Community Development: Principles and Practices Module 3
Community Development: Principles and Practices
Module 3
Community Development: Principles and Practices
to define regional economic development in the context of community development principles and practices
to analyze three models of organizational practice
Objectives:
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Objectives (contd)
to provide an historic overview of early community development efforts in the province
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Community Development: Principles and Practices
“Rural development is the participation of people in a mutual learning experience involving themselves, their local resources, external change agents, and outside resources. People cannot be developed. They can only develop themselves by participating in activities which affect their well-being. People are not being developed when they are herded like animals into new ventures.”
Julius Nyerere, 1968
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Historic Perspective
concentrated on jobs, resources, and infrastructure;
were in response to crises; showed a rejection of community “power
brokers”; and form the background of recent efforts of
the citizenry to control its own future.
Early efforts toward community development:
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Definitions
Community development: a process whereby the efforts of Government are united with those of the people to improve the social, cultural, and economic conditions in communities
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Definitions (contd)
Community: a “group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society” or a “body of persons or nations having a common history or common social, economic,
and political interests”
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Rural development: applications of community development principles outside of urban areas
Definitions (contd)
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Definitions (contd)
Regional development: applications of community development principles in geographical areas consistent with those specified for or in:
Regional Development Associations
Change and Challenge
Community Matters
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Principles
1. Community development is a holistic approach to addressing the community’s needs.
2. Community development is a process.
3. Empowerment results from influence, participation, and community
education.
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Principles (contd)
4. Development ensures environmental stewardship.
5. Development is tied to sustainability.
6. Partnerships provide access to resources.
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Social Development
means people are of primary importance; includes the “building of secure, just, free
and harmonious societies”; offers opportunities and humane
standards of living for all; and focuses on citizens’ rights to:
be nourishedbe housedbe securework.
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Cultural Development
proliferation of artists gaining international recognition and of poets, authors, and musicians
development of theater, festivals, and films
development of archaeological and historical sites
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Community Economic Development
is citizen-led; is dedicated to improving lifestyles
through: wealth distribution poverty reduction job creation; and
provides infrastructure in support of business development.
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Business Development
the practice of a commercial activity
associated with the production, supply,
or distribution of commodities for profit
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Participants’ Input 3.1
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Community Practice
(a) Social Action
(b) Social Planning
(c) Community Development
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Social ActionAgency Strategy Practitioner
1. Pressure 1. Crystallize 1. Organizer
group issues/options 2. Radical
2. Single issue 2. Confrontation 3. Charismatic
3. Political 3. Oppressed/ 4. Politician
4. Radical disadvantaged
4. “Saviour”
mentality Module 3
Social Planning
Agency Strategy Practitioner
1. Statistics- 1. Research 1. Social
oriented and analysis scientist
2. Specialist- 2. Data 2. Planner
oriented manipulation 3. Bureaucrat/
3. Institution/ 3. Professional academic
technical approach
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Community Development
Agency Strategy Practitioner
1. Citizen-led 1. Local 1. Local CD
2. Community- planning worker
owned 2. Public 2. Group process
3. Not-for- participation professional
profit 3. Consensus- 3. Adult
building educator
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Participants’ Input 3.2
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Regional Development Associations
the resettlement program; access to employment; out-migration and a lack of attention to
fishery development, creating community vulnerability; and
commitment to traditional lifestyles.
Early organizations were created as a result of:
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Early Impacts
“pressure tactics” formed original approach
alternatives to resettlement program government recognition MUN Extension Service assisted with
transition
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Government Response
establishment of Dept. of Rural Development in 1972 financial support for RDAs loans programs as a catalyst for
business development organizational and business support
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RDA Growth
Late 1960s 5 RDAs
1974 16 RDAs
1986 59 RDAs
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Influences
Planning lacked technical expertise/support.
“Make work” money became a distraction.
Programs addressed social rather than economic development.
Funds were targeted too specifically. Fishery development was emphasized.
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Sustainable Development
Development of Aquaculture IndustryUpper Trinity South Trout farmingBay d’Espoir Finfish breeding
and grow-outPort au Port Peninsula Scallop farmingNotre Dame Bay Mussel
farming
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Development (contd)
Fishery Development Support infrastructure Increased processing capabilities
Transportation Labrador winter trails
Tourism
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Development (contd)
Forestry Woods roads
Agriculture Growth in Credit Unions
Labrador coast Twillingate Carmenville Eastport St. Anthony
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The Dilemma
government funding VS locally-generated revenue
community development VS business development
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Community Futures (CF)
set up as a national program in 1986 Business Development Centres
(BDCs) as financial arm government appointed with no
community accountability
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Community Futures (contd)
seen as competition by RDAs developed strategic plans without
community ownership or buy-in no implementation capacity CFs and BDCs combined to form
CBDCs (Community Business Development Corporations) in 1995.
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The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning?
A collapse of the groundfishery created a community crisis.
There was a need to refocus regional development efforts.
Downsizing resulted in less money and greater accountability.
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Participants’ Input 3.3
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