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Community Vulnerability Community Vulnerability to Climate
Change in the to Climate Change in the
ArcticArcticJames Ford1
Mishak Allurut2, Frank Duerden3, Harry Ittusujurat4, Gita
Laidler5, Tristan Pearce1, Kevin Qrunnut4, Barry Smit1, Kik
Shappa2, Jen Turner1, Johann Wandel1
1Dept of Geography, University of Guelph, 2Hamlet of Arctic Bay,
Nunavut3Dept of Geography, Ryerson University, 4Hamlet of Igloolik,
Nunavut
5Dept of Geography, University of Toronto
4.2: Human Vulnerability
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Human vulnerability to environmental Human vulnerability to
environmental change in the Canadian Arcticchange in the Canadian
Arctic
Project 4.2Project 4.2
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•• Who is vulnerable?Who is vulnerable?•• In what way? In what
way? •• To what stresses?To what stresses?•• Why?Why?•• Coping
capacity?Coping capacity?
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The Vulnerability ApproachThe Vulnerability Approach
Ford and Smit (2004), Ford and Smit (2004), DuerdenDuerden
(2004), Ford (2005), Ford (In Press), Ford et al. (2006)(2004),
Ford (2005), Ford (In Press), Ford et al. (2006)
Vist = f (Eist , Aist)
Vist = Vulnerability of the community ito stimulus s in time
t
Eist = Exposure/Sensitivity of i to s in tAist = Adaptive
capacity of i to deal with
s in t
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• Significant conditions inc. climate• Community coping
mechanisms• Determinants of adaptive capacity
Current VulnerabilityCurrent Vulnerability
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Future VulnerabilityFuture Vulnerability
• Environmental change, other• Future adaptive capacity
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NunavutInuvialuit
U.S.A.
Kinngait
Igloolik
Arctic BayUlukhaktok
Tuktoyaktuk
Pangnirtung
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Arctic BayArctic BayActivity Exposure Adaptive Strategies
Summer boatingSummer boating Waves / StormyWaves /
Stormyweatherweather
•• Avoid traveling at certainAvoid traveling at
certaintimestimes
•• Take extra hunting suppliesTake extra hunting supplies
FloeFloe--edge narwhaledge narwhalhuntinghunting
South wind /South wind /sudden windsudden windchangeschanges
•• Avoid south windAvoid south wind•• Row boats on sledsRow
boats on sleds•• Vigilance while huntingVigilance while hunting
Summer caribouSummer caribouhuntinghunting
Muddy trailsMuddy trails •• Develop new routes / accessDevelop
new routes / access by boat by boat
Fall seaFall sea--ice travelice travel Thin ice / snowThin ice /
snowcovered thin icecovered thin ice
•• Avoid snow covered areasAvoid snow covered areas••
VigilanceVigilance –– use of harpoon use of harpoon
to test ice thicknessto test ice thickness
Spring huntingSpring hunting Rain followedRain followedby coldby
coldtemperaturestemperatures
•• Extra supplies and clothingExtra supplies and clothingcarried
on hunting tripscarried on hunting trips
Adapted from Ford et al. (2006)Adapted from Ford et al.
(2006)
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Arctic BayArctic BayActivity Exposure Adaptive Strategies
Summer boatingSummer boating Waves / StormyWaves /
Stormyweatherweather
•• Avoid traveling at certainAvoid traveling at
certaintimestimes
•• Take extra hunting suppliesTake extra hunting supplies
FloeFloe--edgeedgenarwhal hunting narwhal hunting
South wind South wind / sudden/ suddenwindwindchangeschanges
•• Avoid south wind Avoid south wind •• Row boats on sledsRow
boats on sleds•• Vigilance whileVigilance while
huntinghuntingSummer caribouSummer caribouhuntinghunting
Muddy trailsMuddy trails •• Develop new routes / accessDevelop
new routes / access by boat by boat
Fall seaFall sea--ice travelice travel Thin ice / snowThin ice /
snowcovered thin icecovered thin ice
•• Avoid snow covered areasAvoid snow covered areas••
VigilanceVigilance –– use of harpoon use of harpoon
to test ice thicknessto test ice thickness
Spring huntingSpring hunting Rain followedRain followedby coldby
coldtemperaturestemperatures
•• Extra supplies and clothingExtra supplies and clothingcarried
on hunting tripscarried on hunting trips
Adapted from Ford et al. (2006)Adapted from Ford et al.
(2006)
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Exposure and Adaptive Exposure and Adaptive CapacityCapacity
Harry Ittusujurat
Exposure and Adaptive Exposure and Adaptive CapacityCapacity
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• Environmental change–– WindWind–– IceIce
Changing ExposureChanging Exposure
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Changing ExposureChanging Exposure
• Environmental change– Wind– Ice
• Harvesting behavior– Southern market for tusk (economy)–
Quotas (policy)– Snowmobiles (technology, economy)
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Future ExposureFuture Exposure
• Wind• Narwhal migration
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Adaptive CapacityAdaptive Capacity
Theo Ikkumaq
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Insights From the Insights From the Vulnerability Approach
Vulnerability Approach
•• Conditions important to peopleConditions important to
people•• Multiple stressors Multiple stressors •• Adaptive
strategies Adaptive strategies •• Capacity and policy Capacity and
policy
•• CAVIARCAVIAR
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•• Community Feedback:Community Feedback: Arctic Bay, Igloolik,
Arctic Bay, Igloolik, KinngaitKinngait,,PangnirtungPangnirtung
•• Academic Publications:Academic Publications: Arctic, Global
Environmental Arctic, Global Environmental Change, Weathering
Change, WorldChange, Weathering Change, World--Watch, Polar Watch,
Polar Record*, Northern Review*Record*, Northern Review*
•• Presentations:Presentations: COPCOP--11, ICARP, CAFF,
ARCTICNET,11, ICARP, CAFF, ARCTICNET,NRF, SEARCH, ARCUS, OMRN,
AINA, NRI, Inuvialuit NRF, SEARCH, ARCUS, OMRN, AINA, NRI,
Inuvialuit Game Council, Inuvialuit Joint Secretariat Game Council,
Inuvialuit Joint Secretariat
•• Radio:Radio: CBC Radio 1, CBC North, Norwegian PressCBC Radio
1, CBC North, Norwegian Press•• TV:TV: CBC The National, The
Weather Network CBC The National, The Weather Network ••
Newspapers:Newspapers: The Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, The Globe
and Mail, Toronto Star,
Montreal Gazette, Guelph Mercury, London Free PressMontreal
Gazette, Guelph Mercury, London Free Press* In Review* In
Review
Research DisseminationResearch Dissemination
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Simon Qammaniq