COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS AND THE MANAGEMENT …

COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF FEEDER

ROAD DEVElOPMENT IN HARGEISA,

SOMAULAND-SOMAUA

BY

ZEINAB MOHAMED HUSSEIN

MPP/43334/143/DF

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COllEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES IN PARTIAl

FUlfillMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DEGREE OF MASTERS IN PROJECT PlANNING AND

MANAGEMENT OF KAMPAlA

INTERNATIONAl

UNIVERSITY

NOVEMBER, 2016

DECLARATION

This research report is my original work and has not been presented for a Degree or

any academic award in any University or Institution of Learning.

Z:::v:AMED HUSSEIN

Date: ~o .....'l£.t;~/ 1_1 _:_/_z_o_l_b __

Signature of Candidate

APPROVAL

"I confirm that work reported in this Research Report was carried cut by the candidate

under my supervision".

Supervisor's Name Date:

~'w~~~ ~~~~ -

ii

ACKNOWlEDGEMENTS

I appreciate God (Allah) so much above all things for his mighty hand that has been

with me throughout the entire period of my studies.

I feel indebted to my parents, to my mother Faadumo, my father Mohamed and my ant

Anisa for the financial support and adverse as far as my education is concerned, may

God provide you a long lasting life to you. I also wish to thank my supervisor for his

guidance, positive criticism and support in the production of this work. To my

supervisor, Dr Wandiba Augustine for your tireless guidance you provided to me for the

completion of this work.

Thanks for giving me your time in preparing me to become a useful person to the

community. Lastly to my family members for giving me assistance in order to make me

achieve my dreams. With your positive ideas, humble guidance to complete the course

successful. To my friends, especially Ramla Mohamed Abdurahman and Abbas Susan,

etc may Allah bless you all.

iii

DEDICATION

I dedicate this report work to my beloved parents who have worked tirelessly to see

that I finish my studies.

May God bless you all

iv

CBOS

DFRRI

CBPR

SOYDA

SONYO

CCBRS

CVI

SPSS

SRA

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Community Based Organizations

Roads and Rural infrastructure

Community-Based Participatory Research

Somaliland Youth Development Association

Somaliland National Youth Organization

Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in Somaliland.

Content Validity Index

Statistical Package for Social Sciences

Somalian Roads Authority

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Respondents of the Study ........................................................................... 26

Table 2:Reliability Statistics ...................................................................................... 29

Table 3: Profile of respondents ................................................................................ 32

Table 4. Role of CBOs .............................................................................................. 34

Table 5: Development and management of feeder roads ........................................... 39

Table 6: Relationship between role of CBOs and development & management of feeder

roads ...................................................................................................................... 42

Table 7: Regression Analysis between development & management of feeder roads

(DV) and role of CBOs (IV) ...................................................................................... 42

vi

liST Of fiGURES

Figure 1: The conceptual framework for study variables ............................................ 12

vii

TABLE Of CONTENTS

DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL .................................................................. · · .. · · ·. · · · · · · · · · ... · · ·. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. iii

DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the study ..................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Historical perspective ....................................................................................... 1

1.1. 2 Conceptual Perspective .................................................................................... 4

1.1.3 Theoretical perspective .................................................................................... 5

1.1. 4 Contextual Perspective ..................................................................................... 6

1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................. 7

1.3 Purpose of the Study .......................................................................................... 7

1.4 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................... 8

1.5 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 8

1.6 Hypothesis ......................................................................................................... 8

1. 7 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................. 8

1.7.1 Geographical Scope ......................................................................................... 8

1. 7. 2 Content Scope ................................................................................................. 9

l. 7.3 Time Scope ..................................................................................................... 9

l.8 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................... 9

viii

CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 10

liTERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 10

2.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Theoretical review ............................................................................................. 10

2.2 The conceptual framework for study variables ..................................................... 12

2.3 Related literature ............................................................................................... 13

2.3.1 Role played by CBOs on management of feeder roads development .................. 13

2.3.2 Mechanisms undertaken by the CBOs in the development and management of

feeder roads ........................................................................................................... 14

2.3 .3 The impact of CBOs on the development and management of feeder roads ....... 18

2.4 Related studies .................................................................................................. 19

2.5 Research gaps ................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................. 24

METHODOlOGY ................................................................................................... 24

3.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 24

3.1 Research Design ................................................................................................ 24

3.2 Study Population ............................................................................................... 25

3.3 Sample size ....................................................................................................... 25

3.4 Sampling Procedure ........................................................................................... 26

3.5 Data sources ..................................................................................................... 27

3.5.1 Primary data sources ...................................................................................... 27

3.5.2 Secondary sources .......................................................................................... 27

3.6 Data collection instruments ................................................................................ 27

3.6.1 Questionnaire ................................................................................................. 28

3.6.2 Interviews .................................................................................................. 28

3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments ........................................................... 28

3. 7.1 Validity of the instrument ................................................................................ 28

3.7.2 Reliability of the instruments ........................................................................... 29

'l.esearch Procedure ................................................................................................ 29

ix

3.9 Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 30

3.10 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................... 30

3.11 Limitations of the study .................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................... 32

DATA PRESENTATION, ANAlYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .............................. 32

4.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 32

4.1 Profile of respondents ........................................................................................ 32

4.2 Role of CBOs ..................................................................................................... 33

4.3 Development and management of feeder roads .................................................. 38

4.4 Impact of the role of CBOs on development and management of feeder roads ...... 41

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................... 45

DISCUSSIONS, CONlUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... .45

5.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... .45

5.1 Discussions of the study .................................................................................... 45

5.1.1 Objective one; establishing the role played by CBOs on management of feeder

roads development in Hargeisa Somali land .............................................................. .45

5.1.2 Objective two; examining the mechanisms undertaken by the CBO in the

development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somali land ..................... .47

5.1.3 Objective three; assessing the roles played by CBO on the development and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somali land ................................................ 49

5.2 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 52

5.4 Areas for further research .................................................................................. 54

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 55

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................. 64

APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE ............................................................................ 69

!\PPENDIX: III THE MAP OF HARGEISA OF SOMALILAND .......................................... 70

X

ABSTRACT

This study was set to establish the role of community based organization involvement in development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland; three specific objectives guided this study and these were i) establishing the role played by CBOs on management of feeder roads development in Hargeisa Somaliland; ii) examining the mechanisms undertaken by the CBO in the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland and (iii) assessing the roles played by CBO on the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland. This research employed a descriptive research design to establish whether the role played by CBOs has an impact on the development and management of feeder roads, the study used a total population of 148 and a sample size of 108 respondents, and the questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Descriptive statistics used in this study included frequencies, means and PLCC on correlation of variables. Majority of respondents in this sample were male (55.5%) ranging between 21-30 years, (55.6%) were diploma holders and had an experience of 5 years and above (55.6%). Data analysis using means showed that the role of CBOs in Hargeisa, Somaliland was rated satisfactory on average (overall mean= 2.80), and development and management of feeder roads was rated high and this was indicated by the overall mean of 2.86. There is a positive and significant relationship between the role of CBOs and development & management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland (r=.387 & Sig=O.OOO respectively), the CBOs contribute to the development of feeder roads through provision of finances during the construction of feeder roads, planning of construction programmes, training of workers and monitoring of the activities of construction and management of feeder roads, through budgeting, maintaining of high quality during construction and being transparent has highly improved on the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland, and the better the CBOs finance, plan, train and carry out monitoring the more the feeder roads will be developed and effectively managed in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The CBOs should collect funds for the development of feeder roads through promoting mutual understanding between the government and the entire community, this will increase on the level of financing the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland, the CBOs should allow the local citizens to participate in the signing of memorandum of understanding during the development of feeder roads, hence helping in the planning of programmes, the feeder roads officers should prepare new and future technical challenges by sponsoring them for professional trainings, and lastly the CBOs should put supervising activities in place to ensure quality perforn:ances among the workers, this will help in monitoring of 3Ctivities carried out during development and management of feeder roads.

xi

1.0 Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is the basis upon which the researcher will build up the whole study and it

is the overall introduction of the study. The topic of the study is community based

organizations and the management of community feeder road development in Hargeisa,

Somaliland and it is aimed at establishing the level of community based organization

involvement in community feeder road development and management in Hargeisa

Somaliland. The chapter is about the background of the study that will be explored in

terms of historical, theoretical, conceptual and contextual background, the problem

statement, the purpose of the study, the objectives of the study, the research

questions, research hypothesis, the scope of the study and the significance of the

study.

1.1 Background of the study

The background of this study presented in form of historical, theoretical, conceptual,

and contextual perspectives.

1.1.1 Historical perspective

Globally, feeder roads have always been the basis for community transformation and

development. Throughout history, feeder roads have proved to be essential in

improving the lives of the local peasants especially in rural areas across the world. In

the early 18th Century, feeder roads in North America played a vital role in social,

economic transformation of the continent. It was during then that new innovations

were developed for instance Steel Manufacturing plants in Mississippi and California

were boosted by the development of feeder roads before the railway industry expanded

and connected different states throughout the whole country (DeGrassi, 2011).

Community Based Organizations (CBOs) became a popular approach to social

improvement during decolonization in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States of

A.merica. Influenced by experiences in the United States and Britain on social welfare

1

programmes, its principles were based on self-reliance and cooperative action through

popular bodies (Poeschke, 2010).

In Africa, feeder roads have been instrumental in improving on the lives of people

especially in rural areas since the majority of them are peasant farmers. Since the early

16th Century, most African communities have been agricultural based. In another

perspective, Africa has a relatively poor history of international cooperation in road­

building. Colonial powers and, later, competing superpowers and regional powers,

generally did not encourage road links between their respective spheres except where

absolutely necessary, and in newly independent African states, border restrictions were

often tightened rather than relaxed as a way of protecting internal trade, as a weapon

in border disputes, and to increase the opportunities for official corruption (Edmonds,

2012).

In Africa Community-based organization (CBO) is increasingly seen as a vital ingredient

in economic development. Scores of studies of rural development have shown that a

vigorous network of indigenous grassroots associations can be as essential to growth as

physical investment, appropriate technology, or the balancing act of what Adam Smith

called "the invisible hand" (Ostrom, 2014). Anyanwu (2012) contends that in most

African countries, community based organizations have depended significantly on

voluntary cooperative efforts. This follows a traditional trait that clearly underscores the

virtue of self-reliance. This explains the emerging trend in community development,

which sees it as an important point of take-off for better living. The emphasis is to

involve groups of people in planned programmes from which they may gain skills that

will enable them to cope more successfully with the problems of their everyday life

(Monaheng, 2012). In Somaliland, community based organizations have played a

significant role in national social and economic development in general and rural

:ommunities in particular (Alcock and Christensen, 2013). CBOs provide micro-finance,

nobilize people to participate in development ensuring community health education and

nfrastructure improvement over time. The purpose of CBOs is to plan, implement, and

2

monitor social and economic development programs and provide technical and financial

help to the communities. CBOs positively affect the process of rural change i.e. increase

in income, health status, construction and management of roads, nutrition and literacy

status of the populations (Anyanwu, 2012).

In Somaliland, the network of roads is 21,830 km long. As of 2010, 2,757 km (12%) of

streets are paved, 844 km (3.9%) are gravel, and 18,229 km (83.5%) are earth. 2,559

km are primary roads, 4,850 km are secondary roads, and 14,421 km are rural/feeder

roads. As of May 2015, over 70,000 vehicles are registered with the Puntland Ministry of

Works and Transport. Before the state collapse in 1991, Somaliland had three classes of

roads- Primary, Secondary and Feeder roads, typical classification that needs to be

revised for various reasons and all are today obviously interwoven with daily activities.

Approximately 1,800 kilometres of feeder roads along the main arteries have been

repaired in Somaliland. The existence of community based organisations has proved

vital in Somaliland since early 19th century. rvJost of these organisations exist in villages

covering a series of activities at the community level aimed at bringing about desired

improvement in the social well-being of individuals, groups and neighbourhoods

(Johannessen, 2012).

Rural roads provide basic inputs for all-round socio-economic development of the rural

areas. The provision and construction of roads and road links brings multiple socio­

economic benefits to the rural areas and results in forming a strong backbone for the

agro-based economy (Hook, 2011). Roads play an important role for overcoming the

isolation of the villages. It provides a much needed opportunity for the village

population to come in contact with other groups of the society, which in turn inculcates

in them a sense of being a part of national main stream in its prosperity and progress.

The areas here-to-fore inaccessible become easy to reach for administrative and

welfare agencies particularly in tunes of natural calamities and for relief operations

Nhenever needed (Mayoux, 2013). Many types of roads such as feeder roads, highways

:tc exist around the world, all of which are thoroughfares which can be used by

3

motorized traffic. Roads are not necessarily available for use by the general public

without permission, highways are available for by the public, although a toll may be

charged. In places the term highway is reserved for high capacity roads, in older

English there was a distinction between highways and byways (Reardon, 2010).

In the absence of a rail system in Somaliland, the inland and overland transport has

resulted into a successful road network that extends thousands of kms. The transport

industry consists of individual transporters and a small range of agencies. The road

network is classified into primary, secondary and rural/feeder roads. The primary road

network is mostly paved and serves major population centres and the secondary road

network connects settlement of local significance to one another and to the primary

road network, and is predominantly earth roads or tracks. Animal transport includes

camels and donkeys which continue to be the most important and only means of

transport for many people. With insecurity, and deteriorating road network, air

transport also continues to play an important role (Rigg, 2010).

Consequently, the concept of CBO was abandoned in the late 1960s, but regained

attention from the late 1980s as a solution to persisting social and economic issues in

disadvantaged areas (Wilkinson-Maposa, 2013). In India and Brazil, Community-based

organizations were openly valued for capacities they have, becoming the target of many

development interventions in the early 1970s. They were seen as central to

development efforts, since they were closest to and reflected the dynamics of poor

communities (Agyeman, 2015). They were often embedded within social relationships

at the micro level of interaction, which made it easier for them to articulate concerns

and drive local development processes.

1.1.2 Conceptual Perspective

Community Based Organizations are defined as voluntary associations of community

11embers who reflect the interests of a broader constituency. They are generally small,

nformal organizations; often membership-based, initiated by local residents and located

4

within the communities they serve. Thus, building the organizational capacity of CBOs

could have a direct impact both on their involvement in communities as development

agents, and as active citizens. Community based organisations are organizations located

within communities or spaces of interest and designed to meet the needs of those

communities (Thake, 2004).

The term 'community-based organisations' is used to refer to organizations such as

settlements, social action centres, multi-purpose community centres, community

associations, development trusts, tenants' and residents' associations, village halls and

community farms 1 gardens, which are committed to working at the local and

neighbourhood level (Cairns et al., 2011).

Road management means to ensure that a network of roads is provided primarily for

the movement of persons and goods as part of an integrated transport system and that

road reserves are available for other appropriate uses (Aredo, 2010).

1.1.3 Theoretical perspective

he study was guided by the principal-agent theory developed by Hughes (2010) which

1ows that one party can hire or delegate another to undertake a particular task, and the

:legation processes include the provision of contractual responsibilities, rights and

Jligations (Ceric, 2013). This theory seeks to explain the contractual arrangements that

,n arise in different institutions and systems. The three major economic contract theories

:Jude principal-agent theory, implicit theory and relational theory (Laffont and Martimort

1 10; Hart 2012; Furubotn and Rudolf 2010). In the context of this research, the principal­

ent theory and the conceptual framework of trust are most relevant and acted as the

sis of the theoretical framework. The basic notion of the principal-agent theory is that of

situation in which one party (the principal or group of principals) hires or delegates

:Jther (the agent or group of agents) to undertake a particular task (Vickers 2010;

ivas2009; Hughes 2010; Ceric 2013; Connelly et al. 2011; Bolton and Dewatripont 2011).

's is because the principal is not willing or not in a position to undertake the required

ks. According to this theory, in order to avoid problems,

5

Jrincipals attempt to find incentive systems for agents so as to act in the interest of

xincipals (Vickers 2010; Sklivas 2009; Ma1tin 1993; Hart 2012; Hughes 2010). However,

:he party offering a contract (the principal) knows or observes less than the party accepting

Jr rejecting the offer (the agent).

L.1.4 Contextual Perspective

lhe current Somaliland Government adopts a participatory approach in which the

:ommunities through CBOs take part in the development and management of the road

wojects. This approach empowers the community, inspires the villagers to participate in

>ublic affairs in the future, and encourages the village's development in the long run

Reardon, T. & C.B. Barrett (2000).The construction of Dawga-Cad road which links

Jargeisa to the coastal and sub-coastal areas below the Golis Mountains of Bulahar,

ilsheikh, Lughaya and Zeila districts is one of the Community Based Organization's initiated

ost sharing projects which is going on now in the country. This project is for upgrading of

2Skrn road from earth to bitumen standard including culverts and bridges. So far the

)mmunily based organizations have contributed the construction cost of Skm long while

1e Somaliland Government contributed the cost of 2km long of the road development of

awga-Cad (Reardon, T. & C. B. Barrett, 2000).

·ior to persisted civil war in Somalia, Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO) was

>t active due to various restrictions imposed on them by the military regime. In 2001

>malia 's educational and health institutions were destroyed by clan-based militia groups,

suiting in a humanitarian crisis and the United Nations peacekeeping operation for

malia in 2011. As a result of the US-led UNOSOM operation, Somaliland Youth

!Velopment Association (SOYDA) joined UN and Western agencies to deliver humanitarian

I. Following the collapse of the UNOSOM mission, UN agencies and Western NGOs fled

~ country and relocated their field offices to Somalia in Nairobi, Kenya (Clarke Gerard,

12). However, Somaliland Youth Development Association (SOYDA), Somaliland National

Jth Organization (SONYO) and Comprehensive Community Based rehabilitation in

naliland (CCBRS) continued their operations and presence inside Somalia. This presence

1e them an opportunity to spread their conception of socioeconomic development by

6

'ocusing on key social sectors of education, including primary, secondary and university

evels, and health. Main development activities of the organization in Somalia include

:Jisaster and emergency relief, education, nutrition and healthcare. In education sector,

lrJuslim Aid supports the Bosaso College for Training and Computing (now renamed Bosaso

Jniversity) which was established in 2006 to provide vocational training for youth.

L.2 Problem statement deafly, must areas in the country should be accessible by having good feeder roads that

:an enable the movement of good and passengers from one place to another. in Somalia

Hargeisa in particular almost 99% of the movement of goods and people in this nation

lepend on the road transport system, (Donnges, C., Edmonds, G. & Johannessen, B. 2012).

;ome of the feeder roads are impassable especially during rain season, there is too much

1ud which always make impossible for vehicles to pass through which requires mar rum.

ontiguous Condition of the feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland will deter the proper

wvement of goods and passengers from one place to another in the city. In order to help

Jive the problem, the factors related to the poor condition of feeder roads in Hargeisa

Jmaliland must be investigated, hence the need for the study which is intended to

vestigate the impact of community based organization on management of community

eder road development in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The researcher chose community based

·ganizations because she wants to find out whether feeder road management and

~velopment can be improved by CBOs financial and moral assistance to sensitize the

1vernment decision makers to act and plan on the issue. There has never been a study

nducted about community based organizations and the management of feeder road

velopment in Hargeisa Somaliland. This study therefore is intended to close this

ntextual gap.

3 Purpose of the Study

e Purpose of the study was to establish the role of community based organization

olvement in feeder roads development and management in Hargeisa Somaliland.

7

1.4 Objectives of the Study

i. To establish the role played by CBOs on management of feeder roads

development in Hargeisa Somaliland.

ii. To examine the mechanisms undertaken by the CBOs in the development and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland.

iii. To assess the impact of CBOs on the development and management of feeder

roads in Hargeisa Somaliland.

1.5 Research Questions

i. What are the roles played by CBOs on management of feeder roads development

in Hargeisa Somaliland?

ii. What are the mechanisms undertaken by the CBOs in the development and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland?

iii. To assess the impact of CBOs on the development and management of feeder

roads in Hargeisa Somaliland?

1.6 Hypothesis

There is a significant relationship between the roles played by CBOs and the

development & management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland in Hargeisa

Somali land.

1.7 Scope ofl:he Study

1.7.1 Geographical Scope

The study was carried out in Hargeisa, Somaliland. It is the capital and largest city of

the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared state that is internationally recognized as an

autonomous region of Somaliland. Being the capital city, Hargeisa is surrounded by a

number of suburbs such as Ahmed-Dhagah, Mohamoud-Haybe, Kodbour,Ga'an-libah,

26-June, Baligubadle, Salahlay and Darsalamthat are connected to each with feeder

roads.

8

1.7.2 Content Scope

This study focused on role played by CBOs on development of feeder roads in Hargeisa

Somaliland. The research also put in mind the mechanisms undertaken by the CBO in

the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland.

1.7.3 Time Scope

This study used date from, 2011-2015

1.8 Significance of the Study

It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide the government with information

that will help them to support community based organizations that aim at promoting

road management and development in Somaliland.

Furthermore, the results of this study will be resourceful to policy makers in that it will

help them to enact policies that favor the development and support of community

based organizations that aim at promoting road development within the country.

In addition to the above, future researchers will find the results of this study resourceful

since it will provide them with information that will help them in carrying out a related

study.

9

2.0 Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter shows theoretical review, the conceptual review, and additional literature

review

2.1 Theoretical review

The basic notion of principal-agent theory is that one party can hire or delegate another

to undertake a particular task, and the delegation processes include the provision of

contractual responsibilities, rights and obligations (Hughes 2010; eerie 2013; Connelly

et al. 2011). Discussions with the leaders of the indigenous CBOs in the Gubre

community helped, to a large extent, to clarify delineation of duties, responsibilities,

rights and obligations shared between the indigenous CBO leaders and the community.

These were examined using indicators such as delegation, responsibilities, rights and

obligations, contractual relationships, rules of function, sanction mechanisms,

accountability, information asymmetry, decision-making processes, and so on.

The three major economic contract theories include principal-agent theory, implicit

theory and relational theory (Laffont and Martimort 2010; Hart 2012; Furubotn and

Rudolf, 2010). In the context of this research, the principal-agent theory and the

conceptual framework of trust are most relevant and acted as the basis of the

theoretical framework. The basic notion of the principal-agent theory is that of a

situation in which one party (the principal or group of principals) hires or delegates

another (the agent or group of agents) to undertake a particular task (Vickers 2010;

Sklivas2009; Hughes 2010; Ceric, 2013; Connelly et al. 2011; Bolton and Dewatripont,

2011). This is because the principal is not willing or not in a position to undertake the

required tasks. According to this theory, in order to avoid problems, principals attempt

to find incentive systems for agents so as to act in the interest of principals (Vickers

2010; Sklivas 2009; Martin 1993; Hart 2012; Hughes 2010). However, the party

10

offering a contract (the principal) knows or observes Jess than the party accepting or

rejecting the offer (the agent). A problem with delegation from principal to agent arises

because the agent has full information and may use this informational advantage to his/

her own benefit (Vickers 2010). In principal-agent theory, this situation is termed

asymmetry of information. In the implementation of the contract, the agent acts on

behalf of the principal, but the principal will face difficulties in monitoring the actions

and behaviour of the agent (Mackintosh 2010; eerie 2013). Two major types of

information asymmetry exist, that is, adverse selection (hidden information) and moral

hazards (hidden action) (Bolton and Dewatripont, 2011; Broadbent et al. 2010).

Adverse selection is a situation in which the principal knows less about the agent than

the agent knows about himself or herself (Mackintosh 2010). It deals with the problem

of pre-contractual opportunism and the existence of such a type of asymmetrical

information provides an opportunity for the agents to engage in their previous

opportunistic behaviour. For example, a potential buyer of life insurance (agent), having

secret information about his/her health status, will always be in a better position to

estimate his/her life expectancy than the seller of the life insurance (principal) (Bolton

and Dewatripont 2011; Furubotn and Rudolf, 2010). In this case, the agent can gain

advantage from his/her self-knowledge. With regard to contractual arrangements

between the eBO leaders and the community, hidden information might occur during

the election processes of the eBO leaders. Moral hazard exists when one party takes

advantage of asymmetric information to act in amanner contrary to the interest of the

other party (Furubotn and Rudolf, 2010).

Dissatisfaction with some of the aspects of principal-agent theory led to a re­

examination and extending agency theory outside its current contextual boundaries,

that is, a search for alternative conceptual explanations. Numerous development

scholars (Wiseman and Gemez-Mejia 2010; Fehr and Falk 2010; Donaldson and

Davis1994; eerie 2013) have argued that the negative expectations about human

behaviour are imperfectly interpreted, mainly when concerned with the exercise of

people's power in thinking, acting, and controlling their actions in a collaborative

11

framework. Fehr and Falk (2010) argued that principal-agent theory, which has a

pessimistic assumption of human behaviour as opportunistic, would seem to exclude

trust and cooperation between the principal and agent. In this regard, Wiseman and

Gemez-Mejia (2010) believed that the assumptions about the individual risk preferences

do not recognise the general social context in which the principal-agent agreement

exists and how that context may influence both the interest and mechanisms for

aligning interests of principals and agents.

2.2 The conceptual framework for study variables

Figure 1: The conceptual framework for study variables

Independent variable

ROLE OFCBOs

inancing the projects

Ianning of programmes

raining

lonitoring

Source: Cairns et al (2011)

Dependent variable

DEV'T & MGT OF FEEDER ROADS

• Budgeting

• Quality of feeder roads

• Transparency

A conceptual framework in figure 1 illustrates that the role of CBOs affect the

development of feeder roads, the independent variable (role of CBOs) was

conceptualized/ broken into in relation to financing the projects, planning of

programmes, training and monitoring. Development of feeder roads (dependent

variable) was conceptualized in terms of budgeting, quality of completed feeder roads

and transparency.

Bucher (2013) noted that the CBOs are known to have the ability to influence ideas and

actions of others and as a result of this they are regarded as effective change agents

(Adisa, 2010). The failure of governments' top-down approach and lack of involvement

Jf the people at the grass-roots in the bottom-up strategy have reduced the confidence

12

of the public in central authorities. Therefore, communities seek solace in indigenous

institutions such as CBOs which undertake development programmes and projects that

they observe as immediate needs in their communities (Adisa, 2013). Studies have

shown that the activities of CBOs in the development of feeder roads have been seen

as an important element and a sure way to the speedy development of the rural areas

in Somalia (Abegunde, 2011).

2.3 Related literature

2.3.1 Role played by CBOs on management of feeder roads development

There is a wide gap in the development levels of both the urban and rural feeder raods

in many sub-concentrated in the urban centers while the rural areas are largely

neglected. Most rural areas in Somalia lack good road networks, to be grossly

underdeveloped (Ekong, 2010). In general terms, the CBOs engage in primary activities

(such as farming) that form the foundation for any economic development. Despite this

importance, there is inadequate infrastructure, which affects the quality of good feeder

roads (Chan, 2013).

The decay and worsening conditions of feeder roads increases rural-urban migration

which is evident in the long years of neglect of the rural areas (Adebisi, 2009). The

introduction of Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) made little or no significant

improvement on the development of rural communities and the conditions of the rural

dwellers. Some problems associated with failure of some of the government's effort

include lack of consistency between project formulation and execution; lack of

continuity; and poor coordination (Afolayan, 2012; Deji, 2010). Roles consist of a set of

rules or norms that function as plans or blueprints to guide behavior. Roles specify what

goals should be pursued, what tasks must be accomplished, and what performances are

required in a given scenario or situation. Role perception has been conceptualized in

different ways (Bracken, 2011).

13

Mu & van de Walle (2011) noted that there are positive outcomes of employment

opportunities created by road construction, the role of different levels of governments

seems to be of great importance. However the positive impacts of road construction on

employment found by e.g. Mu & van de Walle (2011), they suggest that feeder road

projects could have a vastly larger impact on local market development if they are

accompanied by policies aimed at improving ce1tain characters or by reducing the

barriers that reduce the impacts road improvements. As outlined before, road

construction will not create employment opportunities itself, without any help or

stimulating activities from different levels of government.

Road investment is the largest public investment in SSA, mainly because of the

assumption that this is the main driver of productive employment and that economic

opportunities will be created by better access that these roads will provide (Somalian

Roads Authority, 2012). However, as we have seen in previous discussed literature,

road development can have a negative impact on productive employment as well. As

discussed and mentioned by Degrassi (2011), increased connectivity could have

detrimental effects through increased competition for workers or through increased

imports. Roads can harm local people and lead to a decline in their livelihoods, just as

they can also contribute to them: the effects of roads are very context specific (Rigg,

2010).

2.3.2 Mechanisms undertaken by the CBOs in the development and

management of feeder roads

Bracken (2011) noted that the CBOs put in place a monitoring and evaluation division

that is mandated to facilitate performance monitoring and evaluation of all

programs/projects to determine the level of implementation, achievements and

challenges. The M&E Division conducts periodic informed project monitoring visits in the

field and makes recommendations for the purpose of generating remedial actions to

address deficiencies or challenges from the field (Arcand and Fafchamps, 2012).

14

Mansuri (2004) showed that monitoring visit schedules and modalities during the

development of feeder roads and for the collection of required data and subsequent

analysis is substantially determined by the framework. The Division collaborates with

the project consultants in monitoring the impacts of the Project on the lives of the

targeted beneficiaries and feedback its findings and recommendations to the project

management team and where possible to the MPW management team so that informed

management or programmatic decisions are made to address, in a timely fashion,

issues that are required attention. The Monitoring team also endeavour to document

good lessons and practices from various project locations that could be replicated in

other locations where similar actions are planned and also by other organizations

planning similar interventions in other locations in Liberia (Cynthia, 2013).

Israel et al. (2010) indicated that reporting of project actions and progress is a

fundamental tool for informing all of the concerned stakeholders the level of

achievement the project is making towards desired outputs. It is envisaged that these

reports serve as valuable tools for requisite dialogue between the MPW and Side on the

one hand and the project consultant on the other. The project envisages that these

reports also inform requisite decisions and actions for keeping the project plan of

actions on track. It is in view of all of the above that the project is committed to

routinely generate and distribute the reports in a timely fashion (Seifert, 2000).

A great deal of literature is available on CBOs both in developed and developing

countries. These include research in the area of development economics (Arcand and

Fafchamps 2012); feminist approach (Bracken 2011); migrant workers' rights (Chan,

2013); sustainable development (Mansuri and Rao 2004; Datta 2012; Dill 2009 );

community infrastructure provision (Hiru 2010; Bucher 2013); bottom-up development

planning (Andrews 2013; Jeppe 2010; Mansuri and Vijayendra 2004), participatory

research (Brown and Korten2010; Israel et al. 2010; Cynthia 2013); community-based

participatory development (Stern and Seifert 2000; Kvasny and Lee 2013; Hussain et al.

2011; Dercon et al. 2004; Chan 2013; Aredo 2004).

15

For instance, in the context of the Hispanic community in Brownsville, Texas, Olney

undertook a research study on CBOs, using a complexity theory. According to her

findings, CBOs could be considered complex adaptive systems, characterised by

dynamic relationships among many agents, influences, and forces that make them very

unpredictable for those attempting to provide outreach. In her paper, she describes the

basic characteristics of complex adaptive systems and argues that most CBOs can be

considered to be this type of system (Cynthia 2013).

In the context of Pakistan, Hussain et al. (2011) conducted an empirical study and

highlights that CBOs works through people-cantered modes of development such as

availability of micro-finance, community participation in development ensuring

community health education and infrastructure improves over time.

Israel et al. (2010) undertook a research study to examine key principles of community­

based participatory research (CBPR), using the experience reported by researchers in

the United States of America. In their report, they discuss the rationale for the use of

their research method and provide a number of policy recommendations, at the

organisational, community and national levels, aimed at advancing the application of

CBPR.

Kvasny and Lee (2013) also examined a partnership action research in the United

States of America, in order to design a framework for CBOs in the context of urban

community. Their research presents a strategic framework for conducting action

research in partnership with community-based organisations. Using empirical data from

these case studies, they presented the research model as well as methodological

considerations for conducting research in an urban context.

Stern and Seifert (2000) also gave an answer to the question of why CBOs are really

social movements. In their study, the focus of the research was a re-conceptualisation

of a community based organisation from a model of a classic non-profit institution to

16

that of a social movement. They argued that these small organisations have been

colonised by business school consultants who want them to act and look like more

established non-profit organisations.

Using a rich dataset from West Africa, Arcand and Fafchamps (2012) examine the

household characteristics associated with membership in CBOs. They find that on

average it is the more fortunate members of rural society who belong in CBOs. They

also identified for evidence of matching along multiple dimensions, using an original

methodology based on dyadic regressions

For example in the Ethiopian context, (for example, Walde 2010; Teshome 2009;

Shiferaw 2010; Redie et al. 1997; Dinbabo2011 ; Aredo 2004) have undertaken

empirical studies of indigenous CBOs, in some detail, from an economic point of view.

Walde (2010) indicates that indigenous CBOs in Ethiopia have an inclusive decision

making process and they are responsive to execute local development roles both as a

conduit of service delivery and self-determined change. Aredo's (2004) research

approach is purely quantitative and exclusively examines urban-based CBOs. Using

evidence from Ethiopia and other developing countries, he identifies the distinct

characteristics of Iqqub1 and discusses how it minimises risk arising from problems of

adverse selection and of moral hazards. The findings of Aredo's empirical study on

indigenous CBOs generate policy implications for the promotion of informal finance in

developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular.

In another study, Dercon et al. (2004) identified the roles of CBOs in the context of

Tanzania and Ethiopia. Their assessment shows the existence of CBOs in different forms

and indicates their use to the community in terms of funeral insurance. Despite their

enormous contribution (for example, mobilising local resources in terms of finance,

material and labour) to development, CBOs in Ethiopia have not been given the support

anC: encouragement they deserve through enabling legislation and administrative

support (Aredo 2010). The legal framework for voluntary associations is lacking,

17

government support is limited and development strategies have failed to encompass the

voluntary sector. In order to build the capacity of CBOs, there are legal (lack of clear

policies) as well as practical (technical assistance by government offices) gaps that

need to be resolved in consultation with all stakeholders (Hiru, 2010).

2.3.3 The impact of CBOs on the development and management of feeder

roads

According to the Somalian Roads Authority (SRA) (2012), the most obvious and simple

way to create new employment opportunities is by improved access to labor markets,

because the villages are now connected and the people are able to travel and seek

work elsewhere (Somalian Roads Authority, 2012). This might seem easier said than

actually done in practice, while one need, among others, adequate (local) policies and

good transport services to facilitate the job seekers in order to find a job. Another

possible way to create employment opportunities through feeder road development can

be by improved access to (new) markets. According to Jacoby (2000), strong links to

markets for poor rural producers appear to be essential to increase (agricultural)

production and generate economic growth in rural areas. Therefore, improving these

links could boost the productivity and increase incomes (Jacoby, 2000). Additionally,

better access for small producers to domestic and even international markets could

mean that they would sell more products against higher prices. According to IFAD

(2011), this could in turn encourage farmers to invest in their own businesses that

would increase the quantity, quality and diversity of the goods they produce (IFAD,

2011). Furthermore, improved market access could lead to the establishment of shops

along the road.

Mu and Dominique (2012) researched the impact of CBOs on feeder road development

using impact evaluation techniques by investigating specific road projects; Stifel et al.

(2012); and Wondemu and John (2010). In general, the outcomes of these studies are

significantly positive.

18

According to Khandler et al. (2011), improved access to roads could play a considerable

important role on economic growth in a country, especially for countries such as

Somalia which has a low initial road density and is landlocked. The modernization

theory argues that the development of infrastructure is beneficial to economic growth

(Bryceson et al., 2011) as through market integration trade costs will be reduced and

economic specialization across space promoted and thus the infrastructure will be a

determining factor of growth (Burgess et al., 2010). According to Buys et al. (2011), the

lack of infrastructure is often named as one of the main reason for underdevelopment

within Africa. Demnge et al. (2014) is suggesting that this lack of infrastructure is

deterioration to trade expansion, as overland transport is difficult and expensive, and

therefore without good infrastructure this can result in isolated regions. This in turn acts

as deterioration to industrialization, according to Shiferawa et al. (2012), since

manufacturing firms, who are intensive users of infrastructure services, are at a

comparative disadvantage (Demenge et al., 2014).

2.4 Related studies

Bryceson et al. (2011) suggested that rural feeder road development is likewise

assumed to alleviate poverty that is associated with spatial isolation. This argument is

based on the idea that roads can provide the rural farmers access to markets for

agricultural in- and outputs and labor, and therefore in turn stimulate the agricultural

production. Based on the observation that poverty is generally concentrated in areas

where the market is weakly presented, it is argued by Rigg (2010) that a rural road

allows the market to infiltrate peripheral areas and permits the local people to access

jobs, services and higher standards of living in urban areas.

Besides the fact that roads can possibly improve access to different markets, they

could, according to Porter (2013), possibly also increase access to social services like

schools, healthcare and labor markets that have a direct impact on the socioeconomic

well-being. Furthermore, development of rural roads could also lead to new

employment opportunities and could reduce the negative impacts of natural disasters

and shocks (Somalian Roads Authority, 2012).

19

Hirshmann (2004) argued that investing in infrastructure was costly and the outcomes

unpredictable (Edmonds, 2010). Some scholars demonstrate that there is a lack of

evidence regarding the impacts of roads in terms of development (van de Walle, 2010).

Wilson (2004) noticed that often the benefits related with road development are

considered so obvious that 'they are just listed rather than discussed' (Wilson, 2004). As

a result, according to deGrassi (2011), short and long-term impacts of infrastructure

projects such as feeder roads are not well understood mainly because of inadequate

methods used for the research.

Hook and Howe (2011) argue that the effects of feeder roads tend to be complex and

also very context specific, and therefore hard to presuppose a direct relationship

between road development and economic growth, as the conditions under which road

development will lead to positive economic growth outcome are not sufficiently

specified. Furthermore, they warn for the possible risk that misinformed investments in

infrastructure may hamper development and harm the local people (Hook and Howe,

2011). DeGrassi (2011) is suggesting that increasing connectivity can also have

detrimental effects because of the increased competition and imports which can,

likewise, harm certain socioeconomic groups locally.

According to Jacoby (2000) the provision of feeder roads can lead to improved access

to markets, strong links to markets for poor rural producers are assumed to be essential

to increase (agricultural) production and generate economic growth in rural areas:

when improving these links, it could boost the productivity and increase income. Better

access by small producers to domestic and even international markets could lead to

reliably selling more products, against (sometimes) higher prices. This in turn could

encourages farmers to invest in their own businesses and could increase the quantity,

quality and diversity of the goods they produce (IFAD, 2011).

According to Rigg (2010), feeder road development could lead to increasing production,

which could in turn lead to increasing demand for laborers and therefore more

20

employment opportunities. However all these positive assumptions of feeder road

development, it might also result into job losses.

Scholars, policy-makers and advocates have, in the last decade recommended greater

involvement by Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in community participation in

development planning, implementation and also in benefit sharing. This is a foundation

stone for community-driven development management in developing countries

(Wolde2010; Teshome 2009; Shiferaw 2010; Mansuri and Rao 2004). Research in the

field indicates the significance of indigenous CBOs and the contribution these

organizations to facilitate social and economic development in general and rural

communities in particular (Walde, 2010). In this regard, Redie et al. (1997) argue that a

renewed interest in indigenous CBOs' participation in development has arisen. This

interest is predicated on the premise that indigenous CBOs have the capacity to

mobilise local-level financial, material and labour resources to bring about effective and

sustainable development at the grassroots level.

Much of what we know about the role of indigenous CBOs engaged in active

community participation on development activities is mainly focused on the perspectives

of'local contribution. However, less is understood about the contractual relationships

between indigenous CBOs and the community in terms of facilitating local-level

development. Assessments of the contractual relationships that exist between

indigenous CBOs and the community are sparse and inconsistent. Using empirical

evidence from Ethiopia, the researcher examines the contractual relationships between

indigenous CBOs and the community in this paper, seeking to answer two questions:

first, whether contractual relationships exist between indigenous CBOs and the

community, and second, whether these contractual relationships have an impact on

community development. The next section provides a background on the perspectives

of indigenous CBOs in Ethiopia and is followed by a description of the methodology

used. A literature review and the theoretical framework of the study are also provided.

Results and analysis of empirical findings regarding the contractual relationships

21

between indigenous CBOs and the community are then discussed. Finally, suggestions

and recommendations are provided.

In the context of Pakistan, Hussain et al. (2011) conducted an empirical study and

highlights that CBOs work through people-centered modes of development such as

availability of micro-finance, community participation in development ensuring

community health education and infrastructure improves over time.

Israel et al. (2010) undertook a research study to examine key principles of community­

based participatory research (CBPR), using the experience reported by researchers in

the United States of America. In their report, they discuss the rationale for the use of

their research method and provide a number of policy recommendations, at the

organisational, community and national levels, aimed at advancing the application of

CBPR.

Kvasny and Lee (2013) also examined a partnership action research in the United

States of America, in order to design a framework for CBOs in the context of urban

community. Their research presents a strategic framework for conducting action

research in partnership with community-based organisations. Using empirical data from

these case studies, they presented the research model as well as methodological

considerations for conducting research in an urban context.

Stern and Seifert (2000) also gave an answer to the question of why CBOs are really

social movements. In their study, the focus of the research was a re-conceptualisation

of a community based organisation from a model of a classic non-profit institution to

that of a social movement. They argued that these small organisations have been

colonised by business school consultants who want them to act and look like more

established non-profit organisations.

Using a rich dataset from West Africa, Arcand and Fafchamps (2012) examine the

household characteristics associated with membership in CBOs. They find that on

22

average it is the more fortunate members of rural society who belong in CBOs. They

also identified for evidence of matching along multiple dimensions.

2.5 Research gaps

There has never been a study about CBOs and feeder road development in Hargeisa

Somaliland, this study is intended to close this contextual gap. The principal-agent

theory did not indicate the solutions to the poor management and underdevelopment of

feeder roads because this is real problem in Hargeisa Somaliland and that's why the

researcher carried out this study in Hargeisa Somali!and, the theory still did not indicate

how CBOs significantly affect the management of feeder road development.

23

3.0 Introduction

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOlOGY

This chapter presented the research design, target population, Sample size, sampling

procedure, data sources, data collection instruments, validity and reliability of the

research instruments, research procedure, data analysis, and ethical considerations.

3.1 Research Design

The study adopted a descriptive research design to establish whether the role played

by CBOs has an affected the development and management of feeder roads. The

cross-sectional research design enabled the selection of a random sample made up of

different categories of respondents. The design has a function of ensuring that

evidence obtained in a study helps a researcher to answer the initial questions as

clearly as possible (De Vaus, 2001). The research design was appropriate because it

enabled the researcher to ask questions that concern community based organization

involvement in feeder roads development and management in Hargeisa Somaliland.

According to Opol<u (2000) a survey research has been one of the most widely used

methods of data collection in the social sciences. A descriptive-analytical survey

attempts to document current conditions or attitudes, that is, to describe what exists

at the moment. Cohen and Manion (1986) assert that most educational research

methods are descriptive, tl1at is, they set out to describe and interpret what is;

and concerned with conditions or relationships that exist; practices that prevail;

beliefs, points of view or attitudes that are held; processes that are going on; that are

being felt or trends that are developing.

The study also used the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative

aspect focuses on testing variables measured with numbers and analyzed with

24

statistical procedures (Cresswell, 2013). The qualitative approach is where the study

used the narrative nature of the data to be collected using the interview guide. In

opting for survey method, the researcher intended to gather data from a number of

respondents so as to generalize from the selected sample to be used to the entire

population of the study.

3.2 Study Population

The target population of this study was 148 respondents (project

managers and workers of feeder roads) who were got from 3 CBOs

engaged in feeder road development now or within five years in

Hargeisa Somaliland who are local government officials as well as

members of staff from the 3CBOs, and community members.

According the Community based officer in Hargeisa, the 3 CBOs in

Hargeisa Somaliland include, Somaliland national youth organization

(SONYO), Somaliland youth development association (SOYDA) and

comprehensive community based rehabilitation in Somaliland (CCBRS).

3.3 Sample size

The study sample consisted of 108 project managers and workers. This sample size was

arrived at using Slovene's formula for calculating sample sizes, stated as follows;

n = N 2

; Where n= the required sample size, N = target population and e = 1 + N(e)

significance level, given by 0.05.

25

Table 1: Respondents of the Study

CBOs Category of respondents Population(N) Sample

Size (n)

SONYO 17 13

Managers

50 32

Workers

SOYDA 14 10

Managers

32 25

Workers

CCBRS 10 8

Managers

25 20

Workers

Total 148 108

3.4 Sampling Procedur·e

According to Mugenda (2003) sampling procedure is very necessary in any social study

because it helps in answering questions pertaining to what type of respondents will be

called upon to give answers to the research question, whether the selected group of

respondents is adequately representative of the population, how wide a coverage would

be acceptable a11d other questions that would help the researcher in the selection of his

sampling design.

This study used random sampling to select the three CBOs in Hargeisa Somaliland. The

researcher intended to make sure each CBOs had equal opportunity of being included in

the study. Similarly, in order to select three CBOs owners/managers, the researcher

used purposive sampling. This method was used because it enables the researcher to

26

identify uniquely qualified respondents to provide needed information. The selection

was based on expert knowledge of the particular problem of the research.

To select the sample of 108 respondents out of 148 target population in 3 CBOs and

community members, simple random sampling technique was used to select managers

from 3 CBOs while stratified sampling technique was used to select the workers. In this

simple random sampling technique, simple rotary method was used where the names of

the members from CBOs were first written down on small pieces of papers, put in a

basket, mix and choose. Purposively, the researcher used inclusion criteria to select the

respondents from the 3 CBOs where members from the successful CBOs, long in

existence, which were active and have been in existence for the last five years were

selected. In the stratified sampling technique, workers were put in small groups called

stratum where each stratum had different characteristics which were of the interest of

the researcher such as the geographical location and access to feeder roads among

others. Each stratum consisted of a group of 10 community members for five stratum

and then simple random sampling was used to select the respoendents from each

stratum until the required sample was reached.

3.5 Data sources

The research used both primary and secondary data.

3.5.1 Primary data sources

The researcher obtained primary data by use of questionnaires

3.5.2 Secondary sources

The researcher also used data from reports and previous research work majorly from

text books and internet.

3.6 Data collection instruments

The data collection instrument in this study was basically questionnaires.

27

3.6.1 Questionnaire

Questionnaires by definition mean a set of printed questions addressed by the

researcher to the respondent for him or her to answer and after answering return the

questionnaires to the researcher. The questionnaires were administered personally by

the researcher to the respondents and collected after time interval. The questionnaires

comprised of both open ended and closed ended questions that required the

respondents to answer ail the questions to the best of their knowledge.

The questionnaires were used because they are cheap, quicker, they cover many

respondents, and they are free from interview bias and give accurate information since

respondents take their time to answer the questions. However, they have a

disadvantage of non-despondence.

3.6.2 Interviews

The interview was used to collect key information about the study from key

respondents. The respondents were asked questions included to elicit opinions on the

subject matter. This aimed at collecting information that could not be put down in the

questionnaire.

3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments

3.7 .1 Validity of the instrument

Validity is the degree to which results obtained from the analysis of the data actually

represents the phenomenon under study.

The study looked at the following categories of validity:

Face validity which was ensured by subjecting the questionnaires and interview guides

to at least 2 experts to check whether the instruments have the real contents in relation

to the variables under investigation. Content validity was ensured by subjecting the

researcher devised questionnaires on community based organizations and management

of community feeder road development that consisted of all the elements of the

concept under investigation. In this content validity, the research instruments were

restructured with words very relevant, quite relevant, relevant, not relevant. These

28

research instruments were subjected to at least 2 experts to tick the answers

depending on their level of expertise. The researcher counted the numbers of ticked

which are very relevant, relevant, quite relevant and the number of ticked answers

should be divided by the total number of questions to get the content validity index

(CVI) which should be 0.7 and above. The content validity index (CVI) was obtained

using the following formula,

CVI = totaiNo.ofqusstionsinthe'questionnair,;

After obtaining a CVI of 0.83, the research instrument was declared valid since the

calculated CVI of 0.83 was above 0.7 which is the minimum CVI index required to

declare a research instrument valid (Amin, 2011).

3.7.2 Reliability of the instruments

Reliability is a measure of the degree to which research instruments yield consistent

results or data after repeated trials, (Amin, 2011). The tools were pre-tested before the

actual survey. It was pre-tested on staff from one CBO from the 3 CBOs located in the

neighboring division of Ahmed-Dhagah. The community members were trained on how

to answer the questions. The tools were translated into the local language easily

understood by the respondents. The minimum Cronbatch Alpha coefficient of 0.75 was

used to declare an instrument reliable.

Table 2:Reliability Statistics

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.813 29

Research Procedure

The researcher obtained an introductory letter from the college of higher degrees and

research and taken to the administration of Hergeisa Somaliland to ask for permission

to conduct the study from the district. When approved, the researcher visited Hergeisa

Somaliland and then simple random sampling and stratified sampling was used to select

29

respondents from the target population to arrive at the minimum sample size. The

respondents were explained about the study, trained on how to answer the questions

and then the tools were translated into the local language easily understood by the

respondents and then the respondents were requested to sign the Informed Consent

Form (Appendix 3).

After collection of data, the data gathered was edited, encoded into the computer and

statistically treated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

3.9 Data Analysis

rhe frequency and percentage distributions were used to determine the demographic

:haracteristics of the respondents. The means and standard deviations were applied

n order to assess the extent of community based organizations in Hergeisa Somaliland

md the level of management of feeder road development. Analysis was done by statistical

1ackages for social scientists (SPSS).

Ethical Considerations

To ensure confidentiality of the information provided by the respondents and to

ascertain the practice of ethics in this study, the following activities were implemented

by the researcher: Seek permission to adopt the standardized questionnaire on

community based organizations and management of community feeder road

development in a formal communication to the author; the respondents, and Hergeisa

Somaliland were coded instead of reflecting the names; the respondents were

requested to sign an Informed Consent Form (Appendix 3); the authors were

acknowledged by quoting them in this study and the author of the standardized

instrument through citations and referencing; and then the findings were presented in a

generalized manner.

30

3.11limitations of the study

The researcher met with some respondents who were not willing to cooperate those

who were reluctant to give information might limit the researcher in this study.

However the researcher convinced the respondents that their participation in the study

was very instrumental in the success of integration in their Ministry.

The researcher was limited by privacy to information by the authoritsy because of policy

regarding information disbursement in the organisation. The researcher used his

introduction letter to explain to the respondents his academic intentions.

The researcher was limited by extraneous variables such as honesty of the respondents

where some of them might not say the truth. To overcome this issue, the researcher

solicited for the truth by giving the respondents to sign the inform consent form.

31

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANAlYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presented the data on profile information of respondents, level of role of

CBOs, the development and management of feeder roads, and the the role of CBOs on

the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

4.1 Profile of respondents

Respondents were asked to provide information regarding their gender, age, education

level and working experience. Their responses were summarized using frequencies and

percentage distributions as indicated in table1;

Table 3: Profile of respondents

Profile Frequency Percent Gender Male 60 55.5 Female 48 44.5 Total 108 100 Age Below 20 years 22 20 21-30 years 51 48 31-40 years 27 25 41 and above years 8 7 Total 108 100 Education Qualification Certificate 10 9.3 Diploma 60 55.6 Degree 33 30.6 Masters 5 4.5 Total 108 100 Working Experience Less than one year 10 9 1-2 yrs 18 17 3-4 yrs 25 24 5 yrs and above 55 50 Total 108 100

Source: Primary Data, 2016

32

Results in Table 3 indicated that male respondents (over 55.5%) were more than

female respondents (over 44.5%). This indicates a gender gap among workers in

development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Soma!iland.

Regarding age group, respondents in this sample were dominated by those between

21-30 years (48%), suggesting that most of respondents in this sample are youth. This

also indicates a quite young workforce among workers in development and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

With respect to education qualification, majority of the respondents in this sample

(55.6%) were diploma holders, indicating that respondents in this are relatively

qualified, these were followed by those with degree holders (30.6%), 9.3% were

certificate holders and only 4.5% were masters' degree holders.

Concerning working experience, majority of these respondents (50%) had an

experience of 5 years and above, indicating that respondents in this sample were highly

experienced, these were followed by those between 3-4 years (24%), 17% had worked

for 1-2 years and only 9% had worked for less than one year.

4.2 Role of CBOs

The independent variable in this study was role of CBOs, this variable (IV) was broken

into four constructs and these are; financing the projects (with four items/questions),

planning of the programmes (with four questions), training (with four questions) and

monitoring (with four questions). Each of these questions was based on a four point

Likert scale where managers and workers were asked to rate the extent of role of CBOs

by indicating the extent to which they agree or disagree with each question, and their

responses were analyzed using SPSS and summarized using means and ranks as

indicated in tables 4.2;

33

Table 4. Role of CBOs

ns on role of CBOs Mean Interpretation Rank

mcing the projects

CBOs have provided salaries and wages to the workers working on Very Satisfactory 1 3.41

er road projects in your area

CBOs always partner with otner organizations with the aim of Satisfactory 2 2.93

~loping feeder roads

CBOs have always raised funds for feeder road execution 2.87 Satisfactory 3

CBOs have collected funds for the development of feeder roads Unsatisfactory 4

Jgh promoting mutual understanding between the government 2.41

the entire community

·age mean 2.77 Satisfactory

ning of programmes

:BOs always allow the entire community in decision making during Very Satisfactory 1 3.34

~r road development meetings

:sos always share information during planning process for the Very Satisfactory 2 3.27

opment and management of feeder

:sos have carried out the identification and selection of Satisfactory 3 2.77

ology to be applied during the construction of feeder roads

BOs have allowed the local citizens to participate in the signing of Unsatisfactory 4

>randum of understanding during the development of feeder 2.33

1ge mean 2.93 Satisfactory

ing

:sos have equipped the employees with modern skills and Very satisfactory 1 3.31

>logy of constructing feeder roads

34

ms on role of CBOs Mean Interpretation Rank

~ncing the projects

CBOs have provided salaries and wages to the workers working on Very Satisfactory 1 3.41

ler road projects in your area

CBOs always partner with other organizations with the aim of Satisfactory 2 2.93

=loping feeder roads

CBOs have always raised funds for feeder road execution 2.87 Satisfactory 3

CBOs have collected funds for the development of feeder roads Unsatisfactory 4

Jgh promoting mutual understanding between the government 2.41

the entire community

'are given day release to attend their trainings by CBOs 3.21 Very satisfactory 2

<shops and seminars are organized as a form of training to Satisfactory 3 2.60

oyees in our organization

is prepared for new and future technical challenges by sponsoring Unsatisfactory 4 2.28

for professional trainings

age mean 2.85 Satisfactory

ito ring

in your organization are always identified prospectively and some

~m are on the key risk list 3.30 Very satisfactory 1

lways determine the rate of occurrence when the statistical Satisfactory 2 2.87

1ation is available on all kinds of past incident

ll accounts audit is always done as a way of monitoring the Satisfactory 3 2.54

• road construction activities

BOs have put supervising activities in place to ensure quality Unsatisfactory 4 2.35

mances among the workers

1ge mean 2.59 Satisfactory

35

ms on role of CBOs Mean Interpretation

:mcing the projects

CBOs have provided salaries and wages to the workers working on 3.41

Very Satisfactory

Jer road projects in your area

CBOs always partner with other organizations with the aim of 2.93

~loping feeder roads

CBOs have always raised funds for feeder road execution 2.87

CBOs have collected funds for the development of feeder roads

ugh promoting mutual understanding between the government 2.41

the entire community

rail mean

Source: Primary Data, 2016

Mean range

3.26-4.00

2.51- 3.25

1.76- 2.50

1.00- 1.75

Response range

strongly agree

agree

disagree

strongly disagree

2.80

Interpretation

Very satisfactory

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Very unsatisfactory

Satisfactory

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Satisfactory

Results in table 4 denoted that the role of CBOs in the development of feeder roads in

Hargeisa, Somaliland was rated satisfactory and this was indicated by the overall mean

of 2.80, implying that the CBOs contribute to the development of feeder roads through

provision of finances during the construction of feeder roads, planning of construction

programmes, training of workers and monitoring of the activities of construction and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

With respect to financing the projects; results indicated that financing the projects was

rated as satisfactory and this was indicated by the average mean (mean=2.77), the

CBOs provide salaries and wages to the workers working on feeder road projects in

36

Rank

1

2

3

4

your area and this was the highest rated item on financing the projects (mean=3.41),

still under financing the projects results indicated that the CBOs have not effectively

collected funds for the development of feeder roads through promoting mutual

understanding between the government and the entire community (mean=2.41),

implying that the CBOs always collect funds not all the time government for the

construction of feeder roads Hargeisa, Somaliland.

Regarding planning of the programmes; results in table 4.2 indicated that four items

were used to measure this construct and it was also rated satisfactory on average and

this was indicated by the average mean of 2.93, the CBOs always allow the entire

community in decision making during feeder road development meetings (mean=3.34),

CBOs always share information during planning process for the development and

management of feeder (mean=3.27), still under planning of the programmes CBOs

have carried out the identification and selection of technology to be applied during the

construction of feeder roads (mean=2.77), yet the CBOs have not effectively allowed

the local citizens to pa1ticipate in the signing of memorandum of understanding during

the development of feeder roads (mean=2.33), implying that the local citizens are

always not allowed to participate in the signing of memorandum of understanding

during the development and construction of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

For training ; results in table 4.2 connoted that training was measured using four items

(questions) and it was rated satisfactory on average (mean=2.85), still under training

results indicated that CBOs have equipped the employees with modern skills and

technology of constructing feeder roads (mean=3.31), the Staff are given day release

to attend their trainings by CBOs (mean=3.21), still under training one item was rated

satisfactory and this was; workshops and seminars are organized as a form of training

to employees in feeder roads construction (mean=2.60) and yet the staff is not

prepared for new and future technical challenges by not sponsoring them for

professional trainings (mean=2.28).

37

Concerning monitoring; results in table 4.2 indicated that four items were used to

measure this construct and it was also rated satisfactory and this was indicated by the

average mean of 2.59, the highest rated item on monitoring was that the risks in your

organization are always identified prospectively and some of them are on the key risk

list (mean=3.30), under monitoring managers and workers always determine the rate

of occurrence when the statistical information is available on all kinds of past incident

during the development of feeder roads (mean=2.87), still under monitoring

managers and workers always carry out annual audit as a way of monitoring the feeder

road construction activities (mean=2.54), yet the results in table 4.2 indicated that the

project managers and workers do not always put supervising activities in place to

ensure quality performances among the workers (mean=2.12).

4.3 Development and management of feeder roads

The development and management of feeder roads is the dependent variable in this

study and was broken into three constructs and these are; quality (with four items),

transparency( with four items) and budget (with five questions). Each of these questions

was based on a four point Likert scale and respondents were asked to rate the

development and management of feeder roads by indicating the extent to which they

agree or disagree with each question, their responses were analyzed using SPSS and

summarized using means as indicated in tables 4.3;

38

Table 5: Development and management of feeder roads

~ms on development and management of feeder roads Mean Interpretation Rank

1dget

e feeder road projects that you undertake are completed within Very high 1 3.47

:I get

:: project budget that you undertake is always accepted by the Very high 2 3.29

~rs and clients

J always find it easy to know how much it will cost before starting High 3 2.62

construction of feeder roads

1 always create an accurate budget 2.59 High 4

Jr project budget always includes a section for recording income High 5 2.51

rces and expenditure

~rage mean 2.90 High

~lity of feeder roads completed

ensure quality output for the feeder roads projects that you Very high 1 3.36

ertake basing on the roads constructed

generally feel that the feeder roads projects that you undertake High 2 3.09

successful

feeder roads constructed always efficiently help the community High 3 2.85

ransportation

projects that you undertake are completed in accordance with Low 4 2.22

)riginal set standards and time

rage mean 2.88 High

1sparency

management of feeder roads is always transparent in handling Very high 1 3.28

=Y provided by the CBOs

39

~ms on development and management of feeder roads Mean Interpretation

1dget

e management of feeder roads is always presents the audited 2.89

High

Jort on the roads constructed in time

e management of feeder roads always complies with a policy for High

ntifying and authorizing cheque signatories and the number of 2.66

natures required on cheques when releasing funds

e interests of the community are always favoured on issues of Low 2.41

:ountability in relation to feeder roads construction

erage mean 2.81 High

erall mean 2.86 High .

Source: Prtmary Data, 2016

Mean range Response range Interpretation

3.26-4.00 strongly agree Very high

2.51 - 3.25 agree High

1.76- 2.50 disagree Low

1.00 - 1. 75 strongly disagree Very low

Results in table 5 indicated that the development and management of feeder roads is

generally high and this was indicated by the overall mean of 2.86, which implies that

through budgeting, maintaining of high quality during construction and being

transparent has highly improved on the development and management of feeder roads

in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

With respect to budgeting; this variable was measured using five questions and it was

rated high on average (mean=2.90), results in table 4.3 still indicated the feeder road

projects that are undertaken are completed within budget (mean=3.47), yet the project

budget that is undertaken is always accepted by the users and clients (mean=3.29),

the project managers always find it easy to know how much it will cost before starting

the construction of feeder roads (rnean=2.62) and the CBOs always create an accurate

40

Rank

2

3

4

budget (mean=2.64), hence implying that the project budget always includes a section

for recording income sources and expenditure in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

Concerning the feeder roads completed; results in table 4.3 indicated that this construct

was rated high on average and this was indicated by the average mean of 2.88, still

under quality of project completed, the project managers highly ensure quality output

for the feeder roads projects that are undertaken basing on the roads constructed

(mean=3.29), implying that the feeder roads unde1taken are always successful and of

high quality.

With respect to transparency; this variable was measured using four questions and it

was rated high (mean=2.81), under this construct one item was rated very high and

this was; the management of feeder roads is always transparent in handling money

provided by the CBOs (mean=3.28), the management of feeder roads is always

presents the audited report on the roads constructed in time (mean=2.89), the

management of feeder roads always complies with a policy for identifying and

authorizing cheque signatories and the number of signatures required on cheques when

releasing funds (mean=2.66) and the yet interests of the community are always

favoured on issues of accountability in relation to feeder roads construction

(mean=2.41), hence implying that the interests of the community are not always

favoured on issues of accountability in relation to feeder roads development and

management.

4.4 Impact of the role of CBOs on development and management of feeder

roads

The last objective in this study was to establish the role of CBOs on development and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Therefore to achieve this

objective, the researcher correlated the means on both variables by using the Pearson's

Linear Correlation Coefficient as indicated in table 4.4;

41

Table 6: Relationship between role of CBOs and development & management

of feeder roads

Variables correlated r- Sig Interpretation Decision

value on Ho

Role of CBOs

Vs .387 .000 Significant Rejected

Development and correlation

management of feeder

roads .

Source: Pr1mary Data, 2016

Results in table 6 indicated a positive significant relationship between the role of CBOs

and development of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland, since the sig. value (0.000)

was less than 0.05 which is the maximum level of significance required to declare a

significant relationship in social sciences.

Table 7: Regression Analysis between development & management offeeder

roads (DV) and role of CBOs (IV)

Adjusted f- Decision on Variables regressed rz value Sig. Interpretation Ho Development and management of feeder .734 25.812 .000 Rejected roads Significant

vs Role of CBOs Coefficients Beta t-value Sig (Constant) 2.146 4.034 .000 Significant Financing the projects .638 6.484 .003 Significant Planning of the .522 6.289 .000

Significant t programmes Training .483 4.651 .000 Significant Monitoring .175 2.060 .042 significant Source: Primary Data, 2015

42

Regression analysis results in table 7 above revealed that role of CBOs accounted for

73.4% on development and management of feeder roads and this was indicated by

adjusted r squared of 0. 734 leading to a conclusion that role of CBOs has a significant

impact on the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

The coefficients table indicated that of all the aspects of role of CBOs, financing the

projects accounted for the biggest influence on development and management of

feeder roads (13=0.638, Sig=O. 000).

Results from the interview guide;

The key respondents were asked about the challenges facing the CBOs in the

management of feeder roads development in Hargeisa, Somaliland and they had this

say; "lack of funds for development and maintenance; in nearly all transport modes,

there is a serious lack of funds for development and maintenance. Feeder road safety

management is fragmented across various institutions, therefore resulting in poor

coordination which leads to high numbers of road accidents. Currently, there are

capacity challenges relating to institutions, technical know-how within the sub-sector,

and contractors. Encroachment on feeder road reserves and drainage way leaves

interferes with the development and maintenance of roads. Land acquisition for feeder

road construction and improvement,· the cost of land is too high in comparison with the

cost of the road construction. Inadequate Legal Framework for Private Sector

Participation; the legal framework for private sector participation in the roads subsector

is inadequate. The provisions in the Somalia Roads Act, 2012 and the Public-Private

Partnerships Regulations, 2009 are inadequate. The plant and equipment currently

available for hire by contractors and feeder roads agencies are inadequate, hence

delays in road construction and maintenance'~

The key respondents were asked to explain what can be done by CBOs in the

management of feeder roads development in Hargeisa, Somaliland and they had this

say; "the CBOs should carry out community level interventions to improve in the

management of feeder roads development by selecting projects for implementation

43

based on techno-economic feasibility studies, regional equity, funding, as well as

address issues important for security and peace building, carry out feasibility studies,

engineering designs, and procurement procedures, and plan and implement de-mining

activities for road and other large infrastructure investments, start or continue

implementation of works on major national and inter-regional roads and other

infrastructure, which are awarded for implementation, earring out and complete studies

to identify key regulations and institutional framework needed for the proper

functioning of infrastructure and related services and take actions to ensure effective

enforcement of regulations alongside balanced development, implementing training and

capacity building for staff in public sector institutions identified for training, identifying

and categorize capabilities of nationally owned private consulting firms and contracting

companies and implement program of training and capacity building'~

44

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSIONS, CONtuSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presented the findings, conclusions, recommendations and suggested

areas that need further research following the study objectives and study hypothesis.

5.1 Discussions of the study

The discussions of findings were done according to objectives;

This study was set to establish the role of community based organization involvement in

development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland; three specific

objectives guided this study and these were i) establishing the role played by CBOs on

management of feeder roads development in Hargeisa Somaliland.

ii) examining the mechanisms undertaken by the CBO in the development and

management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland .

(iii) Assessing the roles played by CBO on the development and management of feeder

roads in Hargeisa Somaliland. The findings of the study indicated that majority of

respondents in this sample were male ranging between 21-30 years, diploma holders

and had an experience of 5 years and above.

5.1.1 Objective one; establishing the role played by CBOs on management of

feeder roads development in Hargeisa Somaliland

Data analysis using means indicated that the role of CBOs in Hargeisa, Somaliland was

rated satisfactory, implying that the CBOs contribute to the development of feeder

roads through provision of finances during the construction of feeder roads, planning of

construction programmes, training of workers and monitoring of the activities of

construction and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland. This finding is

also in line with Wolde (2010) who indicated the significance of indigenous CBOs and

45

the contribution of these organizations to facilitate social and economic development in

general and rural communities in particular. He argued that a renewed interest in

indigenous CBOs' participation in development has arisen. This interest is predicated on

the premise that indigenous CBOs have the capacity to mobilise local-level financial,

material and labour resources to bring about effective and sustainable development at

the grassroots level. Much of what we know about the role of indigenous CBOs engaged

in active community participation on development activities is mainly focused on the

perspectives of local contribution.

The findings are also related to Mu & van de Walle (2011) who noted that there are

positive outcomes of employment opportunities created by CBOs during feeder roads

construction, the role of different levels of CBOs seems to be of great importance.

However the positive impacts of CBOs on feeder roads construction on found by Mu &

van de Walle (2011), they suggest that feeder road projects could have a vastly larger

impact on local market development if they are accompanied by policies aimed at

improving certain cl1aracters or by reducing the barriers that reduce the impacts feeder

roads improvements.

Degrassi (2010) indicated that CBOs have a positive impact on feeder roads

development as well as impact on productive employment. He also added that

increased connectivity could have detrimental through increased competition for

workers or through increased imports. Feeder roads can harm local people and lead to

a decline in their livelihoods if they not developed, just as they can also contribute to

them. The findings are also in line with Mu and Dominique (2012) who researched the

impact of CBOs on feeder road development using impact evaluation techniques by

investigating specific road projects; Stifel et al. (2012); and Wondemu and John (2010).

In general, the outcomes of these studies were positive and significantly correlated.

Mauch & Paper , 2010) argued that Community Based Public Works Programme

(CBPWP) implemented by the Department of National Public Works, is an example in this

46

regard where community participation also includes skills development in areas such

as bricklaying, plumbing and life skills. In "Conversation in empowerment" one of the

definitions provided by a participant mentioned that "empowerment means that people

become aware of their problems, gain knowledge, competencies, take action, and

gain control and power over their resources (Mauch & Paper, 1997:198). Mauch

and Paper s definition of empowerment where people become aware of their problems,

gain knowledge, competencies, take action, and gain control and power over their

resources will be applied in this study.

5.1.2 Objective two; examining the mechanisms undertaken by the CBO in

the development and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland

The development and management of feeder roads was rated high, hence implying that

completing the assigned projects in time has highly helped in development and

managing of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Short term infrastructure

reconstruction and development priority actions aim at addressing the most urgent

post-conflict needs of Somalia. At the same time, it will put in place practical and cost

effective reconstruction programs for the different infrastructure sub sectors that

consider poverty reduction goals, regional and gender equity and available

implementation capacity.

The finding is also in line with the report of Somalian Roads Authority (SRA) (2012), the

most obvious and simple way to create new employment opportunities is by improved

access to labor markets, because the villages are now connected and the people are

able to travel and seek work elsewhere (Somalian Roads Authority, 2012). This might

seem easier said than actually done in practice, while one need, among others,

adequate (local) policies and good transport services to facilitate the job seekers in

order to find a job. Another possible way to create employment opportunities through

feeder road development can be by improved access to (new) markets.

47

The findings are similar to that of Bracken (2011), for him during his study on the

mechanisms undertaken by CBOs during feeder roads construction he noted that the

CBOs have put in place a monitoring and evaluation division that is mandated to

facilitate performance monitoring and evaluation of all feeder roads programs/projects

to determine the level of implementation, achievements and challenges. The CBOs

conduct periodic informed feeder roads project monitoring visits in the field and makes

recommendations for the purpose of generating remedial actions to address deficiencies

or challenges from the field (Arcand and Fafchamps, 2012).

Once local people are well informed about the development projects, they are in a

better position to plan activities by themselves to implement a project (Mathbor, 2012).

Close supervision of their work and having a monitoring system in place will enhance

the effectiveness of a development project.

Rahman (2014) states, "It is widely recognized that the development efforts of the last

three decades have done little to improve rural poorer people's living conditions. But

they had hardly shared in the benefits of development and have remained economically

poor and underprivileged." As a result, they have had little participation in the

development effort of their societies. Coastal development projects in this study

attempt to clarify ownership issues at the outset of projects. In some cases, these

issues were outlined in project documents. Findings indicate, however, that a gulf exists

between project documents and field reality. Eventually, the elite people of the locality

gained exclusive control of development projects and resources. The criteria for

selecting poorer people as project beneficiaries require revision to safeguard people's

interests in the development project. As suggested by Ad nan et al. (2012), a key notion

advocated in this context was that the communities need to "feel a sense of

ownership," or "gain a sense of commitment" to the project rather than being alienated

and kept at a distance.

48

Farazi (2013) reported that one of the main reasons for the failure of the World Bank­

sponsored embankment project in Bangladesh was that almost none of the parties

(contractors, engineers, offi cials, local people, and politicians) involved in the project,

or affected by the project, took any responsibility for its effective implementation. He

described his experience of interviewing some of these parties: "An engineer of the

project said that it is not our money. The World Bank is too rich; why should we bother

about how this money is spent? When the writer asked a villager in the affected area

about the project, he said, you can see that the embankment is poorly constructed and

it is also unfinished. I do not bother, because it is not my money.

Wixom (2013) argues that User Participation and Team Skills are two of seven

imperative implementation factors that determine project efficacy or failure, and that

these two are essentially communication skills. "User Participation occurs when users

are assigned project roles and tasks, which lead to a better communication of their

needs, and help ensure that the system is implemented successfully". This is what

Wixom has to say about Team Skills: "People are important when implementing a

system and can directly affect its efficacy or failure. Team skills include both technical

and interpersonal abilities".

5.1.3 Objective three; assessing the roles played by CBO on the development

and management of feeder roads in Hargeisa Somaliland

The findings also indicated a positive and significant relationship between the role of

CBOs and development & management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland (r=

.387 & Sig=O.OOO respectively), this is because the significant value was less than 0.05,

which is the maximum level of acceptance required to declare a relationship significant.

Findings from regression analysis revealed that role of CBOs accounted for 73.4% on

development and management of feeder roads, the coefficients indicated that of all the

aspects of role of CBOs, financing the projects accounted for the biggest influence on

development and management of feeder roads.

49

The findings are also in line with Walde (2010) who indicated that indigenous CBOs

have an inclusive decision making process and they are responsive to execute local

development roles both as a conduit of service delivery and self-determined change.

Aredo's (2004) research approach is purely quantitative and exclusively examines

urban-based CBOs. Using evidence from Ethiopia and other developing countries, he

identifies the distinct characteristics of CBOs and discusses how they minimise risk

arising from problems of adverse selection feeder roads development projects. The

findings of Aredo's empirical study on indigenous CBOs generate policy implications for

the development of feeder roads in developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in

particular. Walde (2010) indicated the significance of indigenous CBOs in the

development of feeder roads through contribution of funds plus frequent supervision,

hence showing how these organizations facilitate social and economic development in

general and rural communities in particular.

Demnge et al. (2014) suggested that lack of infrastructure such as developed feeder

raods is deterioration to trade expansion, as overland transport is difficult and

expensive, and therefore without good infrastructure this can result in isolated regions.

This in turn acts as deterioration to industrialization, according to Shiferawa et al.

(2012) noted that CBOs have always come out to help the manufacturing firm owners

who are intensive users of infrastructure services (Demenge et al., 2014).

In this context, Adnan et al. (2014) note, that people must have a meaningful choice,

rather than being constrained or compelled to accept options that have been

determined by others the authors also state that in particular, local people must have

the right to say no to things that they feel are against their interests or ineffective, as

well as to propose alternatives they believe are better. The interests of people should

be considered at the planning stage of a project rather than including local people only

at the implementation stage. Lack of an ongoing interaction between functionaries and

beneficiaries created mistrust between the parties concerned. In fact, most beneficiaries

said implementation is the subsequent stage of the Information, Education, and

=>Janning (IEP) stage of participation.

so

Freire (2014) correctly pointed out that a powerless individual assumes the role of

object being acted upon by the environment, rather than that of a subject acting in and

on his or her worlds. The powerless person alienates himself from participation within

the social reality of his or her environment, resulting in a passive acceptance culturally

given about his or her environment. Community participation implies that there should

be an established and continuing means whereby communities can participate in the

policy and management of the social welfare services they receive (Chappel, 2014).

Group homogeneity: Within a community there will be a number of different social and

economic groupings. These groups are not exclusive and often inter-linked; for example

a maize farmer may be a woman managing her husband's coffee farm and a member of

the village council. It is clear that for community participation to be successful and

sustained there needs to be large homogeneous group within the community that

accrues a benefit from having good roads 9 Adnan et al. (2014).

Administrative strength: The ability of the community organize works shows the

strength of the administration. This is apparent in some of communities where there

was a history of organized participation for instance in road maintenance. If people

defaulted on the work they usually had to pay a fine or carry out the work at a later

date. This had even led to a change in the labour levy system and some wealthier

households were regularly paying a 'fine' and this was being used to pay someone else

to do the work a kind of local taxation. Unfortunately, these positive role models are not

common and in many rural communities these labour-levy by-laws are unpopular and

not enforced (Freire, 2014).

Project managers face the challenge of coordinating the use of valuable resources when

other people seem to ha''e higher priorities. Not having control over resources can

cause the project to fall behind schedule and subsequently to fail. A survey conducted

by IT Cortex (Lytinen, 2012), on "Reasons for Project Impaired Factors" conducted

51

among 365 IT managers from companies of various size and in various economic

sectors showed that lack of resources is one of the main reasons for project failure

followed by lack of executive support. It is interesting to point out that lack of IT

management and technology illiteracy was at the bottom of the list, showing soft skills

superceding technical skills. When competing for resources it is important to document

the days and times resources are available, and try to accommodate the needs of the

project during these times. Organizational skills play a very important role in managing

resources successfully.

5.2 Conclusions

Objective one;

The role of CBOs was rated satisfactory, hence concluding that the CBOs contribute to

the development of feeder roads through provision of finances during the construction

of feeder roads, planning of construction programmes, training of workers and

monitoring of the activities of construction and management of feeder roads.

Perspectives on CBOs pa1ticipation in development of feeder roads work was captured

by juxtaposing two notions, participation as contribution and as empowerment.

Participation as contribution enlisted primarily in the implementation of programmes

and projects or in the operation and maintenance of created facilities. The contribution

was entirely voluntary, induced to various extents or even enforced. It provided in the

form of ideas, judgments, money, materials, or unpaid or lowly paid labour. Indeed,

this notion was seen as 'participation as means' to get things done.

Objective two;

The development and management of feeder roads was rated high, hence concluding

that through budgeting, maintaining of high quality during construction and being

transparent has highly improved on the development and management of feeder roads

in Hargeisa, Somaliland. CBOs participation is an empowering process in which "people,

in partnership with each other and those able to assist them, identify problems and

needs, mobilize resources, and assume responsibility to plan ,manage, control and

52

assess the individual and collective actions that they themselves decide upon". As a

process of empowerment, participation is concerned with "development of skills and

abilities to enable the rural people to manage better, have a say in or negotiate with

existing development systems". Powerlessness is a central element of poverty, and any

focus on poverty, inequality, injustice, or exclusion involves analysis of and/or

challenging/changing power and power relations. Participation as empowerment can

therefore help to amplify unacknowledged. Voices by enabling the rural people to

decide upon and take the actions which they believe are essential to their development.

Objective three;

There is a positive and significant relationship between the role of CBOs and

development & management of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland, hence concluding

that the better the CBOs finance, plan, train and carry out monitoring the more the

feeder roads can be developed and effectively managed in Hargeisa, Somaliland, still

the researcher concluded that of all the aspects of role of CBOs, financing the projects

accounted for the biggest influence on development & management of feeder roads.

Not understanding the true needs of the company can prompt supervisors and project

managers to jump to a quick solution, decreasing the chances for selecting the best

solution. Solution jumping can take place in the department where the

problem/opportunity is identified, or by the Project Manager himself/herself. An

example of a department jumping-solution is when instead of describing the problem, a

solution is drafted and turned into a project requirement. For instance in a

manufacturing company, the head of the production department requests to start up a

project for the creation of an additional production line to meet customers' demands.

Once the PM starts identifying the true needs, he/she realizes that the real problem lies

in the existing production lines that are not performing at optimal levels.

53

5.3 Recommendation

Objective one;

1) The researcher recommends to the CBOs to also allow the local citizens to

participate in the signing of memorandum of understanding during the

development of feeder roads, hence helping in the planning of programmes.

Objective two;

2) The researcher recommends to the feeder roads officers to prepare new and

future technical challenges by sponsoring them for professional trainings.

Objective three;

3) The researcher still recommends to the CBOs to put supervising activities in place

to ensure quality performances among the workers, this can help in monitoring

of activities carried out during development and management of feeder roads.

5.4 Areas for further research

Prospective researchers and even students are encouraged to research on the following

areas;

1) Financing and development of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

2) Role of CBOs on the quality of feeder roads constructed in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

3) Effect of monitoring and development of feeder roads in Hargeisa, Somaliland in

Hargeisa, Somaliland.

54

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63

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

I ZEINAB a student of Kampala International University. I am carrying out a research

on Community based organizations and management of community feeder road

development. This research is purely academic and you are kindly requested to answer

the questions below. Thank you in advance.

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Of THE RESPONDENTS

Gender (Please Tick)

__ (1) Male (2) Female

Age (Please Tick)

Below 20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50 Above

Qualifications Under Education Discipline (Please Tick):

Certificate

Diploma

Bachelors

Masters

Ph.D

Others (Specify)

Working Experience

1-2 years

3-5 years

6- above

64

SECTION B: Role played by CBOs in development and management of feeder

roads

Direction: please tick your rating on the space under each column which corresponds to

your best choice.

Rate Response Descri pl:ion Interpretation

mode

4 Strongly agree You agree with no doubt at all Very satisfactory

3 Agree You agree with some doubt Satisfactory

2 Disagree You disagree with some doubt Fair

1 Strongly disagree You disagree with no doubt Poor --

Rating

No Role ofCBOs 43 2

Financing the projects

1 The CBOs have provided salaries and wages to the workers working on 4 3 2

feeder road projects in your area

2 The CBOs always partner with other organizations with the aim of 4 3 2

developing feeder roads

3 The CBOs have always raised funds for feeder road execution 4 3 2

4 The CBOs have collected funds for the development of feeder roads 4 3 2

through promoting mutual understanding between the government and

the entire community

Planning of programmes

1 The CBOs always allow the entire community in decision making during 4 3 2

feeder road development meetings

2 The CBOs always share information during planning process for the 4 3 2

development and management of feeder

3 The CBOs have carried out the identification and selection of technology 4 3 2

65

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

to be applied during the construction of feeder roads

4 The CBOs have allowed the local citizens to participate in the signing of 4 3 2 1

memorandum of understanding during the development of feeder roads

Training

1 The CBOs have equipped the employees with modern skills and 4 3 2 1

technology of constructing feeder roads

2 Staff are given day release to attend their trainings by CBOs 4 3 2 1

3 Workshops and seminars are organized as a form of training to 4 3 2 1

employees in our organization

4 Staff is prepared for new and future technical challenges by sponsoring 4 3 2 1

them for professional trainings

Monitoring

1 Risks in your organization are always identified prospectively and some 4 3 2 1

of them are on the key risk list

2 You always determine the rate of occurrence when the statistical 4 3 2 1

information is available on all kinds of past incident

3 Annual accounts audit is always done as a way of monitoring the feeder 4 3 2 1

road construction activities

4 The CBOs have put supervising activities in place to ensure quality 4 3 2 1

performances among the workers

66

SECTION C: questionnaire to determine the mechanisms undertaken by the

CBO in the development and management of feeder roads

Direction: please tick your rating on the space under each column which corresponds to

your best choice.

Rate Response Description Interpretation

mode

4 Strongly agree You agree with no doubt at all Very satisfactory

3 Agree You agree with some doubt Satisfactory

2 Disagree You disagree with some doubt Fair

1 Strongly disagree You disagree with no doubt Poor

Mechanisms undertaken by the CBOs in the development and Rating

management of feeder roads

No Budget 4 3 2 1

1.1 The feeder road projects that you undertake are completed within budget 4 3 2 1

1.2 The project budget that you undertake is always accepted by the users and 4 3 2 1

clients

1.3 You always find it ec.sy to know how much it will cost before starting the 4 3 2 1

construction of feeder roads

1.4 You always create an accurate budget 4 3 2 1

1.5 Your project budget always includes a section for recording income sources 4 3 2 1

and expenditure

Quality of feeder roads completed

1.1 You ensure quality output for the feeder roads projects that you undertake 4 3 2 1

1.2 You generally feel that tlie feeder roads projects that you undertake are 4 3 2 1

successful

1.3 The feeder roads constructed always efficiently help the community for 4 3 2 1

transportation

1.4 The projects that you undertake are completed in accordance with the 4 3 2 1

67

original set standards and time

Transparency

1.1 The management of feeder roads is always transparent in handling money 4 3 2 1

provided by the CBOs

1.2 The management of feeder roads is always presents the audited report on 4 3 2 1

the roads constructed in time

1.3 The management of feeder roads always complies with a policy for 4 3 2 1 identifying and authorizing cheque signatories and the number of

signatures required on cheques when releasing funds

1.4 The interests of the community are always favoured on issues of 4 3 2 1 accountability in relation to feeder roads construction

68

APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE

Explain the challenges facing the CBOs in the management of feeder roads

development in Hargeisa, Somaliland

................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

Explain what can be done by CBOs in the management of feeder roads development in

Hargeisa, Somaliland

69

APPENDIX: Ill THE MAP OF HARGEISA OF SOMALILAND

44.

Badyarada Cadm~ (Zato'!ca Adeflska) ,_

SIM~~

70

50 100km