Index Note: Figures are indicated by bold page numbers, tables by [numbers enclosed in square brackets], and footnotes by suffix n Abrasion resistance renderings 520 Absolute volume 30n Absorption capacity see Water absorption Accelerated ageing tests 556,562 Accelerated corrosion tests aerated-concrete reinforcement 139 gypsum-plaster reinforcement 18!&90 Accelerometers 412,421 Acceptance loading tests concrete bridges 386 Adhesion AAC mortars/coatings 160 AAC reinforcement 140-1 see also Bond tests Adhesive plaster 185 Adhesive tape test surface strength of renderings assessed using 532 Aerated concrete 114 see also Autoclaved aerated concrete Ageing of concrete hardness affected by 89 Ageing tests 556,561-2 gypsum plaster in contact with metals 18%90 synergism possible 562n Agglomeration 114 Aggregate types hardness affected by 88 Aggregates bulk density 47-8 compacted bulk density 48 uncompacted bulk density 48 particle density 45-6 water absorption 45-6 see also Coarse aggregates Air bags out-of-plane flexural test of full-scale masonry panels using 494,495 Air entrainment freeze-thaw resistance of concrete affected by 539, 541 Alignment concrete structures routine checking of 378 testing equipment 576 nationavinternationsl standards listed [577] Alkali oxides total alkali content fly ash 63 Alkalinization plaster steel passivation affected by 191 Alloy steels corrosion by plasters 191 Aluminium corrosion by plasters 191 Aluminium oxide content fly ash 61-2 Alum-soaked gypsum 184 Ammonium content fly ash 63 Anchorages routine observation of 377 Angular-displacement measurement load testing of concrete structures [383] prestressing test of prefabricated bridge elements [416] Anhydrite binderlcement 184 Anticipated strains long-term changes in bridge structures 412,413 Apparent porosity fibre-reinforced cement 164-6 Apparent volume 30n Arched bridges long-term observation of 409 Artificial stone baked clay masonry test methods 200-6 see also Baked clay masonry Artificial unevenness (for dynamic testing of bridges) 388, 420 Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) compressive strength 115-16 in air dry condition 12&1 directly after autoclaving 119 in dry state 117-18 specificaion for testing machine 159 corrosion protection of reinforcement 136-7 accelerated test under load conditions 139 sodium chloride used 138 creep behaviour in compression 131 density 116,118,121,125,126,128,130 drying shrinkage 127-8 hygroscopical desorption characteristics 132-3 modulus of elasticity in compression 124-5 modulus of rupture 122-3 moisture content 116,118,121,125,128,130 simulated practical moisture content 134-5 reinforced AAC bond strength 140-1 corrosion protection tests 136-9 creep at interface 142 loadbearing capacity of wall elements 154-5 shear strength of welded joints of reinforcement 145
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Index
Note: Figures are indicated by bold page numbers, tables by [numbers enclosed in square brackets], and footnotes by suffix n
Abrasion resistance renderings 520
Absolute volume 30n Absorption capacity see Water absorption Accelerated ageing tests 556,562 Accelerated corrosion tests
bond strength 140-1 corrosion protection tests 136-9 creep at interface 142 loadbearing capacity of wall elements 154-5 shear strength of welded joints of reinforcement 145
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) (continued) tranverse load test 143-4
thermal conductivity dynamic method 152-3 guarded hot-plate used 149-51 Lang method 146-8 oven-dried AAC 146-8
water-movement-caused length change 129-30
Bainitic quench steel reinforcement 207
Baked clay masonry units bending test 204 bursting test (expansive inclusions) 202 compactness 201 compression test 203-4 gravimetric measurements 200-1 porosity 201 sampling procedure 200 suction test 202 test methods 200-6 water absorption/porosity 201-2,465 see also Bricks; Masonry units
Barges (hydrocarbon binders) sampling methods 282
Basic load tests concrete bridge structures 386
test loads used 388 Beam test
bond characteristics of reinforcement steel determined using 213-17
Beams load testing in situ 392,393
Bearing devices routine observation of 377
Bedplates (in testing systems) coordinate system 572 qualitative specification 570
Bell towers design methods for dynamic behaviour 428-9
Bending moment diagrams prefabricated bridge elements 417
Bending strain ratio 262 Bending tests
aerated concrete 122 baked clay masonry units 204 concrete 19-20 load-bearing wall mortar 442 nails (for timber joints) 337,338 natural stone
water-retention capacity 513 water-separation tendency 515 see also Mortars
Bricks bond strength of mortar with
crossed-brick couplet method used 528-9 direct pull test used 535
initial adhesion of mortar 514 test methods 200-6 see also Baked clay masonry; Baked clay masonry units;
Masonry units Bridges
acceptance loading tests 386 check load tests 3 8 6 7 design methods for dynamic behaviour 427-8 load testing in situ 386-91 long-term observation of 409-13 prestressing test of prefabricated elements 414-18 routine observation of 376 see also Concrete bridges
design methods for dynamic behaviour 428 dynamic movements 427
Buildings (continued) load testing in situ 392-4
communication of results 394 criteria for evaluation of test 393-4 loading conditions 392 observations to be made 392-3 organization/execution of test 393
precast concrete elements principal criteria for acceptance [430] surface appearance 432-5
Built masonry in-situ strength/elasticity tests 506-8 in-situ stress tests 503-5 removal and testing of specimens 501-2
Bulk density aggregates 47-8
compacted bulk density 48 uncompacted bulk density 48
baked clay masonry units 201 calculation of 48,165, 193 definitions 47, 164 fibre-reinforced cement 164 hydrostatic weighting method 193 lightweight aggregate 114n natural stone 193
shrinkagelswelling 28-9 slump test 4-5 surface cracks
depth estimation 80 tensile test
direct-tension test 23-4 splitting test 21-2
test specimens cappinglbedding of specimens 12-14 curing of specimens 9,52,57 geometry 8 hand compaction of specimens 9 moulds used 8,10-11 storage of specimens 9,14,17,52,57,99 vibratory compaction of specimens 8-9,52
ultrasonic testing 73-82 Vebe test 6-7 void defects 80 water absorption
by capillarity 34-5 by immersion 33
under vacuum 36-7 see also Reinforced concrete
Concrete bridges factors affecting safetylservice life 412 load testing in situ 386-91
categories of load tests 386 criteria for evaluation of load test 390-1 duration of load application 389 evaluation of load step 389-90 loads applied 388-9 preparation for test 387 procedure for test 387-8 report 391
long-term observation of 409-13 distribution of measurements 409 evaluation/interpretation of results 412-13 methods of measurement 409-10 observations to be made 410-12 periodicity of measurements 409 purpose of long-term observation 409
prestressing test of prefabricated elements 414-18 criteria for evaluation of test 417 definitions 414 equipment recommended [416] evaluation of load step 415-16 loading test conditions 414-15 measuring requirements 415 practical test procedure 415 report 417-18
routine observation of 376 Concrete durability
changes during long-term observation of bridges 412 Concrete masonry units
moisture states recommended for bond test 481 see also Masonry units
Concrete quality changesduring long-term observation of bridges
equipment recommended [383] evaluation of test results 384-5 known load-bearing capacity 384-5 loading test conditions 380-1 practical details for test 381-3 report of loading tests 383 requirements for measuring 383-4 symbols used on drawings 405-8 terminology used 403-4 test to failure 384 unknown load-bearing capacity 385
modulus of elasticity in compression 25 routine observation of 377-8 ultrasonic pulse method used to follow changes 80 water absorption determination 33,34,36
Concretes and cements experimental and theoretical studies 71-110 materials and technology 1-69 special concretes 11 1-79
Conditioning of test specimens aerated concrete 116,117,119,120,122,124,127,129,
Crossed-bricks couplets tensile bond strength 528-9
Cross-sectional area metallic specimens 228
coefficient of reduction 229,265 Curing (of concrete)
hardness affected by 89 test specimens 9,52,57 see also Conditioning of test specimens
Cut-back bitumen 273 Cyclic shear test
masonry panels 497-500
Damping of vibrations bridges 419,427 concrete 85 concrete structures 427 meaning of term 420 see also Resonant-frequency method
Dams design methods for dynamic behaviour 428 routine observation of 375
DB test see Dropping-ball method
Index
Defectoscopy concrete 80-1
Deflection/displacement measurement load testing of buildings 393 load testing of concrete structures [383] long-term observation of bridges 410 prestressing test of prefabricated bridge elements [416] vibration testing of bridges 421
ambient load test 420 criteria for evaluation of test results 39&1,421-3 evaluation of data 389 excitation load test 388,421 impact load test 388,420 instruments used 421 pedestrian walkingljumping test 388,421 preparation for tests 387,420 test loads applied 388,42&1 vehicle running test 388,42&1
Hardness (continued) rebound testers 87,91 scope of tests 87 Shore method 186,187,188 strength estimation using 88 testing concrete in structure 89-90 uniformity of concrete quality assessed in terms of 88 see also Indentation.. . ; Rebound testers
bedding of concrete specimens with 14 capping of concrete specimens with 13
Highway bridges damping values 427 see also Bridges; Concrete. . .; Road bridges
Hinges concrete structures
routine observation of 377 Hooke's Law 397 Hoop reinforcement
prestressed concrete using 245 Horizontal testing machines
coordinate systems for 572 Hot galvanizing
metals in contact with gypsum plaster 191
Hubbard pyknometer 286 see also Pycnometer . . .
Human tolerances vibration 426
Hydraulic permittivity geotextiles 312-14
Hydraulic rams out-of-plane flexural test of full-scale masonry panels
using 494,495 Hydraulic sensors 411 Hydraulic transmittivity
geotextiles 315-16 Hydraulically setting mortar
compressive strength 469-71 sitetest 516-17
Hydrocarbon binders composite binders 273 density determination 285-9 filled binders 273 modified binders 273 .needle penetration test 290-4 recovery from bituminous mixes 2954 sampling methods 275-84
containers for samples 277 definitions 276-7 deviceslequipment used 278-81 form for report 284 fundamentals of sampling 277 further teatment of samples 283-4 number of samples 277 procedures 281-3 protection and preservation of samples
278 safety precautions 275-6 size of samples 277
terminology 273-4 Hydrocarbons and synthetics 271-321 Hygroscopical desorption capacity
calculation of 133 Hygroscopical desorption characteristics
aerated concrete 132-3
Immersion in water concrete 33
natural stone 194-5 under vacuum
concrete 36-7 natural stone 195,196
Impact load test bridge structures 388,420
Impact resistance fibre-reinforced cement
direct assessment 175-6 indirect assessment 174
Impact strength renderings 533
In situ observation quick routine observation of structures 375-8
In situ sampling fresh concrete 3 hydrocarbon binders 283 see also Sampling methods
In situ testing aerated concrete
adhesion of mortardcoatings 160 buildingddwellings
load test 392-4 combined NDT methods used 92-8 concrete
concrete bridges 409-13 distribution of measurements 409 evaluationlinterpretation of results 412-13 methods of measurement 409-10 observations to be made 410-12 periodicity of measurements 409 purpose of long-term observation 409,419 vibration test used 419-24
vibrating-wire method used 395-7,410 water levelling method used 398402,410
Loss on ignition (LOI) fly ash 60
Low-workability concrete slump test not recommended 4 Vebe test 6
flexural bond strength 481-3,518-19 in-situ strengthlelasticity tests 506-8
Index
Masonry (continued) in-situ stress tests 503-5 removal and testing of specimens from built
structures 501-2 equipment/tools required 502
suitability of tests [Sol] Masonry mortar
bond strength 481-3,518-19 see also Mortars
Masonry panels compressive strength 4434,490-2 creep behaviour 4445,484-5 cyclic shear test 497-500 out-of-plane flexural test (full-scale wall) 493-6 shear strength of horizontal joints 486-7 see also Wall specimens
Masonry units compression test 456-8 flexural test 459-61 initial adhesion of mortar 514 suction test 467-8 water absorption/porosity 4654 see also Baked clay masonry
Measurement errors 576 in testing equipment 576,587
Measuring magnifiers use in long-term observation of bridges 410
Measuring tapes use in long-term observation of bridges 410
Menegotto-Pinto model 266-7 Metallic structural materials
tensile testing 259-70 Metallization
metals in contact with gypsum plaster 191 Microcellular concrete 114 Microwave transmission towers 427 Modulus of elasticity
aerated concrete in compression 124-5
calculation of 26,27,125,231,264 concrete
in compression 25-7 dynamic modulus of elasticity 75,78,83,84,85
metallic structural materials 264 plywood
in bending 345 in compression 346 in tension 347
prestressing steel bars/wires/strands 231,257-8 relations to other elastic constants 83 timber
apparent modulus of elasticity (in shear) 355, 356
in bending 354-5 in compression 358 edgewise modulus of elasticity 353-4 flatwise modulus of elasticity 354 in tension 357
wood-based board materials in bending 365-6 in compression 366 in tension 367
Predictive service life tests 557,562 Premixed plasters 185 Prestress losses
long-term measurement on bridges 411 Prestressed concrete
crack width limits [390], 412 terminology for barlwire 207-9 see also Reinforced concrete
Prestressing steel barslwires bend test 236-7 fatigue test 250-5 geometrical characteristics 234-5 isothermal relaxation test 248-9 modulus of elasticity 231,257-8 surface condition 235 tensile test 228-33,257-8 torsion test 23940 wire-winding test 238
Prestressing test bridge prefabricated elements 414-18
Projection plaster 185 Proof strength
determination half elastic slope method used 264 offset method used 264
containers for samples 277 definitions 276-7 deviceslequipment used 278-81 form for report 284 fundamentals of sampling 277 further teatment of samples 283-4 number of samples 277 procedures 281-3 protection and preservation of samples 278 safety precautions 275-6 size of samples 277
Stress factors meaning of term 557 service life affected by 559, [560]
Stress intensity factor see Critical stress intensity factor Stress measurement
long-term observation of bridges 410-11 Stress-strain curves
metallic structural materials 265 Menegotto-Pinto model applied 266-7 Ramberg-Osgood model applied 267-8
prestressing steel bardwires 232 Strongfloors (in testing rooms)
coordinate system 572 qualitative specification 570 verification of stiffness 580
Structures 37S540 aerated concrete structures
loadbearing capacity of reinforced AAC wall elements 154-5
specific fracture energy determination 156-8 concrete structures
carbonation depth measurement 56 ,58 dynamic behaviour 425-9 hardness testing 89-90 modulus of elasticity in compression 25 routine observation of 377-8 static load test in situ 379-85 ultrasonic pulse method used to follow changes 80 water absorption determination 33 ,34 ,36
observation of quick routine observation in situ 375-8 water levelling method used 3 9 W 0 2
steel structures routine observation of 378
testing in situ static load test of concrete structures 379-85 vibrating-wire method used 395-7
see also Bridges; Buildings; Concrete structures Stucco 185 Submersible equipment
sampling of hydrocarbon binders using 278-80 Suction test
baked clay masonry units 202 masonry units 467-8 see also Initial rate of suction (IRS)
Sulphate content fly ash 62
Sulphur mortar bedding of concrete specimens with 14 capping of concrete specimens with 14,15-16 determination of compressive strength 16 mix proportions 13,15
Surface appearance concrete after freeze-thaw test 541,542 precast concrete elements for buildings 432-5
geotextiles 297-300 basic constituents 297 characteristicdproperties 299-300 polymeric raw materials 297-8 types of products 298-9
gypsum plasters 183-5 binders 184-5 classification of calcium sulphates 183-4
hydrocarbon binders 273-4 lightweight concrete 113-14 loading tests in situ of concrete structures 403-4
examples of use of notation -5 metallic structural materials 260.270
prestressing steel bardwires [229] prestressing test for prefabricated bridge elements 414 reinforcement for reinforcedlprestressed concrete 207-9 service life prediction 556-7 surface appearance of precast concrete elements 432 synthetic membranes 297-300 testing equipment 589-96 vibration test for concrete bridge structures 419-20
Test sample meaning of term 277
Test specimens aerated concrete
compressive tests 115, 117,119,120 corrosion protection of reinforcement 136,138,139 creep in compression 131 density 126 drying shrinkage 127 hygroscopical desorption 132 modulus of elasticity in compression 124 modulus of rupture 122 moisture-caused length change 129 reinforced AAC specimens
bond strength 140-1 corrosion protection 136,138,139 creep at interface 142 shear strength of welded joints in reinforcement 145
storage of specimens 116,122,124,131,132,139,140, 142
thermal conductivity 146,149,152 baked clay masonry units
mechanical tests 203,204 water absorption tests 202
brick-mortar bond strength crossed-brick couplet 528-9 direct pull test 535
concrete cappinglbedding of specimens 12-14 carbonation depth 57 compression tests 17,38,52,69 creep in compression 38 curing of specimens 9,52,57 flexure test 19 fly ash pozzolanic activity 68 fracture energy 99,102-3 fracture-parameters determination 107, [108], 108 geometry 8 hand compaction of specimens 9 hardness tests 89 modulus of elasticity in compression 25 moulds used 8,10-11 shrinkagelswelling 28 storage of specimens 9,14,17,52,57,99 tension tests 21,23 vibratory compaction of specimens 8-9,52 water absorption 33,34,36 water penetration under pressure 41,43
fibre-reinforced cement bulk density 164 flexural energy absorption 171 impact resistance 175 modulus of rupture 161 moisture-caused strains 177-8 water absorption 164 water permeancelpermeability 167
geotextiles thickness measurement 307 weight per unit area 306
gypsum plaster accelerated-corrosion test 189-90 hardness 186
horizontal joints between walls and floors 448-9 ire-situ masonry tests 503,506
Index
Test specimens (continued) masonry-mortar bond strength 481-2,518-19 masonry panels
compressive strength 442-3,4745,490 creep deformation 444,484,485 cyclic shear test 497,498 out-of-plane flexural test 493 shear strength of horizontal joints 486,487
masonry units compressive strength 456 flexural test 459,460 suction test 467 tensilelsplitting test 462, 463
metallic structural materials tension test 260-1
mortar bendingmexural tests 442,472 bond strength with bricks 528-9 bond strength with masonry units 481-2,51%19 compressive strength 442,469 initial-adhesion properties 514 length change during moisture movement
Ultrasonic pulse method 73-82 basic principles of method 7 M compressive strength determined using 79 concrete tested using
during long-term observation of bridges 411 coupling of pulse
couplants used 7 4 direct transmission 74 ,93 propagation along surface 7 4
dynamic Poisson's ratio determined using 7 5 , 7 8 dynamic Young's modulus determined using 7 5 , 7 8 electronic apparatus used 81 hardening of concrete studied using 80 limitations for freeze-thaw test of concrete 539 main objectives of method 7 3 pulse velocity
calculation of 74 ,94 combination with rebound index 92-3 inhomogeneities in concrete affecting 79 measurement of path length 7 4 measurement of transit time 74-5 path length affecting measurement 76 reinforcing bars affecting measurement 76-8 specimen shape affecting measurement 76 surface conditions affecting measurement 75 temperature affecting measurement 75-6 transducer natural frequency affecting measurement 76
in SONREB method 93,96 transducers used 81-2
ferro-electric materials 81-2 inherent time delay 82 magneto-strictive materials 82 natural frequency of transducers [76], 81,
93 Undercoat plaster 185 Uniform strain
definition 265 Unit density see Bulk density Unit mass see Bulk density Unit weight see Bulk density Use factors
meaning of term 557 service life affected by 559, [S601
Vacuum absorption of water by immersion under vacuum
baked clay masonry units 202 concrete 3&7 masonry units 465-6 prior to freeze-thaw test on concrete 552
Vacuum distillation recovery of hydrocarbon binders using 295-6
VB consistometer 6 Vebe test (for concrete) 6-7 Vehicle running test
Vibrating table bleeding of concrete mix determined using 50 compaction of concrete specimens using 8-9 consistence of concrete mix measured using 6 , 7
Vibrating-wire method 395-7 advantages/disadvantages 396 basic principles 395 compensation factors 397 features of indicators 395-6 interpretation of measurements 397 manufacturers of equipment (listed) 397 reading devices 396 switching devices 397 types of indicators 396 use in long-term observation of bridges 410,411
Vibration test in long-term observation of bridges 419-24
criteria in dynamic analyses 423 criteria for evaluation of test results 421-3 criteria for frequency spectrum analyses 421-2 definitions used 419-20 excitation procedures 420-1 instruments used 421 limitations of test method 423 objective/purpose/scope of test 419 preparation for test 420 sensitivity of test method 423
Vibro-wire thermocouples 41 1 Vicat needle
mortar consistence/workability assessed using 511,512 Visual description (of surface)
concrete after freeze-thaw test 541,542 precast concrete elements for buildings 433,434-5
compressive strength 445-7,4747,490-2 creep deformation 484-5 cyclic shear test 497-500 flexural strength 478-80 out-of-plane flexural test (full-scale) 493-6 shrinkage 445,485
Walls joints with floors 44%52 load testing in situ 392 see also Load-bearing walls
Water density (quoted) at various temperatures [289], 401
Water absorption aggregates 45-6 baked clay masonry units
in boiling water 202,465 by immersion 201
under vacuum 202 calculation of 33 ,35 ,37 ,46 ,165 ,442 concrete 33-7
Water (continued) by capillarity 34-5 by immersion 33
under vacuum 36-7 definitions 33,34,36,45,164 fibre-reinforced cement 164-6 load-bearing wall blockdbricks 441-2 masonry units 465-6
in boiling water 465 by immersion 466
under vacuum 465-6 natural stone 194-5
by capillarity 196 by immersal 194-5
under vacuum 195 by immersal-ebullition 195
Water content natural stone 196
Water levelling method 398-402 basic principles 398 characteristics of method 401-2 constant-level container fitted 400 errors found 400-1
due to capillarity 401 due to friction of recorder 401 due to imperfect filling 401 due to pressure differences 400 due to temperature variation 40G1
manufacturers of equipment (listed) 402 methods of measuring water depth 398-400 technique for filling connecting tubes 400 use in long-term observation of bridges
410 Water penetration under pressure
baked clay masonry units 202 hardened concrete 41-2 natural stone 195-6 porous concrete 43-4
Water permeability calculation of coefficient 170,522 definition 167 fibre-reinforced cement 167-70 porous concrete 43-4 renderings 521-2
Water permeance calculation of 169-70 definition 167 fibre-reinforced cement 167-70
Water porosity masonry units 466 see also Water absorption
Water requirement fly ash in concrete/mortar/paste 68
Water saturation capillarity degree of saturation 543
measurement methods 549-51 critical degree of saturation 543
measurement methods 544-9 definition of degree of saturation 543
Zinc electrolytic deposition metals in contact with gypsum plaster 191
Zinc galvanizing metals in contact with gypsum plaster 191
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Most of this compilation has been produced from the original printed versions of the RILEMTechnical Recommendations initially published between 1972 and 1993. Introductory material in a uniform style has been added, and the layout has been rearranged so that each Recommendation starts on a new page, for ease of use. The body of each Recommendation remains as originally produced. References in the Recommendations to regulations, standards and other documents have not been revised at the time of publishing this compilation. Readers should therefore check that they are using the current edition of such documents.
Preface RILEM Technical Committees responsible for
preparing Technical Recommendations
xi
xii
PART ONE CONCRETES AND CEMENTS- MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
Sampling fresh concrete in the field, 1975 Slump test on concrete, 1975 Vebe test on concrete, 1975 Making and curing of concrete specimens, l975 Metallic moulds for making concrete test specimens, 1979 Capping concrete specimens, 1979 Sulphur mortar for capping concrete specimens, 1979 Compression test on concrete, 1975 Flexural test on concrete, 1975 Tension by splitting of concrete specimens, 1975 Direct tension of concrete specimens, l975 Modulus of elasticity of concrete in compression, 1975 Measurement of shrinkage and swelling of concrete, 1975 Density of compacted fresh concrete, 1975 Density of hardened concrete, 1975 Absorption of water by concrete by immersion, 1982 Absorption of water by concrete by capillarity, 1982 Absorption of water by concrete by immersion under vacuum, 1984 Measurement of deformation of concrete under compressive load, 1983 Test for the penetration of water under pressure on hardened concrete, 1979 Test for permeability of porous concrete, 1979 Particle density and water absorption of coarse aggregates for concrete, 1979 Bulk density of aggregates for concrete, 1979 Bleeding of concrete, l983 Procedure for the certification of a concrete cube compression testing machine by inter-comparison using cube testing on a reference machine at an approved laboratory, 1986 Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth, 1988 Test methods for determining the properties of fly ash, 1991 Test methods for determining the properties of fly ash in concrete, 1991
PARTTWO CONCRETES AND CEMENTS- EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES
NDT 1 Testing of concrete by the ultrasonic pulse method, 1972 NDT 2 Recommendations for the use of resonant-frequency method in testing
concrete specimens, l984 NDT 3 Recommendations for testing concrete by hardness methods, 1984
vi Contents
NDT 4 Recommendation for in situ concrete strength determination by combined non-destructive methods, 1993
FMC 1 Determination of the fracture energy of mortar and concrete by means of three-point bend tests on notched beams, 1985
FMC 2 Size-effect method for determining fracture energy and process zone size of concrete, l990
FMC 3 Determination of fracture parameters (K"c and CTOD,) of plain concrete using three-point bends tests, 1990
PART THREE SPECIAL CONCRETES
AAC1.l AAC 2.1 AAC 2.2
AAC 2.3
AAC 2.4
AAC 2.5 AAC3.1 AAC4.1 AAC 5.1 AAC 5.2
AAC 5.3 AAC6.1 AAC 6.2 AAC7.1 AAC 7.2
AAC 7.3
AAC 8.1 AAC 8.2 AAC 8.3 AAC9.1 AAC 10.1
AAC 12.1
AAC 13.1
AAC 14.1 AAC 15.1
TFR 1
TFR 2
TFR 3
TFR 4
Terminology and definitions of lightweight concrete, 1990 Determination of compressive strength of AAC from cubes, 1992 Determination of compressive strength of AAC from cubes in a dry state, 1992 Determination of the compressive strength of AAC for whole units directly after autoclaving (manufacturing control method), 1992 Determination of compressive strength for whole units of AAC in air dry condition, 1992 Determination of the modulus of rupture of AAC, 1992 Determination of the modulus of elasticity of AAC in compression, 1992 Determination of the density of AAC, 1992 Determination of drying shrinkage of AAC, 1992 Determination of length change during moisture movement in AAC, 1992 Determination of the creep behaviour of AAC in compression, 1990 Determination of hygroscopical desorption characteristics of AAC, 1992 Determination of the simulated practical moisture content of AAC, 1992 Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement in AAC, 1992 Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement in AAC. Use of sodium chloride, l992 Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement in AAC after loading (accelerated and long term), 1992 Pull-out test for reinforcement, 1992 Push-out test for reinforcement, 1992 Bond test of reinforcing steel in AAC-creep at the interface, 1992 Transverse load test on reinforced units of AAC, 1992 Determination of the shear strength of welded joints of reinforcement in AAC, 1992 Determination of thermal conductivity of oven dry AAC, 1992 Determination of the thermal conductivity of AAC using guarded hot- plate apparatus, l990 Determination of the thermal conductivity of oven dry AAC (dynamic method), 1992 Determination of loadbearing capacity of reinforced AAC wall elements, 1992 Determination of the specific fracture energy and strain softening of AAC, 1992 Specification for compressive strength testing machines, 1992 Determination of the adhesion of mortars and other surface coatings, 1983 Test for the determination of modulus of rupture and limit of proportionality of thin fibre reinforced cement sections, 1984 Measurement of the bulk density, apparent porosity and water absorption of thin fibre reinforced cement sections, 1984 Measurement of water permeance and coefficient of water permeability of thin fibre reinforced cement sections, 1984 The determination of energy absorption in flexure of thin fibre reinforced cement sections, 1984
Contents
TFR 5 Indirect assessment of the impact resistance of thin fibre reinforced cement sections, 1984
TFR 6 Direct assessment of the impact resistance of thin fibre reinforced cement sections, 1984
TFR 7 Determination of the moisture movement of cured fibre cement sheets, 1984
PART FOUR OTHER INORGANIC MATERIALS (GEOMATERIALS AND METALS)
GP 1 GP2 GP3 PAN l PAN 2
RC 8 RPC l RPC 2 RPC 3 RPC 4 RPC 5 RPC 6
RPC 7
RPC 8 RPC 9 TMS l
cus l
Calcium sulphates and derived materials. Nomenclature, 1982 Measurement of the hardness of gypsum plasters, 1982 Behaviour of metals in contact with gypsum plaster, 1982 Testing methods for natural stones, 1978 Natural and artificial stones, testing methods for baked clay masonry units, 1972 Terminology for reinforcement for reinforced and prestressed concrete, 1978 Tensile test on reinforcement bars for reinforced concrete, 1982 Tensile test on reinforcement bars after bending and straightening, 1978 Rebend test for reinforcement steel, 1982 Bond test for reinforcement steel. 1. Beam test, 1982 Bond test for reinforcement steel. 2. Pull-out test, 1983 Requirements for the control of weld joints in reinforcement for reinforced concrete, 1978 Fatigue test on concrete reinforcing steel, 1978 Tensile test on steels for prestressing, 1979 Geometrical characteristics of prestressing steels, 1979 Alternate bend test for prestressing steels, 1979 Wire-winding test for prestressing steels, 1979 Simple torsion testing of steel wires, 1979 Specification for the test to determine the bond properties of prestressing tendons, l979 Specification relating to the execution of the isothermal relaxation test on prestressing steel, 1979 Fatigue test on prestressing steels, 1979 Checking tolerances of reinforcement, 1979 Tension modulus of prestressing steel strands. Determination of the modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel strands, 1990 Fundamental mechanical properties of metals. Tension testing of metallic structural materials for determining stress-strain relations under monotonic and uniaxial tensile loading, 1990
PART FIVE HYDROCARBONS AND SYNTHETICS
Terminology of hydrocarbon binders, revised 1989 Methods of sampling hydrocarbon binders, 1984 Determination of density or relative density of hydrocarbon binders- capillary stoppered pyknometer method, 1984 Determination of needle penetration of hydrocarbon binders, 1984 Recovery of binder from bituminous mixes: procedure with rotary evaporator, l989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Terminology, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Identification, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Characteristics of geotextiles and constituent materials, 1989
~ viii Contents
Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Sampling, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Conditioning atmosphere, 1989 Synthetic membranes-geotextiles. Weight per unit area, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Nominal thickness, 1989 Synthetic membranes -geotextiles. Dry porometry of woven geotextiles, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Porometry by wet process of non- woven geotextiles, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Hydraulic permittivity, 1989 Synthetic membranes-geotextiles. Transmittivity, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Tensile strength and elongation under maximum stress, 1989 Synthetic membranes - geotextiles. Tearing strength, 1989 Synthetic membranes-geotextiles. Resistance to slip in the soil, 1989
PART SIX TIMBER
TT3 TSB l TSB 2
Testing methods for joints with mechanical fasteners in load-bearing timber structures, 1979 Testing methods for joints with mechanical fasteners in load-bearing timber structures. Appendix A: Punched metal plate fasteners, 1982 Testing methods for joints with mechanical fasteners in load-bearing timber structures. Appendix B: Nails, 1984 Testing methods for joints with mechanical fasteners in load-bearing timber structures. Appendix C: Staples, 1989 Testing methods for plywood in structural grades for use in load-bearing structures, l981 Testing methods for timber in structural sizes, 1978 Testing methods for timber structures, 1990 Testing methods for wood-based board materials other than plywood in structural grades for use in load-bearing structures, 1990
PARTSEVEN STRUCTURES AND MASONRY
TBS l TBS 2
TBS 3 TBS 4
TBS 5
TBS 6 TBS 7
LT0 3
MDB l
TPC l
TPC 2 TPC 3 TPC 4
Quick routine observation of structures in situ, 1981 General recommendation for statical loading test of load-bearing concrete structures in situ, 1984 Testing concrete bridges in situ, 1984 Load testing in situ of dwellings, public and industrial building structures, 1984 General recommendation for the vibrating-wire measuring method and its equipment, 1984 Water levelling method in observation of structures, 1981 Terminology, descriptions and symbols in loading tests in situ of concrete structures, l984 Recommendations for long-term observation of concrete bridges, 1986 General recommendation for prestressing test of prefabricated prestressed elements for concrete bridges, 1986 General recommendation for vibration test in long-term observation of concrete bridge structures, 1986 The dynamic behaviour of concrete structures - recommendations of good practice for methods of testing and design, 1986 Principal criteria for acceptance of precast concrete elements for buildings, 1986 Surface appearance of precast concrete elements for buildings, 1986 Flexural and shearing tests on prefabricated concrete elements, 1985 Compression tests of prefabricated concrete elements, 1985
General recommendations for methods of testing load-bearing walls, 1980 Recommendations for testing horizontal joints between load-bearing walls and floors (stresses caused by applying vertical loads), 1980 Recommendations for testing vertical joints between large reinforced concrete panels (stresses due to tangential forces), 1980 Compressive strength of masonry units, 1991 Flexural strength of masonry units, 1991 Indirect tensile strength of masonry units (splitting test), 1991 Water absorption and water porosity of masonry units, 1991 Initial rate of suction (IRS) of masonry units, 1991 Compressive strength of mortar, 1991 Flexural strength of mortar, 1991 Compressive strength of small walls and prisms, 1991 Flexural strength of small wall specimens, 1991 Bond strength of masonry using the bond wrench method, 1991 Creep and shrinkage of masonry assemblages, 1991 Short-term shear test for the interface between the masonry unit and mortar or moisture-insulating interlayer, 1991 Diagonal tensile strength tests of small wall specimens, 1991 Compressive strength of walls and other elements, 1991 Full-scale wall out-of-plane flexural test, 1991 Cyclic shear test for masonry panels designed to resist seismic forces, 1991 Removal and testing of specimens from existing masonry, 1991 In-situ stress tests on masonry based on the flat jack, 1991 In-situ strengthlelasticity tests on masonry based on the flat jack, 1991 Determination of mortar consistence, (based on Bindemedelsnormer (Sweden)), 1982 Determination of mortar consistence (based on BS4551: 1970), 1982 Workability, consistence, plasticity of mortars, 1982 Water-retention capacity of mortars, 1982 Initial adhesion of mortars, 1982 Tendency of water to separate from mortars (bleeding), 1982 Site test for the determination of the compressive strength of mortars which harden hydraulically, 1982 Determination of the flexural bond strength of masonry (based on ASTM E 518-74), 1982 Characterization of the abrasion resistance of renderings by means of a rotary brush, 1982 Measurement of water permeability of renderings, 1982 Determination of mortar consistence using the flow table (based on DIN 1060), 1982 Determination of changes in length of mortar specimens (based on BS187: 1977), 1982 Determination of resistance of mortar to deformation, 1982 Determination of the bond of renderings by shear tests, 1982 Determination of the bond strength between brick and mortar (based on ASTM E 149-66), 1982 Determination of planeness of rendered surfaces (based on SIS 81 20 05), 1982 Control of smoothness of internal rendered surfaces, 1982 Assessment of the surface strength of renderings by means of the adhesive tape test, l982 Characterization of the surface strength of renderings by the pendulum ball test, 1982 Determination of the bond strength of renderings by torsion tests, 1982 Determination of the bond strength between bricks or blocks and mortar (direct pull-test), 1982
X Contents
PART EIGHT DURABILITY AND SERVICE LIFE
CDC 1 Methods of carrying out and reporting freezelthaw tests on concrete without de-icing chemicals, 1977
CDC 2 Methods of carrying out and reporting freezelthaw tests on concrete with de-icing chemicals, 1977
CDC 3 The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freezelthaw resistance of concrete, 1977
PSL 1 Systematic methodology for service life prediction of building materials and components, 1989
PART NINE TESTING EQUIPMENT
TE 1 Testing equipment, 1987
Subject index RILEM publications
Preface
This compendium of RILEM Technical Recommendations is published for the first time, in the context of the growing importance of international exchanges. In the world economy, these activities stimulate the work of standardization, of which materials testing is an indispensable auxiliary.
In the future, the vocation of RILEM should be accomplished by continuing the task of setting out a common language of unified tests, resulting in better communication between experts from different countries all over the world. These experts, by their personal involvement in the work of RILEM Technical Committees during the last 30 years, are in fact the authors of this compendium.
Prior to publication of this compilation, all of the Recommendations, especially those which had been issued many years ago, were reviewed by specialists. Where endorsement has been given to the validity of a Recommendation, this is noted at the head of each one. Where a French language version is available, this is also noted at the top of the Recommendation.
Let us acknowledge the most valuable scientific contribution of our experts which has gone into the making of this reference guide for students, research scientists and civil engineers working in the field of building materials.
Michel Brusin RILEM Secretary General
Acknowledgement
Most of the Recommendations prior to 1987 were published in Materials and Structures, and are copyright Bordas-Dunod. RILEM is indebted to Bordas-Dunod for permission to reproduce them.
RILEM Technical Committees responsible for preparing Technical Recommendations
Testing methods for timber Durability of concrete Natural and artificial stones Non-destructive testing of concrete Tests and specifications for reinforced and prestressed concrete Performance of mortars and renderings Concrete permanent committee Bitumens and bituminous materials Testing building structures in situ Gypsum plasters Load bearing walls and masonry Preservation of natural stone monuments Testing equipment Testing of precast concrete elements Combined non-destructive testing of concrete Long-term observations of structures Synthetic membranes Testing methods for fibre reinforced cement-based composites Fracture mechanics of concrete Test methods for autoclaved lightweight concrete Hydrocarbon materials Testing of timber structures and building boards Measurement of the dynamic behaviour of concrete structures Use of fly-ash in building Prediction of service life of building materials and components Load bearing masonry units Model code for autoclaved aerated concrete Tension modulus of prestressing steel strands Fundamental mechanical properties of metals Fracture mechanics of concrete - test methods Bitumen and asphalt testing