Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Treatment Guidelines in Adults Definition: Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Anyone can get this lung infection. But infants younger than age 2 and people over age 65 are at higher risk. That’s because their immune systems might not be strong enough to fight it. Pneumonia Classifications and Risk Factors: There are four types of pneumonia: 1. Community acquired pneumonia. 2. Hospital acquired pneumonia. 3. Ventilator associated pneumonia. 4. Aspiration pneumonia.
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Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Hospital ......Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Treatment Guidelines in Adults Definition: Pneumonia
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Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Treatment
Guidelines in Adults
Definition: Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both
lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough
with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of
organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Anyone
can get this lung infection. But infants younger than age 2 and people over age
65 are at higher risk. That’s because their immune systems might not be strong
enough to fight it.
Pneumonia Classifications and Risk Factors:
There are four types of pneumonia:
1. Community acquired pneumonia.
2. Hospital acquired pneumonia.
3. Ventilator associated pneumonia.
4. Aspiration pneumonia.
ETIOLOGY
Community-Acquired Pneumonia: 1) Viral (most commonly): with human rhinovirus and influenza A are the most
common.
2) Bacterial: S. pneumoniae accounting for up to 35%, other H. influenzae,
atypical pathogens M. pneumoniae, Legionella species, and C. pneumoniae.
3) Other but less common: S. aureus; in children and adults and is often seen in
patients with cystic fibrosis and those recovering from a viral respiratory
infection such as influenza. Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli and K.
pneumoniae, those identified most frequently among patients with chronic
illness, especially alcoholism and diabetes mellitus.
Viral pathogens predominate in CAP among pediatric patients with a
prevalence of up to 80% in those less than 2 years of age.
Other common viruses in children include parainfluenza, adenovirus, and
bocavirus. Group B Streptococcus, although rare in adults, is the most
common cause of bacterial pneumonia among neonates.
Some risk factors for MRSA pneumonia include patients with preceding
influenza infection, necrotizing/cavitary radiographic findings, and
structural lung disease. Risk factors for P. aeruginosa include severe
COPD leading to repeated antibiotic exposures and structural lung