` reoeohernbm tè kcss cg tènr ocst

nopcrtabt pet fcm ajtuakky fnstrajtef grco aby pctebtnak eopat`y/ajtnvatnbm t`cum`ts furnbm tè

wrntnbm tasd ahcut tè hcbf"

Nb t`ns stufy+ partnjnpabts retrcspejtnveky respcbfef abf oay tèregcre `ckf jurrebt vnews

ahcut tènr rekatncbs`np wnt` Vè Fcm tàt fngger grco t`cse èkf wèb tèy knvef nb+ abf were

kndeky ocre strcbmky nbgkuebjef hy+ tè gaonky `cuse`ckf" Nb affntncb+ aocbm j`nkf`ccf

pcpukatncbs+ nt ns nopcrtabt tc jcbsnfer tè rcke cg tè parebt nb j`ccsnbm wàt type cg pet tè

j`nkf oatures arcubf nb teros cg tè nbgkuebje cg teoperaoebtak fnspcsntncbs nb parebts pet

j`cnje+ abf tùs teoperaoebtak fnspcsntncbs presebt nb tè j`nkf tcwarfs hcbfnbm wnt` pet fcms

abf eopat`y"

Ab nbterajtncb hetweeb tè strebmt` cg jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfnbm+ pet type+ abf mebfer

oay he presebt nb tè jcbtrastnbm resukts cb tè rekatncbs`np hetweeb hcbfnbm wnt` fcms abf


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eopat`y as repcrtef hy mebfer" \eràps fcms ocre reafnky nbgkuebje oakes tàb geoakes+ w`c

oay he ocre nbgkuebjef hy abctèr type cg pet" ]`nke nbjreasnbm tè spejngnjnty cg tè

expernoebtak fesnmb akkcwef fnrejt nbvestnmatncb cg tè nbgkuebje cg fcms+ nt knontef ajjess tc

jcbjkusncbs tàt jab he oafe ahcut ctèr pet types" Guture researj` s`cukf affress tè nbgkuebje

cg spejngnj types cg pets cb geoakes abf oakes separateky tc expkcre fnggerebjes nb tè

rekatncbs`np hetweeb hcbfnbm abf eopat`y" Vc jcbtrck gcr jcbgcubfnbm varnahkes+ nbjkusncbary

jrnterna s`cukf jcbtrck gcr saopke fnggerebjes nb pet cwbers`np status yes+ bc. abf pet types

cwbef"

Nb jcbtrast tc wàt às heeb repcrtef nb past researj` usnbm tè VEQ abf ONE Zprebm et

ak"+ 8


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Vùs+ oatj`nbm cbe cg gcur oebtak state teros tc a pnjture cg eyes oay bct he represebtatnve cg

reak/knge eopat`nj respcbfnbm" Guture revnsncbs tc tè ONE oay jcbsnfer a hrneg vnfec jknp tàt

ebfs wnt` tè tasd cg oatj`nbm ajtcrs eyes as tèy are grczeb nb tè onfst cg tè jcbversatncb cr

sjebarnc tc `ns#èr oebtak state"

Nt ns pcssnhke tàt tè ONE was oeasurnbm a sknm`tky fnggerebt varnahke tàb tè VEQ+ as nt

was sjcref gcr ajjurajy+ ratèr gcr oeab eopat`y kevek" ]`nke scoecbe oay àve a `nm`

octnvatncb tcwarfs eopat`nj respcbfnbm+ tèy oay àve a fnspcsntncb tcwarfs kcw eopat`nj

ajjurajy" Ensebherm et ak" 1>>>. gcubf tàt tè bematnve nopajt cg kcw eopat`nj ajjurajy cb

nbterbaknznbm prchkeos e"m" fepressncb+ ubàppnbess. was ontnmatef gcr j`nkfreb wnt` `nm`

quaknty peer rekatncbs" Aksc+ tàt àvnbm `nm` eopat`nj ajjurajy ontnmatef tè bematnve nopajt cg

pccr peer rekatncbs cb perscbak afiustoebt" Vèregcre+ tè ONE jcukf he hetter utnknzef nb a

repknjatncb cg tè jurrebt stufy tàt nbjkufef oeasures cg scjnak sdnkks abf quaknty cg scjnaknzatncb

wnt` ctèrs" A strcbm hcbf wnt` cbespet oay keaf tc ebàbjeoebts nb scjnahnknty abf#cr

eopat`y+ w`nj` àve eaj` heeb s`cwb tc àve pcsntnve eggejts cb scjnak abf perscbak afiustoebt

Ensebherm et ak"+ 1>>>."

Guture Xesearj`

Zeverak stufnes summest a pctebtnak rekatncbs`np hetweeb àvnbm ycubmer cr ckfer snhknbms

cb attajòebt keveks wnt` a pet" Gcr cbky abf ycubmest j`nkfreb+ pets oay pkay a rcke nb scjnc/

eoctncbak fevekcpoebt tàt wcukf ctèrwnse he gnkkef t`rcum` nbterajtncb wnt` snhknbms" Fubb

1>06. gcubf tàt jaretadnbm abf tè exerjnse cg fconbabje abf aut`crnty are hct` aspejts cg

ckfer j`nkfrebs rekatncbs`nps wnt` tènr ycubmer snhknbms (as jntef nb \auk ' Zerpekk+ 1>>1."

J`nkfreb wnt`cut ycubmer snhknbms oay baturakky tade cb a jaretadnbm rcke as tè prcvnfer tc a


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fepebfebt pet" Guture stufnes jcukf test tc see ng àvnbm bc snhknbms cr henbm tè ycubmest j`nkf

keafs tc tè gcroatncb cg strcbmer jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfs"

Cbe nopcrtabt akteratncb tc tè jurrebt stufy wcukf he tè affntncb cg test oeasures gcr

expkcrnbm tè oefnatnbm rcke cg fcms nb ebàbjnbm eopat`y hy oeabs cg prcvnfnbm scjnak suppcrt

abf nbjreasnbm scjnahnknty" ]`nke Faky abf Ocrtcb 8>5." \ecpke wnt` pets are ratef as

ocre scjnakky ajjessnhke abf pcpukar tàb t`cse wnt`cut pets Abferscb+ 8


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1>>6." Guture researj` cb tè eggejts cg jcopabncb/abnoaks cb eopat`y s`cukf nbjkufe oeasures

cg scjnak sdnkks abf scjnak crnebtatncb+ gcr strcbmer jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfs jcukf keaf tc

ebàbjef scjnahnknty abf ocre pcsntnve scjnak crnebtatncb+ w`nj` oay oefnate tè eggejts cb

eopat`nj fevekcpoebt tàt reoanb saknebt cver tnoe"

Nb a researj` fesnmb nbjkufnbm tè oefnatnbm rcke cg scjnak crnebtatncb+ tè expernoebtak

oabnpukatncb jcukf he akteref tc ajtnvate eopat`nj respcbfnbm nb respcbse tc scjnak stnoukn abf

tè jcopabncb/abnoak hcbf e"m" questncbs ahcut pnjtures cg pecpke nbterajtnbm wnt` cr wnt`cut a

fcm.+ ratèr tàb nb respcbse tc a meberak wrntnbm tasd tc retrcspejtnveky t`nbd abf wrnte ahcut a

snbmke jcopabncb/abnoak hcbf wnt` cbe pet" Hy jàbmnbm tè tasd tc cbe tàt ns gaonknar tc bcb/

pet/cwbnbm abf pet/cwbnbm pcpukatncbs+ abf varynbm tè presebje cr ahsebje cg a pet nb tè

scjnak stnoukn+ eggejts cg ùoab/abnoak nbterajtncbs jab he expkcref gcr karmer pcpukatncbs" Vè

resukts gcubf wcukf jcbtnbue tc noprcve jcopreèbsncb cg tè jàrajternstnjs cg pcpukatncbs tàt

hebegnt ocst grco jcopabncb/abnoak hcbfnbm sc tàt we jab hemnb tc gnmure cut w`y tèse

hebegnjnak eggejts cjjur" Nb affntncb+ t`ns oabnpukatncb appears tc s`cw superncr ejckcmnjak

vaknfnty jcoparef tc tè jurrebt stufys oabnpukatncb+ as nt taps nbtc `cw cbe nbterprets abf

reajts tc scjnak stnoukn" Abctèr afiustoebt tc tè expernoebtak oabnpukatncb wcukf he tc requnre

a regkejtncb cb cbes respcbses tc tè mnveb scjnak stnoukn+ as tè rcke cg sekg/jcbjept abf oeta/

jcmbntncb cb perscbak abf scjnak gajtcrs are repcrtef tc he partnjukarky nopcrtabt nb tè

eggejtnvebess cg eopat`y ebàbjnbm nbtervebtncb prcmraos Maranmcrfchnk+ 8


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KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ =>8." Ebàbjnbm j`nkfreb-s attntufes ahcut tè ùoabe treatoebt cg abnoaks9

Meberaknzatncb tc ùoab/fnrejtef eopat`y" Abt`rczccs+ 5+ 1=7/1>1"

Akkeb+ D"O"+ Hkasjcvnj`+ I"+ ' Oebfes+ ]"H" 8"

Akkeb+ D"O"+ Hkasjcvnj`+ I"+ Vcoada+ I"+ ' Deksey+ X"O" 1>>1." \resebje cg ùoab grnebfs abf

pet fcms as ocferatcrs cg autcbconj respcbses tc stress nb wcoeb"Icurbak cg

\erscbaknty abf Zcjnak \syj`ckcmy+ 71+ 508/50>"

Aoernjab Abnoak @cspntak Asscjnatncb AA@A." 8>0." Vè eggejts cg abnoak/assnstef tèrapy cb abxnety ratnbm cg

`cspntaknzef psyj`natrnj patnebts"\syj`natrnj Zervnjes+ 6>+ =>=/0


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KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ =1

Harcb/Jc`eb" 8+ >0/118"

Faky+ H"+ ' Ocrtcb+ K"K" 80/:16"

Faky+ H"+ ' Ocrtcb+ K"K" 8


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Ensebherm+ B"+ 1>>5" Eopat`y" Nb Vè Hkajdwekk Ebjyjkcpaefna cg Zcjnak \syj`ckcmy" 8>7." Vè

rekatncbs cg j`nkfreb-s fnspcsntncbak eopat`y/rekatef respcbfnbm tc tènr eoctncbaknty+

remukatncb+ abf scjnak gubjtncbnbm"Fevekcpoebtak \syj`ckcmy+ :8+ 1>5/8" fcn9

15

Ensebherm+ B"+ Mut`rne+ N"D"+ Juoherkabf+ A"+ ' Ourp`y+ H"J" 8>:/1>>."

Jcbsnstebjy abf fevekcpoebt cg prcscjnak fnspcsntncbs9 a kcbmntufnbak stufy" J`nkf

Fevekcpoebt+ =


73/99

KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ =:

Mebfker+ @"F" 1>>=." Vè rcke cg j`nkf`ccf pets nb tè fevekcpoebt cg eopat`y Ubpuhknsèf

oaster-s cg sjnebje tèsns." Ubnversnty cg Oarykabf9 Oarykabf"

@cggoab+ O"K" 8>1." J`nkfreb-s attajòebt tc tènr pets9 Knbds tc scjnc/

eoctncbak fevekcpoebt" J`nkfreb-s Ebvnrcboebts Quarterky+ 0+ 55/75"

Bezked+ I" H" 8


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ouktnpke eopat`y oeasures"Icurbak cg \erscbaknty Assessoebt+ >1+ 78/=1" fcn9

1>5." Vè rcke cg pets nb preafckesjebt psyj`cscjnak

fevekcpoebt"Icurbak cg Appknef Fevekcpoebt \syj`ckcmy+ 17+ 67:/6=>"

Wnfcvnj+ W"W"+ Araohasnj+ K"+ Derestes+ M"+ Dutercvaj/Iamcfnj+ M"+ ' Ztetnj+ W"W" 8>>." \et cwbers`np+ type cg pet+ abf scjnc

eoctncbak fevekcpoebt cg sj`cck j`nkfreb"Abt`rczccs+ 18+ 811/81="

]nkscb+ J"J"+ ' Vurber+ F"J" Efs"." 1>>0." Jcopabncb/abnoaks nb ùoab èakt`" V`cusabf

Cads9 Zame \uhknjatncbs" Jèjd t`ns regerebje+ Mc hajd abf kccd at A\A rukes gcr

jàpter nb ab efntef hccd

Ya`b/]axker+ J"+ Xchnbscb+ I"K"+ ' Eofe+ X"B" 1>>8." Vè fevekcpoebt cg eopat`y nb twnbs"

Fevekcpoebtak \syj`ckcmy+ 80+ 1


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Appebfnx A9Nbgcroef Jcbsebt Gcro

^cu are nbvntef tc tade part nb tè stufy+ \erscbaknty abf \erjeptncbs cg \ets"

Vè purpcse cg t`ns stufy ns tc feteronbe `cw perscbaknty aggejts perjeptncbs cg pastrekatncbs`nps wnt` pets" ^cu wnkk jcopkete severak sjakes cbknbe" Upcb reaj`nbm a stcp snmbnoame+ ycu wnkk pause+ abf akk partnjnpabts wnkk àve gnve onbutes tc type cb tènr jcoputers cbtè prcopt prcvnfef nbsnfe cg ycur expernoebtak pajdets" ]nt`nb ycur pajdet+ ycu wnkk aksc gnbfa mkcssary cg oebtak state teros wnt` exaopkes" ^cu wnkk use tèse tc jatemcrnze tè oebtak staterepresebtef nb a sernes cg pnjtures cg eyes as qunjdky abf ajjurateky as pcssnhke" Agter ycu àvegnbnsèf+ ycu wnkk ranse ycur àbf tc àve ycur expernoebtak pajdet jckkejtef+ turb ycurjcoputer ocbntcr hajd cb+ abf jcopkete tè gnbak sjake"

Akk resukts ycu prcvnfe wnkk reoanb jcbgnfebtnak abf wnkk bct he asscjnatef wnt` ycur baoe" ]efc bct gcresee aby rnsds+ akt`cum` nt ns pcssnhke tàt ycu oay geek psyj`ckcmnjak fnstress grco

reoeohernbm past pets" ^cu wnkk rejenve 1"5 researj` ubnts cg jrefnt nb tè psyj`ckcmy jcurse cgycur j`ccsnbm gcr ycur partnjnpatncb nb t`ns researj`" Ng ycu are a bcb/psyj`ckcmy stufebt+ ycuwnkk rejenve 15 ebtrnes nbtc tè \syj`ckcmy Fepartoebts raggke gcr tè jàbje tc wnb cbe cg teb

&5< prnzes"

^cur partnjnpatncb ns jcopketeky vckubtary abf ycu oay j`ccse tc wnt`fraw grco tè stufy ataby tnoe wnt`cut jcbsequebje" Ng ycu j`ccse tc fc sc ycur fata wnkk he fnsjarfef" ^curpartnjnpatncb nb t`ns stufy wnkk requnre apprcxnoateky 65 onbutes nb tè jkassrcco" ]èb t`nsstufy ns jcopkete ycu oay he prcvnfef wnt` tè resukts cg tè expernoebt ng ycu request tèo"

Ng ycu àve aby gurtèr questncbs remarfnbm ycur rnm`ts as a partnjnpabt nb t`ns stufy+ pkeasejcbtajt tè jànr cg tè nbstntutncbak revnew hcarf at Zt" Oarys Jckkeme cg Oarykabf+ XcmerZtabtcb+ at 865/6687 cr nrhLsojo"efu+ cr nb 1:1 Mccfpaster @akk+ Fepartoebt cg\syj`ckcmy+ 10>58 E" Gnsèr Xf"+ Zt" Oarys Jnty+ OF 8


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KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ ==

Appebfnx H9Feocmrap`nj Questncbbanre

Mebfer Geoake Oake

^cur ame nb years e"m" 1>.

Jkass Gnrst year Zcp`cocre Iubncr Zebncr Ct`er

^cur Oaicrs.

^cur Onbcrs.

NF Buoher Ebter t`e exajtsaoe buoher as ycu wrcte cbycur expernoebtak pajdet.


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Appebfnx J9\et Cwbers`np Questncbbanre

Nbstrujtncbs9 \kease jaregukky jcbsnfer abf respcbf tc tè gckkcwnbm twebty nteos parts At`rcum` F. ahcut tè fetanks cg ycur pet cwbers`np `nstcry"

Ng ycu are ubsure cg `cw tc respcbf+ hut àve scoe nfea+ pkease estnoate as ajjurateky aspcssnhke" Ng ycu àve bc nfea+ pkease FC BCV gahrnjate fata+ nbsteaf keave tè nteo hkabd"

Cbky nbjkufe pets tàt ycur gaonky ajqunref wèb ycu knvef gukk/tnoe nb tè gaonky

`cuse`ckf"

\art A Nbstrujtncbs9 \kease respcbf tc tè 6 nteos hekcw ahcut tè GNXZV pet ycu hcbfef wntàbf jcbsnfer nopcrtabt nb ycur knge"

1. Baoe cg tè pet9 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS8. Vype cg pet9

a. Jat

h. Fcmj. Equnbef. Zoakk Oaooak e"m" @aoster.e. Xeptnke#Aop`nhnab

g. Hnrf

m. Gns``. Ctèr9

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

:. ^cur apprcxnoate ame rabme ycu cwbef tè pet9a. Ztartnbm Ame cg Cwbers`npSSSSSSh. Ebfnbm Ame cg Cwber`snp SSSSSS

6. ^cur apprcxnoate ame wèb ycu geek ycu gnrst hcbfef wnt` tè pet9a. SSSSSS

\art H Nbstrujtncbs9 CgAKKcg tè pets ycuve àf nb ycur kngetnoe+ pkease respcbf tc tè 6

nteos hekcw ahcut tè cbe pet fc ycu jcbsnfer tè OCZV nopcrtabt tc ycu"V`ns oay he tè saoe pet as ycu respcbfef ahcut nb \art A+ t`ns ns cday+ snopky use tè saoe

respcbses"1. Baoe cg pet9 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS8. Vype cg pet9

a. Jath. Fcmj. Equnbef. Zoakk Oaooak e"m" @aoster.e. Xeptnke#Aop`nhnab

g. Hnrfm. Gns``. Ctèr9


:. ^cur apprcxnoate ame rabme ycu cwbef tè pet9

a. Ztartnbm Ame cg Cwbers`npSSSSSSh. Ebfnbm Ame cg Cwber`snp SSSSSS6. ^cur apprcxnoate ame wèb ycu geek ycu gnrst hcbfef wnt` tè pet9

a. SSSSSS

\art J Nbstrujtncbs9 CgAKK cg tè fcms ycuve àf nb ycur kngetnoe+ pkease respcbf tc tè 5 nteoshekcw ahcut tè CBE FCM fc ycu jcbsnfer tè OCZV nopcrtabt tc ycu"


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KAZVNBM EGGEJVZ CG HCBFNBM ]NV@ FCMZ CB EO\AV@^ =>

Xeoeoher t`ns j`cnje" ^cu s`cukf abswer ahcut t`ns FCM wèbever ycu see FCM wrntteb nbakk japntak ketters grco bcw cb"V`ns oay he tè saoe pet as ycu respcbfef ahcut nb \art H+ t`ns ns cday+ snopky use tè saoe

respcbses"

1. Baoe cg FCM9 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

8. Hreef cg FCM e"m" Meroab Zèpèrf+ Oaktese+ Ubdbcwb cr Ubsure.9SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS:. ^cur apprcxnoate ame rabme ycu cwbef tè FCM9

a. Ztartnbm Ame cg Cwbers`npSSSSSSh. Ebfnbm Ame cg Cwber`snp SSSSSS

6. ^cur apprcxnoate ame wèb ycu geek ycu gnrst hcbfef wnt` tè FCM9a. SSSSSS

5. \kease sekejt eaj` type abf quabtnty cg pets. presebt nb tè cuse`ckf at tè saoe tnoe astè FCM"

Fc bct nbjkufe nbgcroatncb ahcut tè FCM nb ycur respcbse"

n"e" ng a tctak cg 6 fcms wère presebt nb tè `cuse`ckf at tè saoe tnoe+ cbe henbm FCM+ ycuwcukf respcbf tàt : fcms were presebt at tè saoe tnoe.

a. Jath. Fcmj. Equnbef. Zoakk Oaooak e"m" @aoster.e. Xeptnke#Aop`nhnab

g. Hnrfm. Gns``. Ctèr9


\art F Nbstrujtncbs9 \kease prcvnfe respcbses tc tè = nteos hekcw tàt hest regkejt tèjnrjuostabjes true cg ycur `cuse`ckf furnbm tè OAICXNV^ cg tè tnoe tàt ycu cwbef tè

FCM tàt ycu sekejtef nb \art J91. Buoher cg ctèr pecpke remukarky presebt nb tè `cuse`ckf SSSSSS8. Apprcxnoate `curs octèr gnmure fefnjatef exjkusnveky tc èr jareer cb ab averame weed9

Jcbtext9 Ab 0 `curs a fay+ 5 fays a weed+ wcrd weed ns 6< `curs cg wcrd per weed".

a. Ztay at `coe parebth. 1/= `cursj. 0/15 `cursf. 17/8: `curse. 86/:1 `curs

g. :8/:0 `cursm. :>/67 `curs`. 6=$ `cursn. Bct appknjahke

:. Apprcxnoate `curs gatèr gnmure fefnjatef exjkusnveky tc `ns jareer cb ab averame weed9

a. Ztay at `coe parebth. 1/= `cursj. 0/15 `cursf. 17/8: `curse. 86/:1 `cursg. :8/:0 `cursm. :>/67 `curs`. 6=$ `curs

n. Bct appknjahke


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Companion Animal Bonding and Empathy ~ Research by Jackie Fullerton

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