COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV (I Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011)

COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV

ESCUELA:

NOMBRES:

Ciencias de la Educación Carrera de Inglés

César Ochoa Cueva, M.S.Ed.

BIMESTRE: Primer Bimestre

Simple Present & Present Progressive

Bob works for a market research company, he analyses market data. Today is a holiday and Bob isn’t in the office. He is playing football. Bob plays football twice a week.

past

now

future

Bob works for a market company.

Bob is playing football.

Simple Past

Sofia climbed a mountain two years ago.

She traveled to Madrid for two months.

past

now

future

traveled

climbed

To talk about things that happened and were completed in the past.

Present Perfect & Present Perfect Progressive

Use the present perfect and the present perfect progressive with for to show how long something has been true and since to show when something started.

past

now

future

They have studied for two weeks to take this test.for two weeks

for two weeks

have studied

She has been working here since 1997.since 1997.

since 1997

has been working

Future Perfect

It is used to talk about a future action that will already be completed by a certain time in the future.

pastpast

nownow

futurefuture

By the end of the week, I will have bought a new car.

By the end of the day , she will have finished her homework.

pastpast

nownow

futurefuture

Future Perfect Progressive

By the end of the next month, She will be living here for ten years.

It is used to talk about an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.

began living next month

ten years

Negative Yes/No Questions

Negative yes/no questions begin with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should.

Aren’t you students?Aren’t you students?

Haven’t you finished your homework yet?

Haven’t you finished your homework yet?

Can’t you use a computer?Can’t you use a computer?

Didn’t you pass the 3rd grammar level?

Didn’t you pass the 3rd grammar level?

Tag QuestionsForm tag questions with statement + tag. The statement expresses an assumption. The tag means Right? OR Isn’t that true?

It’s a pretty night, isn’t it?It’s a pretty night, isn’t it?

She doesn’t live in a house, does she?She doesn’t live in a house, does she?

statement

statement

tag

tag

MakeUse make + object + base form of the verb to talk about things that someone can require or cause another person (or an animal) to do.

The teacher made students rewrite the homework.

objectobject base form verb

base form verb

The teacher requires

students to do the homework

again.

HaveUse have + object + base form of the verb to talk about things that someone can cause another person (or an animal) to do.

objectobjectbase form verbbase form verb

His mother had him study for the test.

His mother caused him to

study.

His mother caused him to

study.

Use let + object + base form of the verb to talk about things that someone can permit another person (or an animal) to do.

objectobjectbase form verbbase form verb

His boss permitted him

to use the computer.

His boss permitted him

to use the computer.

Let

My boss let me use his computer.

His friend helped him to understand traffic rules.

Help

infinitiveinfinitive

Help can be followed by:object + base form of the verb (more common) ORobject + infinitive. The meaning is the same.

objectobject

His friend helped him understand traffic rules.

objectobjectbase form verbbase form verb

GetIt has a similar meaning to make and have. It is always followed by object + infinitive, NOT the base form of the verb.

objectobjectinfinitiveinfinitive

After some effort, the teacher succeeded in

persuading him to stay more time.

After some effort, the teacher succeeded in

persuading him to stay more time.

The teacher finally got him to stay some more time.

Transitive Phrasal VerbsMost transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means that noun objects can go after the particle or between the verb and the particle. If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle.

noun object

She can’t figure the instructions out.

noun object

She can’t figure out the instructions.

Transitive Phrasal VerbsSome transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means that both noun and pronoun objects always go after the particle. You cannot separate the verb from its particle.

Bob ranran his boss intointo.

He ran him intointo.

Bob ran intoran into him.

Bob ran intoran into his boss.

particle

particle

Transitive Phrasal VerbsA small group of transitive phrasal verbs must be separated.

I have to do overdo over the report.

I have to dodo the report overover.

Transitive Phrasal VerbsSome transitive phrasal verbs are used in combination with certain prepositions. A phrasal verb + preposition combination (also called a three-word verb) is usually inseparable.

I think I need to drop out of this class.

I can’t keep up with computers.

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. This means that they do not take an object.

The consultant showed up early.

Tina is getting ahead in her career.

Adjective Clauses

Use adjective clauses to identify or give additional information about nouns (people, places, or things).

I know the woman who lives across the street.

Loja, which is my hometown, is still my favorite city

This clause identifies the woman.

This clause gives additional information about Loja.

Adjective ClausesAdjective clauses can also identify or describe indefinite pronouns such as one, someone, somebody, something, another, and other(s).

I would like to meet someone who speaks Italian.

The adjective clause directly follows the noun (or pronoun) it is identifying.

The adjective clause directly follows the noun (or pronoun) it is identifying.

Two Kinds of Adjective ClausesThere are two kinds of adjective clauses, identifying and nonidentifying.

The books which are on which are on the tablethe table belong to her.

The books, which are on , which are on the table,the table, belong to her.The adjective clause

identifies which booksidentifies which books the sentence talks about.

The adjective clause is not is not necessarynecessary to identify which books are referred to.

Bibliography

• Fuchs, M. & Bonner, M., Focus on Grammar 4 Pearson Education , White Plains, NY 10606,

2006• Richards, J., New Interchange 2 Cambridge University Press, 1998• Richards, J., New Interchange 3 Cambridge University Press, 1998• http://www.myenglishteacher.net